Caroline Marzinzik
caroline@powerworld.com
History
Originally designed for studying optimal power flow results on an hour-by-hour basis (2001?)
Specifically for TVA
BPA Changes
Sequence power flow studies (quasi-steady state) Model variable MW output of a large number of wind power plants over several hours to verify proper voltage profiles can be maintained under all operating conditions Plan secondary voltage resources and controls by implementing the order of slower system characteristics (few seconds to minutes/hours)
Load characteristic changes LTC Switched shunts Remedial action schemes Equipment status changes
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Only evaluated and implemented if doing a complete time step simulation run
Must click Do Run button
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Switched shunts using time delays are fixed at the beginning of the time step run
Processed after all other time point inputs are applied Only allowed to switch after time delay is met while regulated value is outside regulation range
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Primary Regulation Range Regulated Bus Case and area shunt control must be enabled Blocks must be defined to specify how much shunt can move at each time step 7
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Bus 3 pu Volt
0.9942 0.9942 0.9942
Comments
12:00:03 AM
12:00:04 AM 12:00:05 AM 12:00:06 AM 12:00:07 AM 12:00:08 AM 12:00:09 AM
0.9711
0.9711 0.9768 0.9768 0.9824 0.9824 0.9824
50.0
50.0 60.0 60.0 70.0 70.0 70.0
12:00:10 AM
12:00:11 AM 12:00:12 AM 12:00:13 AM
0.9882
0.9882 0.9882 0.9939
80.0
80.0 80.0 90.0
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Bus 1 Shunt A
Discrete
Fixed Fixed
Bus 2 Shunt B
Discrete
Fixed Fixed
Bus 2 Shunt C
Fixed
Discrete Fixed
Bus 3 Shunt D
Discrete
Fixed Fixed
Bus 3 Shunt E
Fixed
Discrete Fixed
Bus 3 Shunt F
Fixed
Fixed Discrete
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Only evaluated and implemented if doing a complete time step simulation run
Must click Do Run button
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Transformers using time delays are fixed at the beginning of the time step run
Processed after all other time point inputs are applied Only allowed to change tap/phase positions after time delay is met while regulated value is outside regulation range
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Primary Regulation Range (pu Voltage, Mvar, or MW) Determines how much tap or phase can move at each time step
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Time delayspecific fields. Can also be found on the Line and Transformer Records display.
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Processing Transformers
Any transformer meeting time delay and regulated value is outside regulation range will be processed to determine tap/phase switching Transformers meeting this condition will be processed in the same manner that transformers on control are processed in the regular power flow solution
Balancing parallel LTC taps Transformer Stepping Methodology Min. Sensitivity for LTC Control Model Phase Shifters as Discrete Controls
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Saved with PWB and not in TSB Only evaluated and implemented if doing a complete time step simulation run
Must click Do Run button
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Right-click and choose Insert to create new action Right-click on existing action and choose Show Dialog to modify Can also create/modify from Model Explorer: Solution Detail\Time Step Actions
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CHECK or NEVER
Model Criteria (Model Filter or Model Condition) must be specified for action to be considered
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Action implemented
Time Delay = 1 sec. Conditions met one time step (10 seconds between time steps) prior to the implementation time step.
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Action implemented
Time Delay = 56 sec. Conditions met 6 time steps (10 seconds between time steps) prior to the implementation time step.
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JONES_CANYON_LEANJ2 2 34.5 kV C1 open Met for Shunt 95003 #C1 Status = Open JONES_CANYON_LEANJ2 2 34.5 kV L1 closed Met for Shunt 95003 #L1 Status = Closed
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JONES_CANYON_LEANJ2W2_switch_out_L1_and_L2 Met for Generator 95005 #W3 Mvar Output > 2 Mvar
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If Input Data and Schedule Data can be applied with no errors or not applying these at all
If applying pre-script command after applying input data, run pre-script command If choosing to Apply and Solve
Solve power flow If successful power flow solution
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Check this to prevent generator changes from being modified due to AGC
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Select where the results should be stored Key field to use for identifying objects within the file File prefix - file will be named CSV File Identifier_objectname.CSV
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Open the B7flat.PWB case. To access the Time Step Simulation dialog, in Run Mode, go to the Tools ribbon tab and select Time Step Simulation.
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In the Time Step Simulation dialog, rightclick on the grid and select Insert New Timepoint(s), or press the Insert Time Points button.
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Solution Type
Simulation progress
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You can specify pre- and post script commands for each time point. This allows you to perform almost every possible Simulator action before and after a time point is solved. Typical actions are running contingency analysis or saving particular set of results.
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To delete a script command, double-click and hit the Delete or Backspace buttons. To clear all the scripts commands in a column, right-click on the grid and select Set/Toggle/Columns Set All Values To. Then just press OK without typing anything in the dialog.
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All these Input pages are matrix grids. This means that each row corresponds to a time point, and each column corresponds to the specific object for which data will be specified. Very detailed time-varying inputs may be specified on the Custom Inputs pages
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The matrix grids will have one column for the input data of each object. In the B7flat.pwb case, suppose that we want to specify Load MW data for Loads 2 and 3.
In the Input page MW Loads page, right-click and select Time Point records Insert/Scale Load Column(s)
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Use the selector component to select Loads 2 and 3 at the same time.
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In order to specify time point values, we can: 1. Enter the values manually (as shown in the Figure) 2. Read load values from Excel using the corresponding button. 3. Paste values from Excel (Copy the headers to Excel first). 4. Derive the values from another column. 5. Scale the column values.
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Right-click on column for Load 3 and select Time Point records Insert/Scale Load Column(s).
Column 3 will now be the Current Column
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Use the selector component to select Loads 4 and 5, whose values will be derived from Load 3.
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Recall that you can use the selector to create multiple columns at a time, and you can copy/ paste the input data from Excel.
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Setting Up Results
During the time step simulation, Simulator obtains a PF/OPF/SCOPF solution for each time point. The amount of information that is generated may be significant since each time point can potentially contain the information of a solved PF, OPF, or SCOPF case.
For large systems, storing all these information may be limited by memory.
Typically, you dont need to examine all the system quantities. The Time Step Simulation requires you to explicitly define which quantities you want to explore.
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Setting Up Results
Select the Results page:
Modify the Results Definitions Results Display Options
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Setting Up Results
Press the View/Modify Result Definitions button to tell Simulator the quantities you want to store. You will need to specify:
The type of object for which results must be saved (buses, generators, etc.) The individual objects whose fields will be saved (Bus 1, Bus 2, etc.) The fields that will be saved for each type of objects (Bus pu volt, etc.)
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Setting Up Results
Select the Buses page Click Add/Remove Fields to modify list of fields to store
For our example, assume we want to explore per unit voltage and angle for all the buses.
Save and Close the Result Definitions
Set to YES the buses for which you want to store the fields (By default all are set to NO)
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During the simulation, you will see how the Last Result box and the Progress Bar are updated.
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Obtain the PF/OPF/SCOPF solution Set the Processed flag in the Summary page Update the Last Result and Progress Bar indicating the status of the solution. Write the results to the Result pages Run a post-script command if it was specified
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Exploring Results
For our example, the Buses page of the Results shows bus voltages and angles. The results can be grouped by objects or by fields.
BUS 1
BUS 2
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Exploring Results
We can also explore the results by obtaining a column plot. This is how the bus angles look in our example.
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t
Subscription
t
Gen MW
Object Field
t
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Defining a Schedule
Schedules:
Are Numeric, Yes/No, or Text Can be made periodic by specifying them to repeat the shape with a certain period. Can have start and end validity dates (used normally for periodic schedules).
To define a schedule go to the Input page Schedules page, right-click on the grid, and select Insert New Schedule.
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Defining a Schedule
Schedule name must be unique Identifies main characteristics of schedule Shortcut buttons allow easy definition of the schedule date times
Date times dont need to coincide with the date times of the list of time points (Summary page)
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Date time and numeric values define the shape of the schedule
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For instance, this means that the Gen MW output of Generator 1 at bus 1 will follow the shape of Schedule 1.
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When you select a field, this label changes telling whether the field is Numeric or Yes/No
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Subscriptions to numeric schedules can modify the schedule values: Actual Value = Multiplier *Sched Value + Value Shift
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We want to create the schedules and schedules subscriptions needed to model these varying quantities.
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Example: Schedules
For the generator, we create a periodic schedule with period = 1 day.
The schedule is numeric. The schedule has 4 time points.
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Example: Schedules
For the transmission line, we create a non-periodic schedule The schedule type is Yes/No. The schedule has 2 time points. Line will open at 4 AM and will close at 2 PM.
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Values
12:00 AM
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Schedule Subscriptions
The advantage of schedules and schedule subscriptions is that power systems tend to have many quantities that follow a similar time pattern:
Bus loads of the same type Different units of a power plant that are identically scheduled A group of devices that are disconnected/reconnected at the same time. For instance, groups of capacitor or reactors.
Using schedules, one avoids having to specify time point data for each field, which would be tedious and would require large quantities of memory.
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Custom Inputs
Custom inputs allow specification of more detailed parameters in the time domain for several object types Example: generator voltage setpoint
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System at 2 PM
34 MW 0 Mvar
38 MW 0 Mvar
25 MW
A
25 MW
A
41 MW
70 MW 0 Mvar
40 MW
MVA
Three
1.00 pu 13 MW 0 MW 19 MW
A A
103%
MVA
Three
1.01 pu 2 MW
A
63 MW 0 Mvar
2 MW
13 MW
1.05 pu
MVA
Four
1.00 pu
79 MW
MVA
Four
1.00 pu 27 MW
MVA
40 MW 0 Mvar
0 MW
0 MW
A
35 MW
MVA
28 MW AGC ON
28 MW
A
MVA
2 MW
A
28 MW 28 MW
A
MVA
40 MW AGC ON
Two
1.04 pu 46 MW
20 MW
A
MVA
Two
1 MW
MVA
1.04 pu 55 MW 47 MW
2 MW 46 MW
29 MW
29 MW
Five
1.03 pu
Five
1.03 pu
10.8 Mvar
A
100 MW AGC ON
46 MW 3 MW
6 MW
10.8 Mvar
A
0 MW 0 Mvar Six
1.04 pu
MVA
MVA
34 MW 0 Mvar
160 MW AGC ON
55 MW 7 MW
15 MW
0 MW 0 Mvar Six
1.04 pu
MVA
MVA
63 MW 0 Mvar
MVA
Seven
3 MW 1.04 pu
MVA
Seven
7 MW 1.04 pu
3 MW
7 MW
-40 MW AGC ON
MVA
200 MW AGC ON
-40 MW AGC ON
MVA
201 MW AGC ON
Note the status of transmission line 2-3, the values of generator 1 MW output and how loads change at each time point. See how the line flows and angle contouring change (Note: Contouring should be set to continuously refresh).
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Brings up a dialog to change the date/time of a time point. It sorts the list afterwards. Solves the selected time point, by first applying both time point and schedule input data. Paste (under Copy/Paste/Send) becomes enabled when the clipboard contains time step data in the correct format.
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Loads the TSB automatically when the case is opened. When saving the TSB, set automatically the Default tsb to be the current tsb.
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The file identifier is used to identify the run. Individual objects have files created for them. For example, Year2010_areas.csv.
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The OPF algorithm detects the controls that need to be moved, the constraints that are binding at the solution point, and the unenforceable constraints, i.e., constraints that cannot be enforced with the available controls.
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Check this option to reset the cost curve of hydro generation to the original cost after each time step. Uncheck this option to explore how Simulator changes the hydro cost to the unconstrained marginal price.
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In order to run contingency analysis for a time point, set the corresponding field to YES in the Summary page.
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