C 4700.7 A669 no.

13

c.l

OKLAHOMA PUBlICATtONS

CLEARINGHOUS

OKI.AHOMA ~;t:PAHTMENT OF LIBRARIES loa N. E. 18th ST.

OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73105

THE ARCHEOLOGY OF IMPOUNDMENT 161 LOWER CLEAR BOGGY CREEK WATERSHEDI JOHNSTON COUNTYI OKLAHOMA
Christopher Lintz and Rain Vehik

LOcATION

OF EXCAVATED

liTES

1.34Jn-17 I. a4AI-te7 a.I4AI-1O 4:a4AI-1.0. 113, 175 5. a.AI-1l1. 173. 177. 171. 178 I.I4AI-I7 80. III 7.I4AI-141 I. 141'1I-101.137 '.14""-31 10.14""-41 11.14""-11I 11. 14""-". 12 11. 341'1I-103 14. 141'1I-104 15. 14Pn-101 11. 14A1-eZ 17.I4AHa

~"'opuMRe_.

Ell

Lo_

CIMt .....,

WII.,

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Wllorohod

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"

Oklahoma Conservation

Commission

Archeoloqlcal Research Report No. 13

1986 .

THE ARCHEOLOGY OF IMPOUNDMENT 16, LOWER CLEAR BOGGY CREEK WATERSHED, JOHNSTON COUNTY, OKLAHOMA

by

Christopher Lintz and Rain Vehik 1986

OKLAHOMA CONSERVATION COMMISSION ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH REPORT NO. 13 August 1986 2800 North Lincoln Boulevard Oklahoma City, OK 73105

ABSTRACT

This report in May 1981 and January 1985 in Johnston County,

describes the results of a cultural resource survey conducted archeological testing conducted between November 1984 and proposed Impoundment 16, Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed, Oklahoma for the U.S.D.A.Soil Conservation Service.

The 1981 pedestrian survey recorded 13 local ities and two archeological sites in a 150 acre {60 ha} area. The localities are three prehistoric lithic scatters, one mixed prehistoric and historic locality, six modern dumps, two recently abandoned farmsteads, and an abandoned railroad bed. The archeological sites include a sChool/cemetery {34Jn-66} founded during the 1880s on a ridge crest next to the project area and an extensive prehistoric site {34Jn67} in the borrow pit area. Limited shovel testing in 1981 recovered small quantities of nonlocal lithic materials from the east part of 34Jn-67. The 1984-85 testing phase focused on two spatially discrete areas of 34Jn67. Analysis of materials indicates that Area A, the eastern part of the site, was used on a short term basis by a nonindigenous Plains oriented Late Prehistoric {post A.D. 13S0} popul ation. In contrast, Area B, 75 m to the west, was used by indigenous groups. The earlier component in Area B reflects a relatively 1 ight intensity occupation by Late Archaic or Early Woodland {1500 B.C.-A.D. 800} groups. A later component is represented by two rock hearths and an intense range of resource processing activities dating between A.D. 770 and 1040 during the Woodland to Late Prehistoric period transition. Specialized studies such as soil chemistry analysis, flotation and fine screening, pollen analysis, radiocarbon dating, and floral analysis provide ancillary information about the site. Additional work is not recommended for the localities and sites in Impoundment 16. Many localities do not meet the 50 year age minimum requ irement for Na tiona 1 Reg ister eval ua t ion. Others repres ent abandoned farmsteads without integrity and limited prehistoric lithic scatters lacking additional information potential. The early cemetery {34Jn-66}, on a ridge crest above the project area, wi 11 not be affected by project deve 1 opment. The Griffth site {34Jn-67} does have fairly clear rock hearth integrity and horizontal and vertical component separation. However, the extensive testing phase {40 1 m test pits} obtained a substantial sample of materials. Specialized studies have shown that faunal remains and micro- and macro-floral remains are poorly preserved in the slight to moderate acidic soils at the site.

;;i

Project Personnel and Acknowledgements

The initial survey of Impoundment 16 was conducted by Charles Wal lis of the Oklahoma Conservation Commission. The excavations and laboratory work were under the direction of Dr. Christopher R. Lintz. The fieldwork was conducted by a paid crew of eight individuals: Mandy Hosny, Emory Dilbeck, Bob Reed, Sheri McKinney, Rick Miller, Scott Dennis, Leslie Raymer, and George Zabawa. Two members of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Buck Wade and Glen Johnson, volunteered their time to assist in the field work. Laboratory processing of 1985 excavated materials was performed by Linda Ragland Fisher (washing and cataloging) and Jane Dye (fine screen sorting). Dr. Rain Vehik and Charles Wall is monitored surface stripping of the site in the fall of
1985.

Mr. Randy Hall, District Conservationist, was helpful. Mr. Charles \~allis also assisted in the laboratory analyses and report preparation. Ruth Boyd, Grants and Contracts office at the University of Oklahoma and Steve Curry, accountant for the Oklahoma Archeological Survey, are thanked for administrative abil ities. Dr. Susan C. Vehik proof read the report and provided useful suggestions. The artifact drawings are by Chris Lintz while the rest of the graphics were prepared by Ms. Mary Goodman. A number of individuals conducted more specialized analyses. Dr. Rick Holloway conducted the palynological study and Mr. Will iam Sistrunk did the soil analysis. Both are affiliated with Texas A & M University. Mr. Sistrunk is with the Soils Testing Laboratory. The radiocarbon samples were submitted to Beta Analytic, Inc., and Dr. Murray Tamers was helpful in their processing. Identification of micro- and macro-floral remains was performed by Dr. Paul I~innis and Ms. Eileen Goldborer, University of Oklahoma. Ms. Peggy Flynn, Oklahoma Archeological Survey, assisted in faunal identifications. Finally, a word of thanks to a special group of people without whose help this project would not have gotten off the ground. These are the landowners who gave us permission to survey and excavate on their properties. We would like to thank Ruth McDaniel, Ruth Goforth, M.E. Brown, Lee Jones, Doris Garret, and Peggy and Ear 1 t~cKinney.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT PROJECT PERSONNEL AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES MANAGEMENT SUMMARY CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTI ON Project Description. Report Organization
2. ENVIRONMENTAL

........... ........... ......... ......... ........... .............

iii iv vii ix xi

1 3
5

SETTING
... . .

Geological Background Lithic Resources.

So; 1s . . . . . . ..

.
. . . .

5 5

Biotic Resources . Cu ltura 1 Background Previous Research Cu 1tura 1 Sequence Paleoindian Period Archaic Period . Woodland Period Late Prehistoric Period Historic Period 3. THE SURVEY PHASE The Localities Archeological Sites Survey Summary and Recommendation 4. TEST EXCAVATIONS AT THE GRIFFTH SITE, 34Jn-67 Introduction Excavation Methods Stratigraphy Area A Profiles Area B Profiles Features. Radiocarbon Dates
v

10 10
11

12 15 15 16
18 20

23 27

..... ........

27

33
40 42 42

43
45

46 46
54 58

Cultural Remains .. Chipped Stone Artifacts and Debitage Class Pecked and Battered Stone Class .. Ground Stone Artifact Class Unmodified Cobble Class . Fired Earth Class . Organic Remains Class Historic Artifact Class . Discussion and Interpretations . Number of Occupations
Area A Area A . . . . . . .

58

60 80
81 85 85

86 88
88

89

Area B . . Age and Cultural Affiliation ..... Area B Summary 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX A. Soil Test Reports and Palynological APPENDIX B. Radiocarbon Dates from Feature 2 . APPENDIX C. Seed Identifications. Analysis of Soils . . . . .
. . Activities Site Functions

91 91
98 98

99
100

105 106 109 113 120 127

APPENDIX D. Method for Deriving Soil Volume Estimates and Adjusted Artifact Counts from Rock Feature 2, 34Jn-67, Area B by Christopher Lintz ......

129

APPENDIX E. Test Excavations at a Natural Mound Northwest of 34Jn-67 by Rain Vehik . .. 132 REFERENCES CITED 134

vi

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Project Location 2. Geologic Deposits Near the Project Area 3. Tested Sites Within the Boggy Creek Drainage . 4. Sites and Find Localities in Impoundment 16 5. Materials Recovered from 1981 Surface Survey and Shovel Testing 6. Map of the Griffth Site (34Jn-67) Showing Collection Areas, Shovel Test Pits, and Areas A and B 7. Contour Map and Location of Test Squares in Area A at 34Jn-67 8. Contour Map and Location of Test Squares in Area B at 34Jn-67 9. Area A Stratigraphic Profiles 10. Area B Stratigraphic Profiles 11. Plan of Feature 2 in Level 3, Area B 12. Plan of Feature 3 in Level 3 of N15-W8, Area B 13. Split Cobbles, Tested Cobbles, Tested Cobble Tools, and Unidirectiona 1 Cores from 34Jn-67 . Page
2 6

13 28 34 36 44 45 47 49 55 57 65

14. Multidirectional Cores, Multidirectional Core Tools, Thick Biface I and II, and Thin Biface Fragments from 34Jn-67 67 15. Small Points, Preforms, and Large Contracting Stemmed Points from
34Jn-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71

16. Large Unstemmed and Corner Notched Points and Knives from 34Jn-67 17. Scrapers, Formally Shaped Unifaces, and Denticulates from 34Jn-67 18. Modified Flakes from 34Jn-67 19. Hammerstones,
34Jn-67

75 77 79

Anvil/Pitted

Stones, and Edge Ground Cobbles from

. . .. 82

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20. Modified Hematite, Manos, and Ceramics from 34Jn-67

84

vii

21. Vertical 22. Vertical

Area B

Density

of Cultural

Remains from Area A Flakes and Blocky Debris from

93
94

Distribution

of Unmodified

..

viii

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Status of Cultural Resource Evaluations in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed 2. Description of Lithic Resources from the Griffth Site (34Jn-67) Page 3 8

3. Archeological Investigations of Soil Conservation Service Projects in the Clear and Muddy Boggy Creek Drainages............ 14 4. Summary of Surface Materials from Collection Areas at 34Jn-67 5. Summary of Materials Recovered in 1981 from Shovel Test Pits, 34Jn-67 6. Soil Analysis Data for the Griffth Site, Area B 7. Radiocarbon Oates from Feature 2, 34Jn-67 8. Weighted Average of Radiocarbon Dates from Feature 2, 34Jn-67 9. General Distribution of Cultural Remains from 34Jn-67 37 39 51 59 60 61

10. Summary of Cultural Materials Collected During 1985 Monitoring of Earth Moving Activities at 34Jn-67 63 11. Metric Attributes of Select Chipped Stone Tools. 12. Metric Attributes of Projectile Points 68 73

13. Metric Attributes of Ground Stone, Pecked/Battered Stone, and Fired Clay Materials. 83 14. Identification of Faunal Remains from 34Jn-67 15. Summary of 1984-1985 Surface Materials from Collection Areas at 34Jn67 ........................... 90

87

16. Distribution of Excavated Materials from Area A at 34Jn-67 17. Vertical Distribution of Excavated Materials from Area B 18. Distribution
Griffth Site

at the

92 96
100

of Excavated

Cultural

Remains by Component

19. Distribution of Lithic Debitage (Including Surface Materials) Materia 1 Type in Area A

by 101

ix

20. Distribution of Lithic Debitage from Excavated Levels Associated with Com p 0 nent 1 in Are a B . . 102 21. Distribution of Lithic Debitage from Excavated Levels Associated with Com p 0 ne nt 2 in Are a B 104 22. Tool to Lithic Debitage Ratio Between Components 23. Synopsis of Tested Sites in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed,
Oklahoma . 111

105

0-1. Method of Obtaining the Conversion Ratio Granite Weight to Rock Vo 1ume for Feature 2 at 34Jn-67 . . . . . . 130 0-2. Estimated Soil Volumes and Adjusted Flake Counts for Feature 2 . 130

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Purpose and Objectives of the Investigations Impoundment 16, along Sandy Creek is one of 30 floodwater retarding structures being constructed in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. Archeological survey and limited testing in 1981 recorded 13 localities and two sites having either historic or prehistoric remains or both. Of these, one prehistoric site, the Griffth site (34Jn-67) merited more intensive testing to determine its importance. Significant deposits were present in two areas of the site. Upon consultation with the State Archeologist, it was determined that an adequate mitigation of the site was to enlarge the testing program to a point of diminishing returns. A five point research plan was developed to guide the fieldwork. These are: 1) determining the number of occupations; 2) understanding the age and cultural relationship of these occupations; 3) determining the range of activities conducted; 4) determining site function and change; and, 5) whether the occupations reflect indigenous or external groups. Investigation Constraints With exception of cold weather in January 1985, constraints were minimal during the fieldwork. The only major analytical hinderance for interpreting activities was poor preservation of macrobotanical, pollen, and faunal remains due to the mild to moderate acidity of the soils. Results This report presents the results of the survey and limited testing conducted in Impoundment 16 in 1981. It also details the results of extensive testing at 34Jn-67. The amounts of cultural debris recovered in the 1981 survey and testing varied. Seven localities were considered to be modern dumps, one locality was an abandoned rail road bed, three were thin prehistoric 1 ithic scatters, and two were abandoned farmsteads. Most localities failed to meet the 50 year minimum requirement for cons iderat ion of Nat iona 1 Register status. The historic site, 34Jn-66, consists of the Enterprise School and a cemetery which has been in use since 1884. These are outside the flood pool elevation of the impoundment. However, the single prehistoric site, 34Jn-67, will be directly impacted. For purposes of excavation and analysis, 34Jn-67 was divided into two areas based on the results of the limited testing in 1981. The site covers an xi

area of 50 m by 150 mal ong the south bank of Sandy Creek. Area A covers the eastern part of the site. Four 50 cm x 50 cm shove 1 test pits and 171m x 1 m squares were excavated in Area A. Cultural deposits were relatively shallow, averaging about 20 cm. Material necessary for radiometric dates was not obtained, but projectile point styles suggest a Late Prehistoric period occupation. The types of artifacts and predominant lithic resources indicate that an externa 1 group, which originated from northcentra 1 Ok 1 ahoma or had contacts with that region, was using this area. The primary activities seem to be hunting, sharpening existing tools, and making replacement tools. The other part of the site, Area B is confined between Sandy Creek to the north and prominent granite bedrock domes to the south. Twenty-three 1 m x 1 m squares were excavated, some as deep as 70 cm below surface. Two components were identified. The lower component, Component 1, is not well defined nor is it associated with much cultural material. Artifact styles suggest a Late Archaic or Woodland period occupation. From all indications, this was a small indigenous group using locally available lithic materials for tool manufacturing and taking part in some plant and animal processing. Component 2 in Area B is better defined and has two radiocarbon dates. These uncorrected dates are A.D. 880 +/- 120 and A.D. 900 +/- 170. This component is also associated with two rock hearths. One is large and may have been used over a long period of time. The radiocarbon dates and associated artifacts (pottery and large and small projectile points) suggest a transitional Woodland-Late Prehistoric period occupation. Considerable stone tool manufacturing occurred as well as a wide range of plant and animal processing. The intens ity of act iv ities and 1 abor expend iture necessary for ma inta in ing the 1 arge rock hearth suggest a longer period of occupation than associated with Component 1, and the use of local lithic resources indicates that an indigenous group of people was using the area as a base camp. Significance of the Investigations These investigations represent the final archeological work conducted at Impoundment 16. Even though none of the sites or localities are eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, they are important in understanding how this area was util ized in the past. Of particular importance are some of the findings from 34Jn-67. The suggestion that the component in Area A may be related to groups from northcentral Oklahoma demonstrates that populations were moving over long distances for purposes of hunting and probably trade during the Late Prehistoric period. Data recovered from Area B shows that the site was occupied by indigenous populations probably during the Archaic and Woodland periods, and possibly during the early part of the Late Prehistoric period. Very likely, these groups had contacts with similar populations in the area. The site is in the Cross Timbers region between the Arbuckle and Ouachita Mountains, but there seems to be no preference on resources from either area. Overall the cultural resources reported from the study area mirror remains from other sites in the Boggy Creek drainages.

xii

Recommendations Based on evaluations of site significance and potential, no further investigations are recommended at Impoundment 16. After testing, it was suggested that construction of the impoundment be completed as scheduled. Therefore, it is difficult to make specific recommendations regarding 34Jn-67 since the site is no longer in existence. In general, the localities and sites in Impoundment 16 have demonstrated the potential for similar environmental settings to produce cultural remains. As a result, surveys and testing programs will be necessary in areas of future development. It will also be necessary to monitor the shoreline of Impoundment 16 to see whether any of the localities or site 34Jn-66 will be impacted by additional development and changes in the flood pool of the impoundment. .

xiii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
This report is concerned with a survey and assessment of cultural resources potentially impacted by development of Impoundment 16 in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed, Johnston County, Oklahoma. The impoundment is one of 30 proposed floodwater retarding structures, one multipurpose reservoir, and 2.02 mi of channel improvements in the 240,300 acre Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed (Figure 1). Project sponsors incl ude the County COlTlllissioners and Conservation Districts from Atoka, Bryan, Coal, and Johnston counties, the Lower Clear Boggy Conservancy District, and the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department (Soil Conservation Service 1983: 29). Initially, 36 impoundment structures and one multipurpose reservoir (13M) were proposed for the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. Various problems led to the cance 11 at ion of Structures 1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37 by April 1974. Structure 32 was also canceled, but five other structures (32A, 32B, 32C, 38, and 39) were added by July 1979. Thirty structures and one multipurpose reservoir have either been built, are being constructed, or are in active stages of design and development (Toby Moss, personal communicatiQn). Table 1 provides a summary status of cultural resource evaluations of these impoundments. Cultural resource evaluations have been conducted at 23 impoundments (Table 1). Seven surveys located 48 archeological sites and numerous collection areas in or near. 16 impoundments. Evaluative testing to determine cultural significance has been recommended for 16 sites and two collection areas. Although testing has been conducted at the 16 sites, neither collection area in Impoundment 20 was examined prior to structure development. Remains of a log cabin were sal vaged from 34At-83 before construction. Four sites (34At80, 34At-90, 34At-160, and 34At-173) were determined eligible to the National Register of Historic Pl aces. One, 34At-160, has been accepted to the Register. Archeological sites were not found in seven impoundments and eight structures have not been surveyed. Project Description Impoundment 16 along Sandy Creek is about 3 mi (4.8 km) south of Wapanucka, Oklahoma. It is the westernmost impoundment in the watershed. The structure is designed to store 202 acre ft of water in the sediment pool and 1181 acre ft of water in the flood pool. The total drainage basin behind the impoundment is 2784 acres (Soil Conservation Service 1975).

OKLAHOMA

II II III

Central Redbed Plains

[]

Eastern Sandstone Cuesta Plains Ouachita Mountains Dissected Coastal Plain

o.~~m~II~
o kllomet.,.

Arbuckle Hills and Mountains Ardmore Basin

l03J
~

~
30

__

30

Figure 1. Project Location. An archeological survey of cultural resources in Impoundment 16 was conducted by Char 1es Wa 11 is on May 5 and 6, 1981. Two archeo log ica 1 sites (34Jn-66 and 34Jn-67), five find local ities, and eight other localities, mostly consisting of recent historic materials were recorded. Four small (0.5 m x 0.5 m) test pits were excavated at 34Jn-67. Although material from this survey and initial testing phase were not described, a large number of nonlocal lithic materials in one test pit led to a recommendation that more extensive testing be conducted. These excavations were intermittently conducted from November 1984 through January 1985 by archeologists from the Oklahoma Conservation Commission. The final phase of work at the site consisted of monitoring earth removing activities. This was done in September 1985.

Table 1. Status of Cultural Resource Evaluations in the Lower Clear Boggy Watershed.
Nature of Assess_ent 5 Findings" 2 sites located No sites found 3 sites lootted 1 site located 1 sltl 2 sHes No sites 5 sHes of At-80 2 sites 4 sites located locat.d locat.d located found located No further IIrk No further work No further IIrk Avoid At-174 Testing of No furth.r Testing of No further No further At-76 work At-143 IIrk work lIallts IIlms 11.11Is lIan Is Referenl!es 1976b 1976. 1976b 19761 Status Cl.ar Clear Cle.r Cle.r Survey ntldad Cl r Clear Clelr Survey nttded At-80 not y.t stabllhed Clear Clear Surv.y ntlded Survey need.d

6
7 8 9 10 llA 12 13M 14 16 17 18 19 20

Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey Testtng of At-176 Surv.y Testing of At-143 SurvlY Survey Tlstlng

Siunders 1977. Saunda" 1977b Bau9h 197 Rohrblu9h 19801 Siund.rs 1977a lIall1s 1975! Hofllln 1976, 1977, IIlllts 1977b 11111111982 Thts Rtport lIallll 1975!

Survey Testing of In-51 Survey

Testing of At-80 Nltlonal Register e It gl bl 11ty, S tabll he Testing of In-67 No further work, .ani tor No further IIrk Sites At-160, 163, and collection Ireas 0/161t (At-175), 016Y, 0/1611 need testing Preservation and .ani torIng of At-160 ntld.d No further IIrk Bank stabilization No furth.r work Testing of At-172, 173, 177, 178, 179 At-172 be 1V01 ded or salvaged

5(6) sites located Testing of At-160, 163

IIll1ts

1976b T.stlng of 'Collectlon arel O/16Y and 0/1611 In upplr flood poo1 n.ver don.

21

Testln9 of At-17S Monitoring of At-UO Blnk stabll hatton at At-160 Survey Testing of At-172, 173, 177 178, 179 Excavltions at At-172, Surfac terlals at At-173, At-44 Survey Survey Survey log cabin movld Survey Testing of At-87, 88, 91 Testing of At-90 Excavation of At-90 Survey Survey

Hughes 1976 Hughes 19771, 1977b 111111119791 111111119811 III11ls 19761, 1977a Young 1977., 1977b, lIallts 1978 R0gers 11.111 s III11ts IIll1ts III11ls 1979 1975c 1975c 19751 1975b

6 sHes

located

22 23 24 25

2 sites 2 sites 2 sites 7 sites

located loclted locat.d loclted

26 27 28 29 30 31 32A 328 32C 38 39.

No sites found 2 sites located

No further No further Re.aval of No further Testing of go, 91 These sites Excavations No further No further Avoid sites

work work At-83 cabin IIrk At-87, 88, cl r.d nttdad IIrk work

Clear Cl.ar Clear Clear

Survey Survey Survey Survey Surv.y 10caUties

No sites found No s HIS found No sites found 1 s It. located No s I tIS found Ire not tabulated.

No furth.r No furthlr No further No furthlr No further

IIrk IIrk work work work

11111 Is 1975c l_hoff .1975 Ouncln and Che.k 1976 Cheek .t. 11. 1980 Clear Cl.lr Baugh 1978b Clear lIall1s 1976b Survey SurYlY Survey Survey Clear Baugh 1978. Clelr Baugh 197Ba Clear laugh 197 Clear Bau9h 197 laugh 1978. Cl.ar

ne.ded needed needed ntlded

*Mlnor collection

Report Organization The purpose of this report is to describe and analyze materials recovered from the survey/initial testing and extensive testing phases. Attempts are made to delineate site functions and cultural affiliations and to evaluate site significance from a local and regional perspective. Separate recommendations are made for the survey and testing phases. Fol lowing this introductory chapter, relevant background information is discussed in Chapter 2. Geological, soil, and biotic resources are briefly described in this chapter before summarizing previous cultural resource surveys and the regional cultural sequence. Chapter 3 describes the methods and results of the 1981 pedestrian survey of Impoundment 16. Two sites and 13
3

local ities are described and their potential is evaluated. Chapter 4 describes the methods and results of the intensive testing at 34Jn-67. It also discusses the materials recovered during the monitoring of earth removing activities at the site. The number of components and range of activities are elucidated and site significance is evaluated. The final chapter summarizes the cultural resources discussed in chapters 3 and 4 and evaluates their regional significance based on information from other sites in the Boggy Creek drainages. Specific recommendations are reiterated. Five appendices discuss the pa 1yno log ica 1 situat ion at 34Jn-67, the two rad iocarbon dates from the site, seed identifications, specifics regarding methods used to estimate soil matrix volumes in rock feature 2, and a report on testing a natural mound northwest of .the site.

CHAPTER 2

ENVIRONMENTAL

SETTING

Geological Background Impoundment 16 is in a distinctive geologic and geographic setting (Figure 1). It is along the boundary dividing the Arbuckle Plains of the Arbuckle Mountain Province to the north and Dissected Coastal Plain to the south (Curtis and Ham 1972). The Arbuckle Mountain Province represents an uplift of mainly Precambrian age granitic through Ordovician age limestone rocks which have been severely eroded to form a moderately elevated plateau. Several major east-west trending faults crosscut the province and expose thin bands of Silurian through Pennsylvanian age deposits along the northeast and southwest margins of the province (Taff 1927: Plate 1; Hart 1974). In contrast, the Dissected Coastal Plain consists of soft south dipping sands, gravels, and clays deposited when Cretaceous seas covered what is now Texas and southern Oklahoma. These areas have been slightly dissected by streams. The uplift-fault and unconformity boundaries between deposits has exposed numerous geologic formations around the project area (Figure 2). The Precambrian Tishomingo/Troy granites of the Arbuckle Plains are north and northeast of the project area and within the drainage basin of the proposed impoundment (Hart 1974). The lower Cretaceous age Antlers Formation (Sand) of the Dissected Coastal Plain occur on the uplands south and northwest of the impoundment. One major fault zone, 2 mi northeast of the study area, has exposed linear beds of at least six separate formations ranging from middle Ordovician to lower Pennsylvanian in age. Most of these deposits are predominantly limestone and shale, but the Woodford Formation contains cherty deposits. Other potential chert bearing deposits are reported from the Cool Creek/McKenzie Hi 11 Formation which occur as remnants of upper Cambrian and lower Ordovician beds protruding through the Antlers Sand approximately 2 mi south of Impoundment 16 (Hart 1974). Lithic Resources As implied above, the geologic deposits in the vicinity of 34Jn-67 contain a variety of lithic materials that may have been of use to prehistoric populations at the site (Table 2).

Legend for Figure 2. Sand, white to yellow, medium grained, weakly indurated with varicolored clays. Contains arkosic conglomerates near Arbuckle Mountains. Shale, dark gray, and sandstone buff to white, fine to coarse grained, with some chert conglomerates. Limestone, gray to tan, fine grained to oolitic. Shale, dark gray to black, fissile. Shale, gray, limonite. Shale, black fissile, cherty . Limestone, gray to tan, granular with greenish-gray shale and brown fine to medium grained sandstone. Limestone, gray to tan, granular with greenish-gray shale and brown fine to medium grained sandstone . Limestone, gray to tan, fine grained, cherty, gradational eastward into dolomites and sandstones. Limestone, gray to tan, fine grained gradational eastward into tan fine to coarse grained dolomite; some tan to gray sandstone and shale. Limestone, gray, fine grained, gradational eastward into tan to pink fine to coarse grained dolomites. Honey~ee~ Limehtone: Gray, fine grained; grades eastward into dolomite. Reagan Sand6tone: Brown, coarse grained. Granite, pink with much microline and biotite. T~oy is fine grained; T~homingo 1S coarse grained.

.~ . : ATOKA FORMATION . .. . . .-~.

'.

11II WAPANUCKA
~

FORMATION

DELAWARE CREEK SHALE GODDARD SHALE

t~~1

WOODWARD SHALE

(,:,:1 BROMIDE, TULIP CREEK, AND :':'.McLISH FORMATIONS

(=-=3
~ OIL CREEK AND JOINS FORMATIONS COOL CREEK AND McKENZIE FORMATIONS WEST SPRING CREEK AND KINDBLADE FORMATIONS

t:J
~ ~

BUTTERLY DOLOMITE, SIGNAL MOUNTAIN DOLOMITE, ROYER DOLOMITE, AND FORT SILL LIMESTONE ..... .... " TIMBERED HI LLS GROUP
" ,',

.....

1:'1":::::8:1

:frr::

TISHOMINGO AND TROY GRAN ITES

WAPANUCKA ... .. .: ' : - :;i .. : ....... :.

.

',' " .

:.: i:.:..: I.::.

~ I ,

'

'l:~ :',I., ... !:.. too_:

I. I' "

"

I.

tOO

I.

'.

.
: It

~i~: :.:
, .:

I,"

'",',
I .'

.,

I,

'0

Figure 2. Geologic Deposits Near the Project Area.

7

Table 2. Description of Lithic Resources from the Griffth Site (34Jn-67). Antlers chert: This name refers to a series of round, elongate, or subangu1ar well rounded and smoothed chert cobbles associated with the lower part of the Antlers Formation (Frederickson and Redman 1965: 15-17). Lintz (1981) has described similar specimens, and samples collected from a creek cutting through the middle of 34Jn-67 are very similar. Cortex colors tend to be white, gray, or brown. Interior colors vary considerably but grays, whites, browns, and some reds and blacks are common. Several specimens have multicolored interiors. Similar lithic materials have been referred to by archeologists as Windthorst gravels (Wyckoff and Taylor 1971; Wyckoff 1973; Hofman 1977; Lintz 1980, 1981). Diorite: A fine to medium grained hard rock. It may be an inclusion in granite deposits. It often has a greenish gray to black color. Edwards-like chert: This variety has a light gray to nearly white color. Its texture is very fine grained to almost glossy. It exhibits an even conchoidal fracture (Lintz 1980: 15; Wa 11 is 1980: 16). Outcrops of this materia 1 occur along the Edwards Plateau in northcentral Texas (Tunnell 1978). Florence A-like chert: Outcrops of this chert, also known as Kay County chert, occur in the Barneston Format ion of the F 1 int Hi 11 s in northcentra 1 Ok 1ahoma and south centra 1 Kansas. Extens ive prehistoric quarries are a 1so present in these areas. This type is often identified on the basis of concentric banding and the presence of a variety of fossils. Unheated examples have 1 ight gray to gray, b 1u ish gray and ye 11 owi sh tan or brown inter iors. Heat treated specimens are often grayish pink to pink and have a waxy and shiny appearance (Moore 1984: 293; Vehik 1985a). Frisco chert: Prehistoric quarries of this material occur in Pontotoc County (Evans 1958), and it is known to occur as stream gravels (Hofman 1977). The cortex is a chalky white to brownish ye1 low limestone. Interiors tend to have a grainy or fine texture, and vugs, spongy spicules, and other fossils may be present. Unheated specimens have a dull luster with oyster white, cream, and light gray colors. Heat treated items have a more waxy appearance and the color may change to pink. This material is similar to novaculite found in the Ouachita Mountains of eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas (Evans 1958; Lintz 1980: 14; Wa 11 is 1980: 15-16). Granite: This medium to coarse grained rock outcrops around the site. It has a pink color and contains large amounts of feldspar like materials (microclines) and black or dark green mica [biotites] (Hart 1974). Hematite: This is a hard to soft reddish colored iron oxide. Even though its exact location is not known, iron oxide nodules occur commonly in sandstone deposits. Metaquartzite: This group of unidentified quartzites is formed by metamorphic processes. These cobbles occur near granite deposits. A wide range of interior colors may be present. The texture is medium to coarse, and the specimens may be opaque to translucent (Lintz 1981: 14). Fracture patterns tend to be through the grain (Wallis 1980: 15).

Table 2 (Continued)
Ogallala quartzite: This type occurs as a common stream gravel in western Oklahoma and Texas. The cortex has a weathered appearance and is often yel low-buff or tan in color. Interiors often have a sparkly sheen, even fracture, and shades of gray and red co 1ors. Its texture is fi ne gra ined to coarse (Lintz 1980: 13; Wa 11 is 1980: 13-14).

Orthoquartzite: This large group of apparently waterworn, rounded, subangular cobbles may occur near granite deposits, and may also be associated with the Antlers Formation (Frederickson and Redman 1965). It has a fine to medium texture. Exterior colors may be white to tan or buff. Interior colors range from yellowish tan near the cortex to gray to a maroon color in some specimens. Fractures are even to crudely uneven. Roughly identical cobbles can occur as gravel outwash in western Oklahoma (Wallis 1980: 14-15; Lintz 1980:
13-14).

Quartz: This crystall ine material may be derived from the local granite deposits. It usually is clear, but it may have a light yellowish brown color. It is transparent to translucent and is usually flawed. Sandstone: This is a common material in the local geological deposits. Colors range from white to gray with brown being the most common. Texture is usually fine to medium grained. Sandstone found in the Atoka Formation may be coarse grained and may have some chert conglomerates (Hart 1974). Shale/schist: Fissile material which occurs in almost all of the geologic deposits around the site. Colors tend to vary from hues of gray to black with gray and greenish gray being most common (Hart 1974). Interior surfaces have a sharper color definition. Unidentified chert: This group is made up of cherts which could not be placed into the other categories. These probably also occur as part of the Antlers Formation. Most stone resources are derived from the Antlers Formation and are referred to as Antlers chert here. Many unidentifed cherts may also be attributed to this formation. Quartzites (orthoquartzite, metaquartzite, and unidentified) are common and along with quartz are available in granitic and Antlers deposits around the site. Schist, shale, hematite, diorite, and granite also occur in local geological deposits, but were used to a lesser degree. The basal and lower part of the Antlers Formation is made up of conglomerates which are mostly rounded, polished chert and quartz cobbles up to 3 in in diameter (Frederickson and Redman 1965: 15). Lintz (1981: 14) found slightly larger cobbles of chert and quartzite in Antlers Formation outcrops on Board Tree Creek in Carter County. Rounded chert and quartz ite cobb 1es have been referred to as Windthorst gravels at archeological sites in western and central Oklahoma (Lintz 1980: 30; Wyckoff and Taylor 1971; Wyckoff 1973; Lintz 1981: 14; Hofman 1977: 34). Four lithic resources were identified which are not natural in local geological deposits. Frisco chert is the most common of these. Quarry sites
9

for this chert occur near Fittstown in Pontotoc County about 70 km (43 mil northwest of 34Jn-67 (Evans 1958: 33-36). Apparently, outcrops of the Frisco Formation are also present in the northeast corner of Johnston County and northwest Coal County (Evans 1958; C. Wall is, personal communication). Gravels containing poor quality Frisco chert cobbles have been obtained from streams near Estep Shelter in Atoka County (Hofman 1977: 34). Oga 11 a 1a quartz ite a 1so does not occur natura 11 y in the proj ect area. This material type, however, is a conmon ingredient in gravel outwashes and streams in west and centra 1 Ok 1ahoma and north centra 1 Texas. Simi 1ar materials have been recovered from archeological sites in adjacent counties (Lintz 1980; Wa 11 is 1980; Mayo 1982). Another non10ca1 chert resource is represented by a very small sample of Edwards-like chert. This material type is similar to 1ithics occurring on the Edwards Plateau about 140 mi (225 km) southeast of the project area (Tunnell 1978: 41). Lintz has noted similar materials occurring in the Upper Bayou Watershed in Carter County (1981) and the Cow Creek Watershed in Jefferson County (1980). The final non10ca1 lithic type is what has been identified as F10rence-A or Kay County chert. This resource outcrops in northcentral Oklahoma and southcentra1 Kansas. Florence A has been possibly noted from Late Prehistoric sites in northeast Texas and Plains Village sites in southern Oklahoma (Ma110uf 1976 and Ferring 1982 in Vehik 1985a: 85). The Frisco chert and Ogallala quartzite could have easily been obtained from sources close to 34Jn-67 or the Frisco chert may have been quarried from locations in Pontotoc County. The situation is a 1 itt1e different for the Edwards and F10rence-A types. As indicated, both resources occur a fair distance away and could have been brought into the site. On the other hand, Lintz (1981) has suggested that cherts similar to Edwards and F10rence-A plus severa 1 other types may occur as 1oca 1 grave 1s. Their occurrence as 1oca 1 gravels may be attributed to ancient stream systems transporting similar gravels to southcentra1 Oklahoma (Lintz 1981: 15-16). Soils Soil development near the project area is closely tied to geological deposits. The Chigley-Agan-Ravia association developed from Tishomingo/Troy granites. These are deep, nearly level through sloping, moderately well drained silt 10ams through gravelly sandy loams. They generally occur east to northeast of the impoundment and along the incised tributary including all of the area in Impoundment 16 s flood pool. The upland soils west and southwest of the project (immediately above the flood pool elevation) are primarily of the Durant, Gasi1, and Dennis series which have formed from the Antlers Sand Formation. These are deep, nearly level through slightly sloping, well drained clay 10ams through fine sandy 10ams (Burgess 1977).
1

Biotic Resources The project area is in the Osage Savanna biotic district (Blair 1939; Blair and Hubbell 1938: 433-435). This district forms a broad north-south 10

belt across Oklahoma and represents an ecological transition between the Southeastern deciduous forest and the grassy Southern Plains. The Osage Savanna primarily consists of a mosaic of prairies interspersed with upland scrubby forests. Substantial woodlands have developed along the floodplains of several east-southeast flowing rivers. The dominant pl ants of the scrub forest consist of bl ackjack oak, post oak, black hickory, with occasional redbud, winged elm, service berry, and pecan. Most of these trees grow on upland slopes over sandstone arid limestone formations. The prairie is composed mainly of a wide variety of grasses, occasional persimmons, wild plum thickets, Indian blanket, prickly pear, yucca, haws, and amaranth. The floodplain habitat consists of moisture favoring trees such as willow, cottonwood, birch, box elder, and occasional salt cedar. Cattails, bullrushes, and river switch grass grow along the major streams and rivers. Historically, this vegetation mosaic has been regarded as the Cross Timbers. Although climatic fluctuations have undoubtedly influenced the proportion of certain species and the extent of prairie-forest ratios, the general vegetation pattern of the Cross Timbers has been in existence for 4000 to 5000 years (Wyckoff 1984a: 18-19). The ground cover around the project area is mostly a dense scrub forest (Burgess 1977: Sheet 29). The uncut upland scrub forest is present on Chigley-Agan soils associated with the rough broken terrain surrounding the granitic domes primarily in the impoundment and to the northeast. The upland areas containing the more level Durant-Gasil and Dennis soils to the southwest of the project area are presently in pasture. The angularity of the cleared areas suggest that major prairies were never present, but deforestation occurred in conjunction with historic settlement. In addition to providing habitats for fauna, the floral components represent an ample food resource for aboriginal use. The oak-hickory woodlands and the prairies provide such harvestable staples as nuts, seeds, fruits, and general vegetation products for the manufacture of a wide range of materials. The mosaic nature of the Cross Timbers provided numerous diverse habitats for a wide range of animals. Mammals undoubtedly constituted the largest source of food for aboriginal groups. Approximately, 45 mammal ian species occur around the study area. Deer, elk, cottontail, squirrels, fox, raccoon, opossum, and skunks frequent forest settings. Bison, jackrabbits, and occasional antelope graze on the mixed grass prairies. In addition, the region has about 200 bird, 50 reptilian, 20 amphibian, possibly 60 fish, and a number of pe 1ecypod and crustacean species. Thus abundant food resources occur in the study area; however, their availability varies considerably by season. Cultural Background Southcentral Oklahoma between the Arbuckle and Ouachita mountains is a rich but poorly understood archeological area. The wealth of archeo loq ical information stems from an apparent abundance of sites. Impressions based on results from cultural resource surveys (Lopez and Keith 1976; McGuff 1980; Perttula, McGuff, Ferring, and Yates 1983; Cheek and Cheek 1975 to mention a few) suggest that this region was intensively exploited, perhaps on a seasonal basis, throughout the prehistoric period by small hunting and gathering groups. Undoubtedly the lush biotic resources and the diversity and quality 11

of chert cobbles outwashed from the Arbuckle and Ouachita mountains enhanced the perceived utility of the area (Banks 1984: 84, 93). The poor archeological understanding of the region stems from the intermediate location of the Boggy Creek watersheds between the Caddoan cu 1ture area to the east and the Plains culture area to the west (Wyckoff 1970), the scarcity of investigated large camps and villages, and the generally poor preservation of bone tools and debris. Extensive testing at several upland sites in the Boggy Creek watersheds have yielded ceramics and chipped stone artifacts reflecting a mixture of eastern and western influences (Cheek, Bearden, Young, and Bousman 1980; Rogers 1979; Mayo 1982: 74, 94). In lieu of diagnostic stone materials, the accurate interpretation of cultural affil iations and nature of contacts between these diverse groups has been difficult. Previous Research Professional archeological research has been conducted in or immediately adjacent to the Boggy Creek watersheds since Antle's work for the Oklahoma Historical Society in caves and open villages near Ada (Antle 1933; 1934; 1935; 1939; 1942). Several federally funded Works Progress Administration programs were conducted at sites in Bryan and Choctaw counties along the Red River between 1938 and 1941. Except for specialized studies (Kassell 1949; Bell and Baerreis 1951; Don Carlos and Bell 1980; Rohrbaugh 1973), information from these sites has not been published (Rogers 1978). The interval between the early 1940s and early 1960s was marked by few professional investigations in the Boggy Creek region. Excavations were conducted at the Pickett Switch site near Ada by East Central State College students (Schaffer 1956). Nevertheless, several amateur archeologists continued to report rock art sites (Campbell 1955) and distinctive lithic resources (Evans 1958) from the area. Since 1962, professional invol vement in the area has increased. Reservoir surveys have been conducted at the proposed Parker Reservoir (Neal 1972; 1973) and McGee Creek Reservoir (Cheek 1976; McGuff 1980). Archeological testing is being completed in the McGee Creek Reservoir area (Perttula, McGuff, Ferring, and Yates 1983; Perttula, McGuff, and Ferring 1983a; 1983b; Perttula 1984). Other reservoirs, Texhoma and Lake of the Arbuckles to the west (Prewitt and Lawson 1972; Barr 1965) and Hugo and Sardis to the east (Burton 1970; Rohrbaugh 1972; 1973; Perino and Bennett 1978; Bobal ik 1977; Vehik and Galm 1979; Vehik 1982a and b; Altschul 1983), have contributed to understanding cultural developments in the wider region (Figure 3). In addition to reservoir surveys, a number of corridor surveys have been conducted in the Boggy Creek drainages. The Oklahoma Department of Transportation has reported on surveys along Highway 69 (Lopez and Keith 1976) and on a number of smaller projects (Lopez and Keith 1979). Other surveys along pipelines (Saunders, Hofman, and Wyckoff 1972; New World Research 1981), seismic 1 ines (Vehik 1981); and proposed water conveyance systems (Cheek and Cheek 1975) provide transects of the Boggy Creek region. Considerable information has also come from fieldwork in conjunction with Soil Conservation Service floodwater impoundment development (Table 3). The Clear and Muddy Boggy creek drainages have been organized into eight watershed districts. Construction work was completed on Delaware, Upper Clear-Boggy and 12

LOCATION 1.34Jn-67 2.34At-167 3.34At-80

OF EXCAVATED

SITES

4. 34At-160, 5. 34At-172,

183, 1711 173, 177, 178, 178

6. 34At-87, 88, 80, 81 7. 34At-143 8. 34Pn-108, 8.34Hu-38 10. 34Hu-41 11. 34Hu-1I8 12. 34Hu-61, 82 13. 34Pn-l03 14. 34Pn-l04 15. 34Pn-105 16. 34At-62 17. 34At-88 137

Propoaed Reaetvolra
Lower Clear Boggy Watershed Caney Cr k W.terahed

LEI

.II..

to
I

o .n'.,. to

Figure 3. Tested Sites Within the Boggy Creek Drainage. Caney-Coon watersheds before the 1966 Federal mandate to consider cultural resources as part of the environmental impacts. In addition, the Middle Muddy Boggy Creek Watershed Conservancy has not been sufficiently organized to formally implement watershed plans. Of the four active watersheds, no archeological work has been conducted in the Leader-Middle Clear Boggy Watershed, and only three impoundments have been surveyed which led to subsequent testing in the Upper Clear Boggy Creek Watershed (Baugh 1978b; Rohrbaugh 1980b). Archeological work has been done in the Upper Muddy Boggy Creek Watershed (Cheek et a 1 1974; Wa 11 is 1979b; 1981b; Rohrbaugh n.d; Mayo 1982). The most intensive archeological work has been conducted in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed (Table 1). Forty-six archeological sites have been reported from 22 surveyed impoundment structures. Test excavations have been conducted at 16 of these sites. Three (34At-80, 34At-90, and 34At-172)
13

Table 3. Archeological Investigations of Soil Conservation Service Projects in the Clear and Muddy Boggy Creek Drainages. Watershed Caney Creek Caney-Co on-Creek Delaware Leader-MiddleClear Boggy Lower Clear Boggy
5
6

Impoundment 5A-B Harden 1975a None 14C Harden 1975b None

References

7
8

10 llA 12 14 16 17 20 21 22-23 24 25 26 27 32A-C 38-39 Middle Muddy Boggy Upper Clear Boggy 19 26-27 39 1
2

Wallis 1976a Wa 11 is 1976b Wallis 1976a Wallis 1976b Saunders 1977a, 1977b Baugh 1978a; Rohrbaugh 1980a Saunders 1977a Wallis 1975a, 1977b; Hofman 1976, 1977 Wallis 1982 Wallis 1975a Wallis 1976b, 1979a, 1981a; Hughes 1976, 1977a, 1977b Wallis 1976b, 1977a, 1978; Young 1977a, 1977b; Rogers 1979 Wallis 1975c Wallis 1975a, 1975b Wallis 1975c; Imhoff 1975; Duncan and Cheek 1976; Cheek et al 1980 Baugh 1978a Wallis 1976a Baugh 1978a Baugh 1978a None Baugh 1978a; Wallis 1979; Rohrbaugh 1980b Baugh 1978b Baugh 1978b Cheek n.d. Cheek Cheek Cheek n.d. Cheek Cheek Cheek n.d. Cheek 14 et al 1974; Wal lis 1979b; Rohrbaugh et al 1974; Wallis 1979a et al 1974 et al 1974; Wal lis 1979a; Rohrbaugh et al 1974 et al 1974; Wallis 1979a et al 1974; Wallis 1979a; Rohrbaugh et al 1974; Wallis 1979a

Upper Muddy Boggy

3-6 7-9 10-14 15 16-17 18-19

Table 3 (Continued) Watershed Upper Muddy Boggy 20 21-22 23 24 25 26 27-31 32 33-44 Cheek n.d. Cheek Cheek Cheek Cheek Cheek Cheek Cheek Cheek et a1 1974; Wa1 lis 1979a; Rohrbaugh et et et et et et et et a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 1974; 1974 1974; 1974; 1974; 1974 1974; 1974 Wallis 1979a Wallis 1981a; Mayo 1982 Wallis 1981a Wallis 1979a Wallis 1981a; Mayo 1982 Impoundment References

have been dec1 ared e1 igib1 e and one site (34At-160) has been p1 aced on the National Register of Historic Places. As of October 1979, the Oklahoma Archeological Survey files list 224 sites for Atoka County, 156 sites for Bryan County, 63 sites for Coal County, and only 55 sites for Johnston County. Of these 498 sites, 69 sites have had limited testing and 10 sites have had more extensive testing (Wyckoff and Brooks 1983:76). Cultural Sequence Despite the accumulation of archeological information from the Boggy Creek drainages, most intensive excavations have focused on small temporarily occupied upland sites utilized during the last 3500 years. Research in adjacent areas provides supplemental details about the expected prehistoric cultural development in the Boggy Creek drainages (Bobalik and Svec 1979; Bell 1984; Brooks and Drass 1984; Wyckoff and Brooks 1983). Throughout the Pl ains and Southeastern United States, five periods of cultural development are recognized, even though their specific expressions differ markedly. These are the Pa1eoindian, Archaic, Woodland, Late Prehistoric, and Historic periods. Pa1eoindian Period This period includes hunting and gathering cultures associated with the end of the last glacial advance. Evidence for Pa1eoindian groups is often found at ki 11 sites where extinct megafauna (mammoth, mastodon, bison, and camel) are found in association with hunting and butchering tools which date between ll000 and 7000 B.C. Few campsites have been found or excavated. Consequently, this period is poorly understood. Large 1an ceo 1ate project il e poi nts with heav ily ground stems (C1ov is, Folsom, Agate Basin, Plainview, Cody, and Scottsbluff) have been recovered in association with less diagnostic choppers, scrapers, gravers, burins, and ground stone tools. Diagnostic Paleoindian points have only been recovered as isolated surface finds in counties surrounding the project area (Wyckoff and Brooks 1983: 75). Furthermore, no Pa1eoindian points have been found from sites tested in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. Qu ite 1 ike 1y, these
15

upland projects are on degraded land surfaces and the deposits containing evidence of these early occupations have been eroded. Archaic Period Archaic populations are bel ieved to be migratory hunters and gatherers who intensively exploited available resources. This period is characterized by increasing efficiency of hunting techniques, the establishment of a seasonal subsistence round, and increased reliance on wild vegetable resources. The tempora 1 span varies from region to region, and in the western United States the Archaic pattern persisted into the Historic period. In Oklahoma, this period genera lly ranges from ca. 7000 B.C. to A.D. 200 and terminates with the introduction of ceramics (Wyckoff 1970: 82). Sl ightly different adaptations to changing environmental conditions and concomitant changes in diagnostic artifacts has permitted the division of this period into the Early, Middle, and Late Archaic. Early Archaic The Early Archaic is an adaptation to the transitional cool, moist to warm, dry conditions of the Pre-Boreal, Boreal, and early part of the Atlantic c 1 imat ic ep isode of the Ho 1 ocene between 7000-4000 B.C. (Wend 1 and 1978: 281). This climatic adaptation is coupled with a shift toward a more generalized exploitation pattern of floral and faunal resources. The change toward a warm, dry climate must have occurred in conjunction with increased erosion and an expansion of grassland habitats. The few Early Archaic sites examined in Oklahoma contain burials or small open hearths (Hammatt 1976; Wyckoff 1963). Diagnostic materials include a variety of large dart points with ground stems and bases as well as specimens with barbed or serrated blades (Meserve, Dalton, Plainview, Big Sandy, San Patrice, Palmer, Kirk, and Searcy points). These occur in association with a range of scrapers, bifacial knives, gravers, choppers, hammerstones, drill s, and ground stone too 1s. Early Archaic complexes have been identified at the Packard site in Mayes County, Pumpkin Creek site in Love County,the Gore Pit site in Comanche County, and the Quince site in Atoka County (Wyckoff 1984b; Perttula 1984). Occasional Early Archaic points have been found in Atoka, Murray, Johnston, and Seminole counties (Wyckoff and Brooks 1983: 75). None of the 16 tested sites in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed conta in Early Archa ic materia 1 s. Perhaps the scarcity of Early Archaic sites reflects the extent of surface erosion in upland areas coupled with the extreme depth of buried components in flood plain settings. Middle Archaic The Middle Archaic represents an adaptation to prevailing warm and dry climatic conditions of the late Atlantic and beginning of the Sub-Boreal cl imatic episode between 4000 and 1500 B.C. During this time, savanna 1 ike habitats existed where oak and oak-hickory-pine forests thrive today. The Middle Archaic is characterized by increasing diversity in the cultural inventory, intensification of regional differences, and little indication of exotic goods suggestive of extensive trade.

16

Features associated with Middle Archaic assemblages rarely include accumulations of organically rich middens, burials, and heat fractured rock middens. Wyckoff (1984b) postulates the existence of three temporally or spatially distinctive Middle Archaic tool assemblages. Since the Tom's Brook and Caudill complexes are restricted to northeast Oklahoma, only the Carrollton focus of the Trinity aspect (southern Oklahoma and northern Texas) is germane to the present discussion. Diagnostic artifacts associated with the Carrollton focus include predominantly straight and expanding stemmed point forms (Bulverde, Williams, Calf Creek, Yarbrough, Marshall, Pa1mi11as, Dallas, Trinity, and Carrollton types) found in association with grinding slabs, choppers, adzes, bifacia1 knives, axes, and burins. Middle Archaic sites are more common than earlier manifestat ions throughout southern Ok 1ahoma. Preservat ion and access ibil ity are undoubtedly contributing factors to their abundance. Middle Archaic assemblages are present at the Hill (34Pu-58) and McKenzie (34Ch-89) sites in the Hugo Reservoir and the Jeff Brown #1 (34Pu-72) site in the Sardis Reservoir. Middle Archaic point styles have been found in small numbers at several sites in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. However, only 34At-91 stands o~t as a clear Middle Archaic site on the basis of recovered point forms (Imhoff 1975: 56). Although originally attributed to the Late Archaic/Woodland periods the total absence of small points, ceramics, large contracting stemmed (Gary) points, and the misidentification of Yarbrough, Pa1mi1 1as. and Trinity point types suggests that this site is one of the earliest excavated components in the watershed. Middle Archaic or transitional Middle-Late Archaic occupations may also be present at the stratified multicomponent Estep Shelter, 34At-80 (Hofman 1977). Late Archaic The Late Archaic is associated with the latter part of the Sub-Boreal and Sub-Atlantic cl imatic episodes about 1500 B.C. to A.D. 200. This period witnessed the transition from a predominantly warm, dry climate to more mesic conditions accompanied by a biotic shift from extensive savannas to an expansion of woodlands. Undoubtedly, the dense blackjack oak-hickory forest of the Cross Timbers developed during this period (Wyckoff 1984a). Culturally, the Late Archaic is generally viewed as an intensification of the Middle Archaic technoeconomic pattern which invol ved exploitation of forest and riverine resources, perhaps as part of a seasonal cycle. One notable change over the Middle Archaic is the occurrence of trade goods (rol led copper and marine shell beads) and elaborate ground stone items (bannerstones, gorgets, and boatstones). Generally the distribution of exotic materials coincides with and anticipates the distribution of ceramic wares which appea-r in the subsequent Woodland period (Lintz and Zahrai 1985). These distributional patterns suggest that interaction spheres were developed during the Late Archaic and served as the mechanism for dispersal once ceramics were introduced to the region. A tremendous number of Late Archaic sites are known from eastern Oklahoma, but some local diversity is evident (Wyckoff 1984b). In the northern valleys of the Ouachita Mountains, the Late Archaic is represented by the Wister phase and in southcentra1 Oklahoma the materials seem more closely tied to the Elam phase of northcentral Texas. Although only a few sites have been 17

studied in western Oklahoma, the assemblages seem to differ sufficiently to be regarded as a separate manifestation. The Summers complex has been defined on the basis of limited excavations in Mangum Reservoir (Leonhardy 1966). Features associated with Late Archaic assemblages include burned rock hearths in all three Late Archaic manifestations under consideration. In addition, massive black midden mounds, ash beds, occasional post molds and human and dog burials occur at Wister phase sites. Such diversity has not been found in the E1am and Summers complexes which are characterized by thinner deposits which may reflect more transitory occupations. Diagnostic materials include a wide range of large expanding stemmed, corner-notched and contracting stemmed point forms (E1 lis, Edgewood, Marshall, M 0 rhis s, Gary, Lan gtry, Dar 1 , Mar c 0 s, Fa ir 1and, Lan ge, Wi 1 1 iam s, and Ken t) These large points are associated with a wide range of other tools including chipped stone gouges, bifacia1 and discoidal knives, drills, flake scrapers, gravers, manos, metates, hammerstones, cupstones, and occasionally gorgets, celts, bannerstones, and boatstones. The better preservation of organic remains from the black midden mound sites of the Wister phase has also left a wide range of bone and shell artifacts which are rarely preserved in the E1am and Summers complexes. Such items include bone awls, needles, fishhooks, bird bone beads, and marine shell beads. With in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed, Late Archa ic components have been identified at 34At-143, 34At-80, 34At-163, 34At-177, 34At-178, 34At179, and 34At-90. Few features have been found at these sites. Several rock ,hearths at 34At-90, the Graham site, may be affiliated with Late Archaic occupat ions. No elaborate ground stone art ifacts or trade goods ha v e been recovered. Neither bone nor shell artifacts are preserved from Late Archaic components in the Clear Boggy drainage. Woodland Period The Woodland period in Oklahoma coincides with the Scandic and NeoAtlantic climatic episodes which are marked by increasing in precipitation. Such conditions would have resulted in an increase in forest density on the uplands, but also, perhaps, the development of open grassy areas adjacent to major rivers in low floodplain settings (Albert and Wyckoff 1984: 42). Currently, the Woodland period dates from A.D. 200-900 and is marked by the introduction of ceramics and small arrow points. It is regarded as a transitional period reflecting a change from a seasonal round of hunting and gathering to settled horticulturists. Although domesticated sunflower, marsh elder, and corn have been recovered from sites outside Oklahoma, no clear evidence for domesticates has been found at Woodland sites in Oklahoma. At least four diverse Woodland adaptations are recognized (Vehik 1984). These are an unnamed complex around Kaw Reservoir in northcentral Oklahoma, the De 1aware/Cooper focus along the Grand Ri ver in northeast Ok 1ahoma, the Fourche Maline phase of mountainous southeast Oklahoma, and the Pruitt complex in west-central Oklahoma. Only the Pruitt complex and Fourche Maline phase are of concern here. Fourche Maline is a Woodland manifestation which seems to reflect a continuation of basic Late Archaic (Wister phase) 1ifeways with the addition 18

of ceramics. The Fourche Maline people continued to develop accretional black midden mound sites, extensive rock hearths, numerous human and occasional dog burials, ash pits, and post holes. No clearly delineated structures have been found at Fourche Maline sites. The daub concentrations and post molds at the Buffalo Bend site (34Pu-111) in the Sardis Lake area is probably a dwell ing, but its structural pattern is unclear. Fourche Maline artifactual assemblages largely reflect a continuation of the Wister phase assemblage with the addition of grog-grit and grit-grog-bone tempered undecorated (Williams and LeFlore Plain) ceramics, the first appearance of small corner notched (Scallorn) arrow points, and perhaps a sl ight reduction in the frequency of large corner notched points/knives. Contracting stemmed (Gary), points, bifacial and discoidal knives, drills, gravers, manos, metates, hammerstones, cupstones, and occasionally celts, gorgets, and boats tones persist. The Pruitt complex in west-central Oklahoma is not well understood primarily because few sites have been extensively excavated, and most of the recovered material appears to be from mixed context. The Pruitt complex is a poor choice in nomenclature since materials from the type site are mixed with later Plains Village tradition materials. Nevertheless, the term has precedence in the literature and is used to refer to a group of specific sites dating from the first mil lenium with ceramic styles derived from Hopewellian influences which spread throughout the Plains region. Thus, by virtue of cord roughened surface treatment and a limestone or shell temper, the ceramic wares of the Pruitt complex are quite separate and distinct from the plain wares found in the Fourche Maline phase. Major excavated components affiliated with the Pruitt complex include Component A at the Roulston-Rogers site (Drass 1979), the Chevrolet site (Drass 1980), the Barkheimer site (Drass 1984), the Brewer site (Duffield 1953), the Pruitt site (Barr 1966), Duncan-Wilson (Lawton 1968), and the Spring Creek site (Mayo 1984). None of these contain the thick black midden mound deposits common to Fourche Maline sites in eastern Oklahoma. Features reported from Pl ains Woodl and sites incl ude rock hearths and ovens and occasionally dog and human burials. Storage pits have been reported from the Pruitt site, but these features may relate to later occupations. In addition to small corner notched points and conical cordmarked pots, characteristics of the Pruitt complex include large contracting stemmed (Gary) points, large corner notched points (Ellis, Williams, and Marcos), cores, scrapers, expanding base drills, choppers, manos, grinding basins, cupstones, abrad ing stones, ce 1ts, hammers tones, sp 1 inter aw 1 s , bone fi shhook s, bone beamers, antler flakers, shell scrapers, and centrally perforated shell hoes. Woodland period sites are common in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek drainage, but they are all multicomponent sites. Tested sites in the watershed potentially having Woodland components are 34At-80, 34At-160, 34At-163, 34At-175, 34At-173, and 34At-178. Woodland period rock features have only been reported from 34At-175 in association with a radiocarbon date of A.D. 880 +/- 65 (UGa1535). With exception of Estep Shelter (34At-80), preservation of organic remains at Woodland sites has been poor. Woodland sites in the drainage basin have uniformly been attributed to short term hunting and gathering extractive sites. None have had accretional midden development. Thus far, these sites have not yielded sufficient diagnostic materials to permit cultural affiliation ass ignment. 19

Late Prehistoric Period The east-west cultural dichotomy noted for the Woodland period continues to apply to Late Prehistoric period complexes (A.D. 900-1700). In the east, these late prehistoric manifestations are linked to Mississippian development and presumably are the progenitors of the Caddoan and/or Kichai Indians. In the west, the various Plains Village complexes may have affinities with the historic Wichita Indians. Despite marked differences in social and material deve 1opment, the Late Prehistoric period is characterized by a semi sedentary lifestyle around hamlets and homesteads, increased dependence on horticulture, and intensification of long distance trade relationships. The climatic conditions throughout much of Oklahoma reflects increasing dryness during the early part of the Late Prehistoric period with a shift toward amelioration during the later part. The desiccation is reflected by increased eros ion, decrease in tree po 11 en, and changes in mo 11 uscan assemblages (Albert and Wyckoff 1984: 42). Quite likely, this period witnessed a decrease in the density of trees within the Cross Timbers, perhaps even a return to savannahs in some areas and a change in species composition of the forests (Wyckoff 1984a: 18). Since A.D. 1500, there have been moderate climatic fluctuations with a general amelioration toward present conditions. Mississippian The westernmost express ion of the Miss iss ippian cu ltura 1 pattern found throughout much of the eastern United States is known as the Caddoan tradition. This refers to a series of closely related complexes displaying some spatial diversity and internal development in northwest Louisiana, southeast Oklahoma, west Arkansas, and northeast Texas. The initial temporal dichotomy developed for the Caddoan area consists of the Gibson aspect (marked by a cultural florescence between A.D. 1000 and 1300) and the Fulton aspect (reflecting cultural decline and marked Plains influences from A.D. 1300-1700). Attempts to refine these original trends led to the development of a five part sequential scheme (Davis 1970: 40-56). Caddo I and II rough 1y correspond to the Gibson aspect, Caddo III is trans itional, whereas Caddo IV and V correspond with the Fulton aspect. Such widespread developmental sequences tend to hide regional diversity among complexes in different river valleys. Within Oklahoma, three developmental phases have been defined for complexes in two main river valleys. These are the Harlan phase (A.D. 1000-1250), Spiro phase (A.D. 1250-1450), and Fort Coffee phase (post A.D. 1450) in the Arkansas River valley, and the Hochatown (A.D. 10001200), Sanders (A.D. 1200-1400), and McCurtain foci (post A.D. 1400) for the Red River area. The Harl an and Hochatown manifestations (A.D. 1000-1250) are characterized by a variety of site types, including conical and flat-top mound sites, off mound villages, hamlets, and special purpose sites. Houses are generally rectangu 1 ar with four interior support posts, a centra 1 hearth, and extended entrances. Other kinds of features include rock hearths and ovens, scattered hearths, refuse/storage pits, and buria 1 s. Some buria 1 s are accompanied by elaborate materials (engraved conch shell, copper, and so forth). Flexed burials and mounds are more common in the Arkansas River basin while extended inhumations are more prevalent in the Red River basin. 20

Cultural materials associated with the Harlan phase and Hochatown focus include a combination of grog tempered plainwares (Will iams Plain, LeFlore Plain, and Sanders Plain) along with the appearance of occasional decorated ceramic wares (Davis Incised, Crockett Curvil inear Incised, Holly Fine Engraved, Hickory Engraved, Sanders Engraved, Canton Incised, Maxey Noded Redware, Spiro Engraved, and Beaver Pinched). Sma 11 arrow point are represented by corner and side notched forms (Alba, Agee, Scallorn, Hayes, Reed, and Bonham) in association with large contracting stemmed and expanding stemmed forms (Gary, Ellis, Edgewood, andWilliams). Aside from the small points and ceramics, the util itarian tool assemblage is not much different from the preceding Fourche Maline phase tool forms. Bifacial knives, scrapers, drills, celts, stone hoes, milling basins, nutting stones, bone awls, fishhooks, and bone pins all occur. In burial contexts, however, such exotic remains as galena, hematite, limonite, phosphate nodules, conch shell, copper covered ear spools, stone "forelock" beads, and T-shaped pipes all denote status differentiation. The Spiro and Sanders manifestations (A.D. 1200-1400) are noted by their florescence of functionally differentiated ceremonial mound and village sites, greater participation in extensive trade networks, as suggested by elaborately decorated items, and the concentration of exotic goods in mound centers. Features include refuse pits, rock lined hearths, isolated and multiple burials, house structures, and conical and flat topped mounds. Houses can either be square with four central posts around a central hearth and extended eastward entryways or rectangular with two interior roof support posts. Burials may be extended or flexed, and multiple interments are often placed in constructed mounds and are lavishly accompanied by exotic goods. Burial differentiation signals clear social status hierarchy invol ving an el ite class. Exotic goods found in burial contexts include decorated wood and copper items, long chipped stone bifacial "swords", ground stone maces, stone effigy pipes, and the more conventional T-shaped stone and clay elbow pipes. The mundane art ifact assemb 1age inc 1udes most 1y undecorated grit-grog or she 11 tempered ceramics (Williams Plain, LeFlore Plain, and Woodward Plain) and engraved and incised wares (Sanders Engraved, Poteau Engraved, Friendship Engraved, Nash Neck Banded, Canton Incised, and so forth). Increased contact between the Red and Arkansas rivers is evident in the common occurrence of pipes, ear spools, and ceramic types. Genera lly, off-mound sites 1ack the elaborate materia 1s considered hallmarks of this time period. The Fort Coffee phase and McCurta in focus (A.D. 1400-1700) are marked by a contraction of the area containing these late sites, a decrease in exotic items (such as conch shell and copper), a predominance in shell tempered ceramic wares, and increased relationships with the Prairie-Plains region. Along the Arkansas Ri ver mound construction is terminated, but features include storage cists, rectangular and circular house structures, rock hearths/ovens, and individual interments. Deep shaft graves occur only along the Red River at this time. The artifact assemblage in the Arkansas River basin is more similar to the Plains as indicated by bison scapula hoes, bison tibia digging stick tips, alternately beveled knives, T-shaped drills, formalized end scrapers, rib edge awls, and predominantly small side notched and unnotched (Washita, Reed, Fresno, and Maud) points. Small corner notched points (Alba, Scallorn, and Bonham) still persist to a lesser extent. Ceramics maintain a continuity with earlier periods and include Avery Engraved, Braden Punctate, Nash Neck Banded,
21

and Woodward Plain. Recent investigations at the Kaufman-Williams-Roden site complex suggest that the McCurtain focus lasted to historic contact (Perino 1983). Overall, cultural affiliations of Caddoan sites are most easily discernible at mound and village sites where exotic materials and abundant ceramics occur. However, major problems exist in attempting to identify the affiliation of less intensively utilized sites because of the similarities in the mundane artifact inventories. This situation is particularly true away from major rivers and mound centers such as the Lower Clear Boggy Creek drainage. Plains Village In contrast to the stratified societies in the Caddoan area, the village cultural manifestations of central and west Oklahoma reflect more egalitarian societies. These groups were hunters, gatherers, and gardeners 1 iving in small villages and homesteads scattered along major rivers and tributaries or on ridge toes overlooking stream valleys. The three temporally sequential manifestations defined for this region include the Custer phase (A.D. 800-1100), the Washita River phase (A.D. 11001450), and the Edwards complex (A.D. 1450-1700). These manifestations constitute some of the southeastern most complexes of the widespread Plains Village pattern which extended from north Texas to the Missouri River valley in the Dakotas. A major trend occurring on the Southern Plains is increased participation in long distance trade with Caddoan groups and southwestern Puebloans. Quite likely, the Plains Village groups were providing bison and salt in exchange for food supplemented by painted and incised pottery, turquoise, marine shells, and obsidian. Toward the latter part of the period, drastic shifts in settlement occurred. There is an apparent decrease in the number and density of sett 1ements between the Wash ita Ri ver and Edwards comp 1exes around A.D. 1500. In addition, fortified sites with earthen parapets may signal drastic changes in community and sett 1ement patterns. Common features at Plains Village sites are rectangular structures of wattle and daub with four interior roof support posts around a central hearth, isolated post molds perhaps representing ramadas, drying racks or some other temporary structure, bell and basin shaped storage pits, individual flexed burials, and occasionally hearths. Edwards complex sites are noted for their parapet fortifications. Rock hearths are rare in village sites, but are used in upland extractive situations. Thus, except for the absence of mounds and elaborate graves, and presence of fortified sites late in the sequence, cultural features do not differ much from those in the Caddoan area. Major differences occur in artifact assemblages. Plains Village assemblages typically consist of small corner notched (Scallorn), side notched (Reed and Washita) and unnotched (Fresno) points, formally prepared end and side scrapers, diamond shaped alternately beveled knives, drills, shaft abraders, stone celts, grinding slabs and manos, elbow pipes, bison tibia digging stick tips, bison scapula hoe blades, bison horn core hoes, deer jaw sickles, bone rasps, bone awls, bone spatulas, antler tine bil lets and flakers, mussel shell scrapers, and beads. The ceramics are typically globular shaped bone22

grit-grog tempered p1ainware (Lindsay Plain and Little Deer Plain) or cordmarked (Lindsay Cordmarked), but they may a 1so inc1ude she 11 tempered wares (Nocona Plain and Woodward Plain). During the terminal Village period, grog tempered brushed wares (Little Deer) also appear. Some vessels are decorated with lip tabs, nodes, applique strips, and strap handles. Other ceramic objects found on later sites include figurines and cone shaped pot supports. Plains Village occupations have been identified at six tested sites in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. These are 34At-80, 34At-90, 34At-160, 34At-172, 34At-175, and 34At-178. All have been interpreted as being short term, seasona 11y occupied up 1and hunt ing and gathering camps. Storage pits have been found at 34At-90 and 34At-172, Area 1, and burnt rock features are present at 34At-90, 34At-160, and 34At-175. The absolute age of these sites is poorly understood. Four radiocarbon dates from 34At-160 display a fairly tight cluster around A.D. 1160-1280 (I sigma interval overlap), but five prehistoric dates from 34At-l72 (Area 7) were widely dispersed from A.D. 585 +/- 110 (UGa-2239) to 1680 +/- 240 (UGa-2236). Equally problematic is the cultural affil iation of these sites. They typically contain a 1 imited nonexotic artifact inventory and are usually assigned to the Late Prehistoric period on the basis of a few small points. These items are not helpful, since the same point styles are present in the Caddoan and Plains areas. Ceramics are more helpful, but only small quantities have been recovered from three sites (34At-90, 34At-160, and 34At-172). The two sherds from 34At-160 are from a clay tempered plainware vessel and could be affil iated with either Plains or Caddoan manifestations. At 34At172, a mixture of shell tempered plainwares (82%) and clay/leached limestone tempered cordmarked wares (18%) reflect a Plains Village component, or a mixture of Plains and Caddoan materials. Even more perplexing are ceramics from 34At-90. Sixteen percent of the sherds are cordmarked which is similar to pottery from the west, but 79 percent are plainwares and five percent are engraved or punctated wares which resemble pottery from the east. At this time it is difficult to determine if the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed represents an unsettled region exploited by Caddoan and Plains groups or if a resident group is receiving goods from both directions. All of the Soil Conservation Service related work has been conducted in upland settings. Until a more balanced knowledge of the local settlement pattern is developed from surveys conducted along the main parts of the Boggy Creek drainage, the nature of these settlements will remain vague. Historic Period The Historic period in this part of Oklahoma extends from the time of first Euroamerican contact in 1719 to the present. This period is divided into three eras: Exploration (1719-1820), Indian Nation (1820-1907), and Statehood (1907-present). Exploration (1719-1820) The southern portion of Oklahoma west of the Ouachita Mountains and south of the Canadian River was seldom visited by early explorers during the 18th century. In 1719, J.B. Bernard Sieur de 1a Harpe was sent to learn of Indians 23

in the Red River basin. As preparation for his trip through the Ouachita Mountains, he sent a party led by Sieur du Rivage to locate nomadic tribes west of the Nassonites and to secure guides. Du Rivage traveled 70 leagues (about 185 mil up the Red River from a post established near the Nassonites in Bowie County, Texas. Although no details of the Du Rivage excursion remain, he probably reached the Kemp Bottoms area just west of the confluence of the Washita and Red rivers. During this trip, Du Rivage obtained two Kichai guides who were subsequently used as scouts for La Harpe's expedition (Lewis 1924: 332; Smith 1958: 372). La Harpe's excursion into the Ouachitas encountered hunting parties of Nassonites, Nadoos, Naouydiche, and Touacara (a11 Caddoan or Wichita groups) and learned of hunting and raiding parties of Osage and Lipan Apache. Apparently, much of the interior region of southeast Oklahoma was regarded as unsettled but open hunting grounds. Early historic material dating to this time period have been recovered from the Kaufman-Roden-Wi1 liams site, a Caddoan mound complex southeast of the Boggy Creek drainages in McCurtain County, Oklahoma and across the Red River in Texas. Materials have also been found at the Longest and Womack sites which are probable Wichita villages southwest of the Boggy Creek region (Perino 1983; Bell and Bastian 1967). Very little is known about the aboriginal activities conducted in the Boggy Creek drainages during the remainder of the 18th century. No other sanctioned French or Spanish explorations entered the region. Nevertheless, illegal intrusions by traders and trappers may have occurred. By the early 1800s, white settlers were entering the western Ouachita M 0 un ta ins from the Ark ansas Terr itor y In pre par at ion for the crea t ion 0 f Indian lands for dislocated Choctaw and Chickasaw, nearly 200 families were evicted from the lower Kiamichi River area. Given the distance of the Boggy Creek drainages from the Arkansas Territory, the presence of Euroamerican settlers in the project area is unlikely. Indian Nation (1820-1907) The Indian Nation era begins directly after the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 estab1 ishing the boundary between New Spain and the United States. Part of the border was the Red River west to the 100th meridian. By 1820, in the Treaty of Doaks Stand, the United States entered into an agreement with the Choctaw which resulted in their resettlement in the west. The 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in Mississippi ensured the final removal of the Choctaw Nation west into what is now southern Oklahoma. During the time of the Choctaw removal, 1831-1834, the Chickasaw were in the process of making removal treaties with the United States. The Treaty of Doaksvi11e in 1837 estab1 ished the final terms of their removal, and by 1840 most of the Chickasaw had been relocated into their district (including present day Johnston County) west of the Choctaw settlements (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 23). In 1834, an expedition of 400-500 dragoons, Indian scouts, interpreters, and two infantry compan ies under Genera 1 Henry Leavenworth and Colonel Henry Dodge left Fort Gibson and traversed the eastern part of Johnston County (Morris, Goins, and McReyno1 ds 1976: Map 17). The purpose of this trip was to establish peace on the Southern Plains. Of note, 24

George Cat1 in accompanied this expedition (Gibson 1965). Hostil ities continued, and probably increased, after the Chickasaw had been resettled. This led to establishing Fort Washita (just over the Johnston County line in Bryan County) in 1842 to protect the Chickasaw from hostile Plains Indian groups like the Kiowa and Comanche (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 17). A council house was established by the Chickasaw at Good Springs on Pennington Creek in 1853. Soon thereafter, this location was renamed Tishomingo. Several academies and institutes, including the Wapanucka Academy for G ir 1sin 1852, were opened between 1851-1859 (Morr is, Go ins, and McReynolds 1976: Maps 42 and 46). During this decade, a treaty in 1855 provided the Chickasaw separate nation status from the Choctaw Nation. The major transportation route in the eastern part of the Chickasaw and western part of the Choctaw nations was the Texas Road estab1 ished around 1821. It ran northward from Colbert's Ferry on the Red River to Fort Washita through the southeast corner of Johnston County northeast to Fort Gibson. This was one of the most important routes of commerce from the Red River to Missouri and Kansas. In 1866, the Texas Road became known as the East Shawnee Trail and was used for cattle drives (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 46). Another road, the Fort Sill to Fort Towson Road, entered Johnston County in the southeast corner and exited at the southwest corner of Murray County. The Chickasaw joined the Confederacy during the Civil War. The most important battle, in the Indian Nation, the Chickasaw took part in was the Battle of Honey Springs in 1863 (Yates, Wyckoff, Baugh, and Harrington 1981: 10-11). Following the Civil War, new treaties in 1866 provided for the abolition of slavery and recognition of citizen's rights for the freedman of the Chickasaw (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 33). The Daws Commission was initiated in 1893 to establish individual homestead allotment of Chickasaw and Choctaw lands. This procedure was accomplished with the Atoka Agreement of 1897, and 106,700 acres (25%) of present Johnston County was allotted to the Chickasaw (Oklahoma Employment Security Commission 1967: 9). In an effort to maintain some type of control over their lands, the Chickasaw joined with members of the other Civilized Tribes in establishing the state of Sequoyah in 1905. However, this never became a reality since the passage of the Oklahoma Enabling Act in 1906 provided for the Oklahoma and Indian territories to become a single state. statehood (1907-present) Apparently, the first major influx of Euroamerican settl ers in Johnston County was in the latter part of the 19th century. These individuals established small subsistence farms with cotton the major cash crop. Two railroads, the Chicago, Rock Is 1and, and Pacific (C.R.I. & P.) and the Choctaw, Oklahoma, and Gulf, were established in the late 19th and early 20th century. The former ran from the northeast part of the county to the southwest ending in Ardmore while the latter had a route south through the eastern part of Johnston County to Durant (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 64). A branch of the C.R.I. & P., abandoned in 1938, is present in the project area (George and Wood 1943: 44). One line most likely brought people to the springs containing "heal ing waters" near Bromide north of Wapanucka in 1912 (Oklahoma Employment Security Commission 1967: 10).
25

Raising beef cattle is the major enterprise in the county today. Industry seems to be fairly limited even though granite has been quarried for over 70 years, glass sand has been mined for over 40 years, and there is also mining of lime, dolomite, sand, and gravel. Overa 11, there has been a 35 percent decrease in the county's popu 1at ion since 1940. However, a recent increase is evident since the 1960 census figure of 8,517 people to the 1980 figure of 10,356 people.

26