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What is mud
LIQUID
WATER OIL
SOLIDS
BENTONITE/GEL BARITE CHEMICALS SALT DRILL SOLIDS
MUD
WATER-BASE MUD OIL-BASE MUD
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5/21/2010
What is an Emulsion?
A mixture of two immiscible liquids in which one liquid exists in the form of very small droplets dispersed throughout the other liquid
Shear input creates a water in oil emulsion. The emulsifiers stabilise that emulsion Cease all shear input & the fluids will separate with time depending upon the strength of the emulsion
oil
oil
water oil
water
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water
What is an Emulsion?
To obtain small droplet of uniform size, energy or work must be applied in the form of shear. Sufficient shear to form a stable emulsion in mud pits and LMP (Liquid Mud Plant) Sufficient shear can be achieved through turbulent agitation by special high-shear devices of when circulating through the bit jets, mud gun or with some centrifugal pumps.
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5/21/2010
What is an Emulsion?
Centrifugal Pump
Mixing Hoper
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What is an Emulsifier?
Emulsifiers are chemicals that stabilise physical emulsion once it is formed
Emulsifier molecule:
Water soluble portion Oil soluble portion
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Water droplet
Emulsifier molecules coat the water droplet giving it an oil wet surface
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Emulsifier
Drill Cutting
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Secondary emulsifiers include: Amines Amides Sulphonic acids, alcohols and related co-polymers Secondary emulsifiers act to preferentially oil wet drill solids and barite. They also act to improve emulsion stability, particularly at high temperature
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Tall oils - complex mixtures of oxygenated hydrocarbons anionic ( -) Tall oils require activation by a metal ion usually calcium derived from LIME to be saponifyed i.e. Fatty acid Calcium Soap
Imidazoline emulsifiers:
Cationic (+) and anionic ( -) Anionic imidazolines require LIME for activation Thermal stability generally inferior
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Non-ionic emulsifiers do not require LIME for activation Highly resistant to salt contamination High thermal stability Good oil wetting capability
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4 Hydrophilic molecule
6 Lipophilic module
10
11
12
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Establish a stable emulsion of water in oil Maintain a stable water in oil emulsion while tripping, logging and running casing, i.e. minimal coalescing of water droplets under static conditions leading an increase in fluid loss (i.e. invasion) & consequently filter cake thickness. Preferentially oil wet ALL particulate matter i.e. barite & drill solids.
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5/21/2010
5/21/2010
Organophillic Clays
The role of organophilic clays in SBM:
Primary viscosifier for synthetic oil based muds
Untreated bentonitic clays will neither disperse nor yield in SBM without first being treated with quaternary amine.
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Saponification reaction with fatty acid type emulsifiers Converting some additives into oil soluble forms To maintain alkaline environment environment. This is especially relevant to dealing with H2S
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Shale
SBM brine phase Result = shale dehydration. Caution: Taken to extremes can cause bore hole collapse.
Semi permeable membrane (skin) of emulsifier molecules formed on the face of the well bore does not impede the osmotic backflow of pore fluid from the shale to the higher salinity SBM brine phase.
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Soft sticky cuttings indicate an immediate increase in the water phase salinity Very dry, dehydrated cuttings indicate an immediate decrease in the water phase salinity. Cuttings should be firm / discrete & travel smoothly over the shale shaker screens
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Base Fluids
OILS
Diesel
Low Toxic Mineral Oil Base Fluids
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Paraffin
Any of the saturated aliphatic [as opposed to aromatic] hydrocarbons of the methane series, i.e. Alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, pentane, hexane, etc.
Olefin
Olefin A family of unsaturated, chemically active hydrocarbons with one carbon-carbon double bond; includes ethylene and propylene & alkene.
Esters
Esters occur in nature as lipids. Lipids are naturally occurring organic molecules isolated from cells and tissues by extraction with nonpolar organic solvents. Most common lipids are animal fats and vegetable oils.
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Pour Point
o
Aniline Point
o
120 >85 85 95 128 83 118 117 105 137 146 > 135 100 166 37.8
12 0 -30 -18 0 N/A -27 -31 -22 -24 0 <-60 -18 -10 -17.7
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