CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PRELIMINARIES THE GRIP FUNDAMENTAL POSITIONS STANCE OFF THE TABLE PRACTICES ON THE TABLE PRACTICES

CES SERVICE TYPE OF SERVICE PUSH SHOTS COUNTER SHOTS DRIVE EFFECTIVE TRAINING REGIME

INTRODUCTION
Table Tennis is an educational process demanding psychological and physiological attributes. Many players never reach their true potential because the aim of this project is to teach players how to control the ball properly so that they can place it to whichever part of the table they wish at the speed which they intend and with the correct spin imparted. The basic training there are two reasons why the game is played, competitive and social. These are connected but, as everyone respects ability, those who play for social reasons will naturally wish to be the best players in their circle (home or club) whilst those who are of a competitive turn of mind will aim at the top class of play. This project has been divided into chapters which deal with individual phases of the game and which later, link there phases into a whole playing technique. Each stroke is broken down analyzed and built up completely variation in method of playing a stroke for various lengths, heights and positions are given in detail. Tactics play a big part in the game and I have given a great deal of space to this side of the art of winning at table tennis. The chapter on the history of the game and the appendix on record will be of value to those who enjoy statistics of the 'big time' game whilst the game remains basically the same, players are always looking for better way of playing, officials are trying to improve the rules, umpires are finding small points which requires classification -all signs of a healthy sports.

The late AJ. Wilmott said that table tennis was ten percent ability and ninety percent concentration like all generalizations, this is not entirely correct but it does stress the truth of the old aged that if a thing is worth doing it is worth doing well. Approach the game in this spirit and you will find that you get the maximum amount of enjoyment out of it. Ideals and Aims The full value of table tennis can only be defined by comparison with other sports and in relation to general questions as to the meaning of the sport. In this connection one must also consider the results in the physical and psychological fields. A clear definition of these can indeed assist the playing performance in this game. The meaning of any sport can be recognized in its conventions, which in table tennis are quite direct and simple: The ball must be struck with the bat, over an obstacle, into the opponent's court (half - table). The physical and psychological demands which must be mastered to achieve this simple project, provide the fascination of table tennis. For instance, we must make decisions in split - seconds only: To play forehand or backhand To give the ball topspin, backspin or sidespin To play short or long, hard or soft To play a particular type of stroke Which direction to play to
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When we reflect that in addition to all this, each on - coming ball poses a wealth of problems to us, we can realize how the continual development of our physical and mental controls is involved. The physical improvement will be manifest in the fields of : Power Dexterity Speed Stamina Flexibility Not to mention a general feeling of well - being and confidence. As for the mental side, the rules and tactical variations in table tennis provide great scope for personal talents. Power of decision, adaptation, will power, concentration, the courage to take a calculated risk, will all be developed by this game. In the purely medical sense, table tennis has also proved its worth as a medium of prevention and rehabilitation. Finally, table tennis offers us a speedy fulfillment of the play urge which is in all of us, thanks to the ease and accessibility of practice opportunities. Our object, therefore, is to enable as many people as possible to sample the game, so that everyone may have the opportunity: To gain strength physically and mentally, while enjoying

themselves To employ their leisure fruitfully To realize their motivation - potential, e.g. to become a casual or a competitive player To use table tennis for preventative exercise or rehabilitation
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NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The basic training in the initial stages is the most important phase of training planning. In this stage the coach has to pay extra attention because of the psycho - physical status of the child without having a proper planning of child's training we cannot think of an international player. In fact this phase of training decides the future of the sportsman or we can say that if the base is not good than we cannot think of making a big building over a weak base. The study also emphases on the role of parents that how parents can help their child in making him a good player. This is the only stage when before starting the coaching programme a coach have to consider all aspects like socials, economical, physical mantel etc. Once the child is put on the right track then it is not much difficult to take him to the target. So in the process of making and international player, the need and significance of child's training cannot be imagined.

PRELIMINARIES
Before we start our elementary practice, some important tips should be borne in mind. Correct each other mutually Praise your partner when his action or performance of an exercise is good Never reproach your partner; rather, point out his mistake quietly Don't carry on playing when you are having an "off day" and are no longer enjoying it Do not be disappointed if you have a period of "marking time". Improvement often only comes in spasms Divide your available playing time 50% warming-up play and training; drills; 50% types of match-play Carry out scrupulously all training drills and At all times follow the advice given in the chapter "Basic Training".

THE GRIP
The bat should be regarded as an "extension of your hand" or an "addition to your physical equipment". Therefore a correct and practical grip is of prime importance. The two different types of grip are: Shake -hands grip and penholder grip

SHAKE-HANDS GRIP
Widely used in Europe and most other Continents except for Eastern Asia. As Europe gave birth to the game, this grip is also known
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as the "European Grip". (See picture) The beginner should try this grip first.

TECHNIQUE
1. Take the handle as though to shake hands with the bat. 2. Allow forefinger and thumb to lie close to the lower edge of the bat. The face of the bat touched by the forefinger is known the "Backhand" side, (as shown in fig. 2) and the face touched by the thumb is known as the "Forehand" side.(as shown in fig.1) 3. With your other 3 fingers, grasp the handle. Important Do not bend the wrist.

FAULTS AND THEIR CORRECTION

1. The bat handle lying "askew" in your hand, i.e. with a gap between blade and (either) your thumb or forefinger. Advice Place thumb and forefinger flush to the face of the blade. 2. Holding the bat too tightly or too loosely. Advice It should be impossible for the handle to twist in your hand, even during the fiercest stroke action. Thumb and forefinger tending to lie towards the centre of the blade. 3. Advice Drive a small nail or tack into the blade so that the finger and thumbs remain below the nail. The "barrier" can be removed when the correct grip has become "grooved in".

PENHOLDER GRIP
The Orientals prefer this grip-style, this being attributed to their different way of life and different habits of muscular movement (for
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instance, eating with chopsticks). The majority of Asians hold the bat in this way: however, it is only suitable for attackers.

TECHNIQUE
1. Pick up the bat like a pen or pencil. 2. Thumb and forefinger enclose the handle (forehand side) (as shown in fig.3) 3. Remaining three fingers rest against the non-playing surface. (as shown in fig.4)

FAULTS AND THEIR CORRECTION

1. Finger and thumbs too far apart. Hint:- Finger and thumbs should almost touch each other. 2. The three remaining fingers lie on the blade. Hint:- Support the bat blade with the finger tips. When all is said and done about the "pros and cons" of the two main styles, the Shake-hands Grip can be considered as basically superior. Only dynamic and powerful players should experiment with "Penholder" The basic advantage of the Shake -hands Grip is that it allows an easy two-sided technique. (Forehand and backhand) whereas Penholder players, with very few exceptions, are confined to the forehand side of the bat.

IMPORTANT NOTES
Study correct grip right from your earliest days If you have held the bat some other way for a long time, you will inevitably have built in some sources of error. Here probably is the
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main cause of your playing faults, because you will be unable to perform the main strokes with a correct technique If you decide to change your grip, do not despair if for a time your results are negative. After a short period of "acclimatization" you should find a considerable improvement in your standards.

FUNDAMENTAL POSITIONS
Table tennis is classed amongst the fastest of ball games. In order to be able to react to your opponents' actions within split seconds, the player must first and foremost, have a logical alert control of position play, and the necessary control of attack and defense methods.

GENERAL BASIC POSITION

As the player is not sure whether the ball is coming to his forehand or his backhand side, he must take up a "ready position" which allows him to cover all eventualities. Before we go into technical details let us take note of the key factor of Distance as related to the three main' playing systems, viz: Attacking System: 1m behind the base-line. Middle-distance system: 1 -2m behind the base-line. Defensive system: 2m or more behind the base-line. The position for receipt of service resembles that for the "Attacking System". Never stand more than 1 m behind the line to receive a service.

TECHNIQUE (OF BASIC STANCE)

1. Three angles should be seen in the body position. At the knees, the hips and the elbows. 2. Feet about parallel to base-line, shoulder-width apart, toes pointing outwards - 0 -3m (12ins) to 0.5m (20ins) apart. Depending upon the height of player. 3. Playing Arm the forearm should be roughly horizontal, the upper arm roughly vertical. 4. The forearm should be in typical backhand position in front of the body. 5. Weight completely balanced on the balls of the feet. 6. The thighs should tend to point slightly inwards.

FAULTS AND THEIR CORRECTIONS

1. Stance too upright. Advice:- Bend the knees to improve elasticity of the whole stance. 2. Weight too solidly on the soles of the feet, or even on the heels. Advice:- Hold your trunk more forward. 3. Forearm hanging down. Advice:- Keep the Bat at baseline height.

STANCE FOR ATTACK AND DEFENCE SYSTEM

There are only small differences in stance, not worth detailing, for the various attack and defence strokes. Technique (Assuming a right-handed reader)
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1. The bat face is "open", the body angled at 45-90 compared with the base-line. 2. The left foot is advanced. Feet are at a right-angle to the baseline of table and 0 -3m (1ft) to 0 - 5m (20ins) apart.

Faults-and Corrections
1. Bat-face not opened. Advice School yourself in the basic details of "Stance for Strokes" by practicing without the ball. 2. Position of feet incorrect. Advice Use Artificial aids to school the feet into position. For instance, one could put a hold-all between the legs.

STANCE-SPECIAL HINTS
After every stroke, return smartly to the general basic position Since every move in play is started from this position, it can also be called the "Readiness or Take -off position" Some strokes demand a very precise placing of the bat (e.g. forehand drives and smashes), other strokes allow some tolerance (e.g. backhand counters and blocks) This is due to the characteristics of our muscular systems. We now come to the question; how to transfer from the basic position to the stroke position: Only two methods of changing the foot position are possible; these are related to the distance to the point of striking the ball.

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1. When the ball is placed shorter than the player's general position, the left leg advances for forehand, and the right leg for backhand strokes. 2. When the ball is placed longer than is convenient for the receiver's general position, then the right leg retreats for forehand, or the left leg retreats for backhand play. Important To achieve economy of movement, the distance should be covered with the fewest steps possible. OFF THE TABLE PRACTICES N.B. Abbreviations used: F.H. = Forehand; B.H. = Backhand: "OFF" = without a table. Following the principle of "Easy Stages", it is necessary to get used to the table tennis tools of the trade. So we now forget the table and busy ourselves with bat and ball. "OFF" Practices Group 1 : Touching, Bouncing and Balancing Object: Familiarization with bat and ball: mastering of these tools, and acquisition of a good "feel" for the ball. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tapping the ball on the bat. As 1, but while walking and running. Bouncing ball, on the floor, using the bat both F.H. and B.H. As 3, but while walking and running. Balancing the ball on the bat, both F.H. and B.H., while walking and running.
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6.

Possible variations on 1 to 5 : Tapping or bouncing, soft and hard, in turn Tapping and bouncing alternately Alternately F.H. and B.H., etc.

Important: All these practices must be carried out with the correct grip, partners correcting each other, and repeating as often as possible. "OFF" Practices Group II: Playing Against the Wall Object: Training of basic position and ballsense. 1. Play the ball with F.H. or B.H. against wall or door, allowing the return to bounce once before striking it. 2. As 1, but playing always above a 1 m line marked on the wall. 3. Play against the wall but on the "volley" i.e. without letting the ball bounce on the floor. 4. Mark out a playing court on the floor, say 3m x 3m (10ft x 10ft). 5. Mark a target circle or square on the wall. 6. Possible variations on 1 to 5: Playing with a partner Playing "soft" and "hard" Alternate F.H. and B.H. Vary the height-lines on the wall. Important: Wall play provides outstanding training and plenty of fun, for learners and experts alike. Lawn tennis players require a specially built wall, but for table tennis we can take advantage of any small clear spaces.

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Is your grip still correct? And: don't forget to introduce an element of competition-which player or pair can keep the ball in play longest, etc. "OFF" PRACTICES GROUP III: Play over a line or string Object: To learn the general pattern of table tennis play. Practice No. 1 1. Strike ball over the cord, F.H. or B.H. Action resembles play against the wall. 2. As 1, but keeping ball inside a marked court on the opponent's side. 3. Strike the returning ball on the volley, i.e. without allowing it to bounce. 4. Possible variations of 1 -3 : Doubles play (2 each side) Only parallel play allowed, or only diagonals F.H. and B.H. alternated Volleying every other ball, etc. Important: You are playing table tennis on a greatly enlarged "table". For the learner this offers these advantages: Ball stays in play longer. He soon learns to place the ball. He is allowed a longer reaction time. He learns to control "space"

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GENERAL ADVICE FOR ALL THESE PRACTICE GROUPS Learners and experts can perform all the practices alongside each other Work out new variations for yourselves The idea is to keep the ball in play, not to try to beat your partner Put some life into your actions, trying always to observe the correct position Accept corrections cheerfully - and do your share too. Use these fun practices to win your family, friends and colleague; over to table tennis Because, remember: Nobody is too old, and after 8 years, nobody is too young. On-the-table practices In the learning period, "ON" and "OFF" practices should be pursued in parallel. Often enough, in fact, this desirable interchange is unavoidable, due to the number of participants; for instance, if five pupils attend, four can use the table while 0.5 practices on the wall. In the early "0" practices, the following points should be observed. Try to play the ball to the middle of the partner's court. Carry on playing even when the ball goes off the table, letting it bounce once and then playing it back. Don't aim to clear the net narrowly; this will result in too many errors. "Safety first" is the motto.

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 Start play without a formal service, by dropping the ball from hand to table near your own baseline, and allowing it to bounce once before playing it over the net. Do not bother about correct stroke style in these first practices. Practice No.2 1. Try to direct the ball over the net into the mid court, either with B.H. or F.H. Object: Correct contact and clearance of the net. 2. Strike the ball in turn, gently, to fall just over the net, and harder to reach the baseline. 3. Object: Mastering short and long play. 4. Play the ball to your partner keeping it the F.H., diagonal. Object: To improve accuracy and the F.H. general position. 5. As 3, but with B.H. 6. As 3 and 4, but "tram-line" play parallel to side lines. Interchange B.H. and F.H. strokes. Then try to place the ball "short" and "long". Object: General control of the table, improvement of position and touch.

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SERVICE
Play starts with a service, from the server. The opponent is called the receiver (officially "Striker-out"). For a correct service, the rules stipulate: Ball must rest on the palm of the free hand, and from there be thrown upwards vertically. Bat must strike ball only when it is dropping. Ball must bounce first in the server's own half-table, clear the net without touching it, and then land in the receiver's half. If the ball touches net or post, but thereafter lands correctly on the receiver's half-table, the service is a "Let" (must be re-taken) Service must be struck from behind the baseline and above the table level. It is worth noting that the service is the one stroke which allows the player as much time as he wishes. Once the ball is in play, there is always an element of time-pressure, which often prevents the player to make ideal movements. Therefore: Never rush your service. Gather your concentration before service. Have a plan of action ready. Keep the opponent guessing which type of service you intend to use. You will have already realized that the service offers you many opportunities for variations, such as:
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 Soft or hard, i.e. slow or fast. Short or long. With or without spin. Type of spin i.e. (i) Back spin (ii) Top spin (iii) Side spin (Left to right or Right to left). Directional changes. With forehand or backhand. From forehand side or backhand side of table. High toss or low toss.

Types of Service Service without Spin ("Plain") Technique: Strike ball with B.H. in front of body or sideways, close to body. Bat angle slightly closed over ball. Move arm from behind, forwards and downwards. Let the body weight pass easily into the stroke. Practices: Throw ball up in front of the body and try, with B.H. to send it to the opponent's mid-court. Throw ball up left of the body to strike with B.H. and right of body for F.H.: still concentrating on the mid court target. Place services diagonally, and then in "parallel" to side lines. Alternate hard or soft services.

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 Service into small target areas marked on the table, or to hit small objects placed therein.

Faults and Corrections Ball bounces too highly or loosely. Strike the service at a lower point. Ball jumps over the distant baseline. Aim your service to bounce first time just inside your own base line. Ball goes "off the side". Your body stance need adjustment. Ball frequently goes into the net. Adjust the angle of your bat. Use of Plain Service Recommended for learners. Apart from that it can be used when your more advanced services run into a spell of inaccuracy. Of course this service can be made with F.H. equally well. CHOPPED SERVICE Technique Strike ball at side of body, and close to it. (B.H. chopped serve can equally be struck in front of the body.) Bat angle-"Open" Arm action-from above, forwards and downwards, under the ball Practices Throw ball simply 8-12 inches (20 -30cm) upwards, and strike with F.H. to place the ball in opposing mid-court Only a slow arm swing should be used at the early stages

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 When the F.H. chopped service is mastered, practice it with B.H. Further practices-as for Plain Service. FAULTS AND CORRECTIONS Ball thrown too high, therefore cannot be placed accurately Hold ball close to body and only throw it up 20-30 cms Ball often goes "off" ... Check the movement of the bat. It should not turn during the stroke Ball has no backspin ... Open the bat-angle more Important: As you start to serve, consciously check your stance and foot position. The quality of your "chop" depends upon the speed of your arm movement-the faster the arm, the stronger the cut. TOPSPIN SERVICE Technique Contact the ball close in, with sideways body stance (B.H. can also be executed from in front of the body) Bat angle-closed, over the ball Arm movement-from below, upwards and forwards, or horizontally from behind- forwards, which will impart more speed to the ball. Practices See "Chopped Services" FAULTS AND CORRECTIONS Ball goes over the opponent's base-line ... concentrate on bouncing it close to your own base-line, Ball is not fast enough ... Your arm action must be made faster.

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Important: Compared with the chopped service, this service receives more thrust, therefore it is faster. To attain maximum speed, serve diagonally, which allows more space for a strongly-struck ball. This type of service is the fastest of all services. SIDESPIN SERVICE Technique There are two optional systems for this service: With bat pointing upwards With bat pointing downwards. Technique with "Upwards" Bat Strike ball with sideways action in front of the body Note: this is only practicable with F.H. If Bat face is held high and approximately at right angles to the base-line Arm movement-horizontal the server must strike from a squat position. Practices First make the actions without a ball Throw the ball up a short distance and contact it almost immediately (practice this without a table) Other practices as for the other types of service. Faults and Corrections Ball shows no sidespin, but tends rather to be chopped hold the bat vertically and correct the arm-action

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 Ball bounces too high ... squat deeply to reduce the body height on striking. Important Note: This service can be very effective indeed, but requires much practice. The best position for a right-handed delivery of this type is from outside the right-hand corner, aiming diagonally across the table. Technique with "Downwards" Bat Strike ball in front of body, and at hip-height Bat should pointed vertically downwards and move parallel to the base-line. Arm action; horizontally across the body, from right to left for F.H. and the reverse for B.H. When using F.H., the grip should be slackened as otherwise the bat-blade cannot be aligned in the "downwards" pattern. Note: For this kind of service a shorter player must "grow" as much as possible, e.g. by standing on tip-toes. Practices Work through the F.H. and B.H. actions thoroughly without a ball Practice B.H. action first as this comes more simply Other practices; as for the earlier types of service. Faults-and Corrections Ball shows no sidespin ... check the vertical position of the bat and re-emphasis' the wide travel of the arm -action Ball frequently goes into the net - . . Player must stand higher.
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Important Note: Sidespin services are the most difficult. Do not be disturbed if at first you have little success. Keep on practicing 40-50 serves consecutively, with each side of the bat. Many players neglect service-play practice. Do not be one of them. Practice your services continually with your partner and you will soon notice the results. Always bear in mind; your own service should give you an advantage.

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PUSH-SHOTS
Technique Meet the ball in front of or near to the side of the body (depending upon the length of ball received) Contact: At the highest point Bat Angle : Vertical or slightly open (see" Important Notes") Arm action Vertical or slightly open (see "Important Notes"). Arm finishes fully stretched close to the net. During the stroke, the body weight passes from rear foot to front foot. Foot position (assuming Right-hander**) : B.H. Left foot back, right foot forward; F.H. Right foot back, left foot forward. Modifications for Forehand 1. A mid-court contact point on the ball would be played with the feet parallel to your baseline. 2. To contact the ball close to the net, for F.H., the right foot will advance forward, and for B.H. left foot should be placed forward. Note: This modification of foot position is necessary for the whole range of F.H. strokes when dealing with shorter balls. The reason is that the extent of reach on F.H. is hampered if the shoulder is held back. The modified position is therefore accepted, despite its physical disadvantages for arm movement. Practices: Push ball with B.H., bat face vertical, over the net into partner's mid court.

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 Same stroke, with bat face slightly open. Next, same with F.H. Later mixing F.H. with B.H. Play short and long "pushes" to the partner. Push play along diagonals and "tram -lines", and combinations of these. Faults and Corrections Ball goes out over the distant base-line. Arm push too strong; check this, and adjust the general body stance. Ball goes into net. Arm not moving forward correct this. Important Notes: The push shot is the foundation stone of table tennis. It is the simplest of strokes, but must be mastered thoroughly because so many other strokes are built upon it. The push shot is used as a general safety first ball, keeping the play under control and still ready for opening out. So it is invariably used in tight corners. Therefore-learn to push properly. (**Please assume a "right-hander" in all our examples from now on)

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COUNTER-SHOTS
Technique Ball is taken with sideways stance, in front of or level with body. Bat face slightly "closed" Arm movement. Only a short swing required, say 30-50 cm (12-18 ins) from back under, to forward over Body balance and foot position as for the push shot. The modified foot positions also apply. Practice Stages Drop ball from hand, close to your own baseline, and play it with B.H. Counter drive against balls thrown to you by your partner Mutual counters between partners, first B.H., later F.H. Counter along diagonal and "tramlines" Varying hard and soft counter drives Counter driving to targets marked out on partner's court. Errors- Causes and Corrections Ball goes into net. Bat probably too far "closed" or arm swing too near horizontal. Adjust bat angle and emphasis' arm swing as up and over Ball flies off the end of the table. Bat probably vertical or even "opened" close the angle. Ball goes "off" across a side line faulty stance, or arm swing not truly forward. Adjust these.

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Important Note: Counter- hit is amongst the most frequently used strokes today. As already realized in the learner's stages, it speeds the play up greatly. For successful counter- hitting, you need a high degree of flexibility in the hips and spine, with speedy arm movements. Therefore: Take trouble to keep your stance good and be ready to move, every moment.

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THIS IS THE BASIC STROKE TOWARDS TOP SPIN DRIVE, POWER DRIVE, LOOP DRIVE
Topspin is up and over spin opposite of your back spin strokes. It gives a forward running spin in the line of its flight. This not only covers the ball to spurt sharply forward on bouncing but is valuable in producing a curve flight path, that is up and over and down. Why do we need downward curving flight when attacking? Answer is very simple. The ball should clear the net well, but afterward it should dip downward. This is a safer then trying to clear the net and still hit the table with a straight line hit. There are different type of topspin drives. As: Topspin roll, Forward drive, loop drive, topspin with sidespin. But here we shall go through the top spin roll only. All basic things are same in advance power drive, loops drive etc. Topspin drive and topspin role, only slite modification require to impart more spin and speed. IMPORTANCE This is match winning stroke in Table Tennis. Many says it is most important stroke, some says the only important stroke. It is the best weapon of a attacking player. It is also one of the reliable weapon in the armory of all-round type of player. With this stroke a player can force his opponent to go away from the table, once the opponent went back the executer will certainly be in advantage position since a player who is away from the table will have to cover more area to control the ball, secondly more the, player is away less will be the speed and spin in his stroke due to air friction, as it is the basic law of biomechanics that" more the object travel in air less will be the speed and spin remain in it at destination.
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STANCE POSITION To execute topspin roll you should stand with left foot forward for right handed player, right foot forward for left handed player., With upper body also slightly sideways, knee semiflexed, body weight on to the toe's. If you are right handed player hold the racket out of your right side,at about waist height with your elbow at around 900 keep your racket slightly tilted forward close position. RACKET ANGLE The angle of the racket is different against different type of spins, against back spin i.e chop & push, it should be almost upright. Against topspin or no spin ball counter & block, it should be tilted forward which will allow you to hit flatter and counteract your opponent's spin but you must be very careful to watch your opponent for any change of spin. CONTACT Imagine that you rolling a big tyre in road with one hand. You know you have to keep brushing the palm of your hand across the top of it to keep it moving. This is almost exactly same action needed to play a forehand roll. CONTACT POINT In contact point the ball should be contacted at the peak of its bounce; once the ball start to drop it means that the player has to put more spin to make a ball rise over the net. The ideal time to hit the ball is virtually in all the strokes are when it reaches on the peak of its bounce. Just as it is about to start to fall again. Because the ball is at its highest at this point, you will find it easier to hit your target the other side of the table.
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The ball should be contacted at right side of the body for the right handed player. You should contact the ball away from the body 3/4th length of the arm and exactly opposite to the left leg. While contacting ball right on the racket keep close look there is less chances to miss the ball. You should keep your head & racket closet to the contact point; it will help you to get control over the ball. You should contact the ball between upper and middle portion if playing against float ball, if playing against chop/push that is back spin you should contact the ball at its middle portion. If playing against topspin ball the racket should be 30 o closed and should contact approximately at head of the ball. EXECUTION To execute topspin roll stand sideways as elaborated in "stance". Racket should be 9-12" away from the right knee. Your upper body should be rotated towards right side and your left shoulder should be 90o to the net knee flexed. Body weight should be on the right leg at the time of back swing. When proceeding towards the contact point you have to shift your body weight forward that is up & over to the table. The ball should be contacted th arm away from body and elbow should be slightly in bending position. Now you have to brush the ball at peak of its bounce, if playing against back spin strike middle of the ball if you are playing against counter or block then contact the ball between upper & middle of the ball. If playing against topspin ball contact the head of the ball with closed racket.

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IMPORTANT POINT OF EXECUTION 1. Remember that you have to rotate your upper body at the same time when you are in the process to shift your body weight from right leg to left leg. 2. The power of this stroke comes through a kinetic chain i.e. starting from the ankle of right foot and finishing at wrist of playing hand. 3. Don't use your wrist. FOLLOW THROUGH In follow through your arm and body will travel simultaneously up and over but arm at the end will come close to your head and angle of the elbow will also be close. The racket should be in the line of your nose. You should finish the shot facing the area of the table where you wanted the ball to go. If you played the stroke properly your weight should have transfer on to your front foot i.e. left foot (for right handed players) The process of weight transfer must be mastered earlier, because at the later stage it will become essential to your ability to hit the ball hard. Your left toe should be pointed towards the area where you wanted to strike the ball. POINTS TO REMEMBER a. Start your stroke well below the ball. b. Ball should be contacted at right side body, 3/4th arm away from it and just opposite to your left leg. c. Brush the ball at its valley (middle portion) with upright angle of racket if playing against chop or push.

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d. Brush the ball between head and middle with tilted angle of racket if playing against counter or block balls. e. Brush the ball almost at its head with closed racket approximately 30o if playing against top spin balls. f. Transfer your body weight from right leg to left leg in a way it should go up and over to the table along with body's upper part's rotational movement. g. Swing smoothly with easy, forearm and shoulder movement. COMMON FAULT AND THEIR REMEDIES FAULT: lArm too rigid, 2swing too cramp that is stopping too abruptly,
3swing

across the ball instead of upward and forward, 4stopping the

racket over the ball too much, 5too little hitting the ball too hard with strain in the finger or shoulder, 6wrist too lose. REMEDY: 1st & 2nd: Hold the racket relax with relaxed arm player should feel the ball, there should not any tuk sound, there should be a whip sound. 3rd: Correct the stance. 4th & 5th: relax the arm & easy forearm and shoulder movement, no muscles should be tight too much. 6th: Say the student to use the wrist only for adjust/maintain the racket angle. SOME COMMON FAULT IN POSITION OF BODY 1. Ball contracted too far away from the body. R: Play with 3/4th arm length.

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2. Too far behind the body and late contact, so there is very little back swing and caused less acceleration in body. R: strike the ball at peak of its bounce, not later than left leg position. 3. Strike too close to the body. R: Use foot work to make space for the stroke and player should strike right behind the ball. SOME COMMON SPIN FAULT 1. Too little spin during strike. R: Don't hit the ball, brush it. Just as you brush your shoe for giving shine. 2. Too much topspin ball goes to net. R: You must brush the ball confidently with slight acceleration to over to the table as you contacted the ball.

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EFFECTIVE TRAINING REGIME

To find out the psychological cause of stagnation in learning and treat them timely. To help the children set their goals as per their potential to avoid frustration and drop outs. To use positive and negative reinforcements for modifying the behavior for children. To teach them psycho regulatory procedures to developmental control over their physical system. To train them for mental rehearsal and ideomotoric training for maximizing their performance. To make them feel important with the help of group therapy. To provide them counseling for the smallest of their difficulties. How to develop self confidence in children? Make the child feel accepted and wanted. Show children warmth and greet them individually by name. Create awareness so that children learn to expect from themselves the best they can give. Alternate leadership roles. Provided supportive attitude. Set realistic and achieve able goals. Impart training in progressive steps. Give experiences of success to those who have problems at the initial stages of learning. Teach them to think positive and remember the experiences of previous success. Direct coaching to make the children independent.
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 Involve children in decision making by resorting to co-operative style of coaching. Provide constructive criticism. Provide opportunity to think and by creative. SOME IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS &. SUGGESTIONS The perceived values of physical activity differs from game to game. The formation of positive attitude in the directions required for the game is to be given importance by the coach. Early experience emotions and performance in competitive sports. Prolonged and intense competitions having great deal of physical confrontations builds up aggressive tendencies in children. Introducing games to children that force them to co-operate, may develop co-operative behaviour in them. Shaping of positive attitudes towards physical activity is crucial because of its close relationship with the motivation of the learner. Studying attitudes during middle childhood is particularly important as this is the time when basic attitude are formed. Identifying and Handling Emotional upset in Children Indications of emotional upset Sleep irregularities induced by competitions. Mood changes/changes in hobbies and interests. Withdrawal from the activity. Negative shifts in schools performance etc. Handling of Emotional upset Coaches should try to listen the impact by informal counseling.
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 Children should be withdrawn from the stress producing situation. Levels of anxiety, tension and aggression should be adjusted through psycho regulation. Individualized psychological support should be provided.

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REFERENCES 1. E P SPORTS SERIES TABLE TENNIS MARTIN SKLORZ 2. TABLE-TENNIS: THE SPORT SCATT M. PREISS 3. TRAINING MANUAL OF TABLE TENNIS MR. T.K. BOSE Ex-Chief Coach & Mr. BHAWANI MUKARJEE

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