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Gallium arsenide

Gallium arsenide
Gallium arsenide

Identifiers CAS number PubChem ChemSpider EC number UN number MeSH RTECS number Jmol-3D images 1303-00-0 14770 14087
[2] [3] [4] [1]

215-114-8 1557

gallium+arsenide LW8800000 Image 1 Properties


[6]

[5]

Molecular formula Molar mass Appearance Odor Density Melting point Solubility in water Solubility Band gap Electron mobility

GaAs 144.645 g/mol Very dark red, vitreous crystals garlic-like when moistened 5.3176 g/cm3 1238C, 1511K, 2260F insoluble soluble in HCL insoluble in ethanol, methanol, acetone 1.424 eV (at 300 K) 8500 cm2/(Vs) (at 300 K)

Gallium arsenide

2
Thermal conductivity Refractive index (nD) 0.55 W/(cmK) (at 300 K) 3.8
[7]

Structure Crystal structure Space group Lattice constant Coordination geometry Molecular shape Zinc blende T2d-F-43m a=565.35 pm Tetrahedral Linear Hazards MSDS GHS pictograms External MSDS
[8]

GHS hazard statements GHS precautionary statements EU classification

H301, H331, H410 P261, P273, P301+310, P311, P501

T R-phrases S-phrases NFPA 704 R23/25, R50/53

(S1/2), S20/21, S28, S45, S60, S61

(what is: / ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25C, 100kPa)

(verify)

[9]

Infobox references

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a compound of the elements gallium and arsenic. It is a III/V semiconductor, and is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, infrared light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells and optical windows. GaAs is often used as a substrate material for the epitaxial growth of other III-V semiconductors including: InGaAs and GaInNAs.

Gallium arsenide

Preparation and chemistry


In the compound, gallium has a +3 oxidation state. Gallium arsenide single crystals can be prepared by two industrial processes:[] Crystal growth using a horizontal zone furnace in the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique, in which gallium and arsenic vapors react and free molecules deposit on a seed crystal at the cooler end of the furnace. Liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) growth is used for producing high purity single crystals that can exhibit semi-insulating characteristics (see below). Alternative methods for producing films of GaAs include:[][10] VPE reaction of gaseous gallium metal and arsenic trichloride: 2 Ga + 2 AsCl 3 2 GaAs + 3 Cl
2

MOCVD reaction of trimethylgallium and arsine: Ga(CH 3) 3 + AsH 3 GaAs + 3 CH


4

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of gallium and arsenic: 4 Ga + As 4 4 GaAs or 2 Ga + As 2 2 GaAs Oxidation of GaAs occurs in air and degrades performance of the semiconductor. The surface can be passivated by depositing a cubic gallium(II) sulfide layer using a tert-butyl gallium sulfide compound such as (t BuGaS) [11] 7.

Semi-insulating crystals
If a GaAs boule is grown with excess arsenic present, it gets certain defects, in particular arsenic antisite defects (an arsenic atom at a gallium atom site within the crystal lattice). The electronic properties of these defects (interacting with others) cause the center of the bandgap to be pinned to the Fermi level, so that this GaAs crystal has very low concentration of electrons and holes. This low carrier concentration is similar to an intrinsic (perfectly undoped) crystal, but much easier to achieve in practice. These crystals are called "semi-insulating", reflecting their high resistivity of 107-109 -cm (which is quite high for a semiconductor, but still much lower than a true insulator like glass).[12]

Gallium arsenide

Etching
Wet etching of GaAs industrially uses an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide or bromine water,[13] and the same strategy has been described in a patent relating to processing scrap components containing GaAs where the Ga3+ is complexed with a hydroxamic acid ("HA"), for example:[14] GaAs + H 2O 2 + "HA" "GaA" complex + H 3AsO 4+ 4 H 2O This reaction produces Arsenic acid.

Comparison with silicon


GaAs advantages
Some electronic properties of gallium arsenide are superior to those of silicon. It has a higher saturated electron velocity and higher electron mobility, allowing gallium arsenide transistors to function at frequencies in excess of 250GHz. Unlike silicon junctions, GaAs devices are relatively insensitive to heat owing to their wider bandgap. Also, GaAs devices tend to have less noise than silicon devices, especially at high frequencies. This is a result of higher carrier mobilities and lower resistive device parasitics. These properties recommend GaAs circuitry in mobile phones, satellite communications, microwave point-to-point links and higher frequency radar systems. It is used in the manufacture of Gunn diodes for generation of microwaves. Another advantage of GaAs is that it has a direct band gap, which means that it can be used to emit light efficiently. Silicon has an indirect bandgap and so is very poor at emitting light. Nonetheless, recent advances may make silicon LEDs and lasers possible. As a wide direct band gap material with resulting resistance to radiation damage, GaAs is an excellent material for space electronics and optical windows in high power applications. Because of its wide bandgap, pure GaAs is highly resistive. Combined with the high dielectric constant, this property makes GaAs a very good electrical substrate and unlike Si provides natural isolation between devices and circuits. This has made it an ideal material for microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits, MMICs, where active and essential passive components can readily be produced on a single slice of GaAs. One of the first GaAs microprocessors was developed in the early 1980s by the RCA corporation and was considered for the Star Wars program of the United States Department of Defense. Those processors were several times faster and several orders of magnitude more radiation hard than silicon counterparts, but they were rather expensive.[15] Other GaAs processors were implemented by the supercomputer vendors Cray Computer Corporation, Convex, and Alliant in an attempt to stay ahead of the ever-improving CMOS microprocessor. Cray eventually built one GaAs-based machine in the early 1990s, the Cray-3, but the effort was not adequately capitalized, and the company filed for bankruptcy in 1995. Complex layered structures of gallium arsenide in combination with aluminium arsenide (AlAs) or the alloy AlxGa1-xAs can be grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Because GaAs and AlAs have almost the same lattice constant, the layers have very little induced strain, which allows them to be grown almost arbitrarily thick. This allows for extremely high performance high electron mobility, HEMT transistors and other quantum well devices.

Gallium arsenide

Silicon advantages
Silicon has three major advantages over GaAs for integrated circuit manufacture. First, silicon is abundant and cheap to process. Si is highly abundant in the Earth's crust, in the form of silicate minerals. The economy of scale available to the silicon industry has also reduced the adoption of GaAs. In addition, a Si crystal has an extremely stable structure mechanically and it can be grown to very large diameter boules and can be processed with very high yields. It is also a decent thermal conductor, thus enabling very dense packing of transistors that need to get rid of their heat of operation, all very desirable for design and manufacturing of very large ICs. Such good mechanical characteristics also makes it a suitable material for the rapidly developing field of nanoelectronics. The second major advantage of Si is the existence of a native oxide (silicon dioxide), which is used as an insulator in electronic devices. Silicon dioxide can easily be incorporated onto silicon circuits, and such layers are adherent to the underlying Si. GaAs does not have a native oxide and does not easily support a stable adherent insulating layer.
[citation needed]

The third, and perhaps most important, advantage of silicon is that it possesses a much higher hole mobility. [citation needed] This high mobility allows the fabrication of higher-speed P-channel field effect transistors, which are required for CMOS logic. Because they lack a fast CMOS structure, GaAs circuits must use logic styles which have much higher power consumption; this has made GaAs circuits less able to compete with silicon logic circuits. For manufacturing solar cells, silicon has relatively low absorptivity for the sunlight meaning about 100 micrometers of Si is needed to absorb most sunlight. Such a layer is relatively robust and easy to handle. In contrast, the absorptivity of GaAs is so high that a corresponding layer would be only a few micrometers thick and mechanically unstable.[16] Silicon is a pure element, avoiding the problems of stoichiometric imbalance and thermal unmixing of GaAs. Silicon has a nearly perfect lattice, impurity density is very low and allows to build very small structures (currently down to 25nm). GaAs in contrast has a very high impurity density,[citation needed] which makes it difficult to build integrated circuits with small structures, so the 500nm process is a common process for GaAs.

Other applications
Solar cells and detectors
Another important application of GaAs is for high efficiency solar cells. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is also known as single-crystalline thin film and are high cost high efficiency solar cells. In 1970, the first GaAs heterostructure solar cells were created by the team led by Zhores Alferov in the USSR.[17][18][19] In the early 1980s, the efficiency of the best GaAs solar cells surpassed that of silicon solar cells, and in the 1990s GaAs solar cells took over from silicon as the cell type most commonly used for Photovoltaic arrays for satellite applications. Later, dual- and triple-junction solar cells based on GaAs with germanium and indium gallium phosphide layers were developed as the basis of a triple junction solar cell which held a record efficiency of over 32% and can operate also with light as concentrated as 2,000 suns. This kind of solar cell powers the rovers Spirit and Opportunity, which are exploring Mars' surface. Also many solar cars utilize GaAs in solar arrays. Complex designs of AlxGa1-xAs-GaAs devices can be sensitive to infrared radiation (QWIP).

High-efficiency, triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cells covering the MidSTAR-1 satellite

Gallium arsenide GaAs diodes can be used for the detection of X-rays.[20]

Light emission devices


GaAs has been used to produce (near-infrared) laser diodes since 1962.[21]

Safety
The environment, health and safety aspects of gallium arsenide sources (such as trimethylgallium and arsine) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of metalorganic precursors have been reported.[22] California lists gallium arsenide as a carcinogen.[23]

References
[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=1303-00-0 [2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=14770

Band structure of GaAs. The direct gap of GaAs results in efficient emission of infrared light at 1.424 eV (~870 nm).

[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 14087 [4] http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ lib/ einecs_IS_reponse. php?genre=ECNO& entree=215-114-8 [5] http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2007/ MB_cgi?mode=& term=gallium+ arsenide [6] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BGa-%5D%24%5BAs%2B%5D [7] Refractive index of GaAs (http:/ / www. ioffe. ru/ SVA/ NSM/ nk/ A3B5/ Gif/ gaas. gif). Ioffe database [8] http:/ / www. wafertech. co. uk/ msds/ msds_gaas. html [9] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Special:ComparePages& rev1=476995185& page2=Gallium+ arsenide [11] "Chemical vapor deposition from single organometallic precursors" A. R. Barron, M. B. Power, A. N. MacInnes, A. F.Hepp, P. P. Jenkins (1994) [12] Dopants and Defects in Semiconductors, by Matthew D. McCluskey, Eugene E. Haller, pp. 41 and 66, ISBN 978-1439831526 [14] "Oxidative dissolution of gallium arsenide and separation of gallium from arsenic" J. P. Coleman and B. F. Monzyk (1988) [16] Single-Crystalline Thin Film GaAs (http:/ / www1. eere. energy. gov/ solar/ tf_single_crystalline. html) [17] Alferov, Zh. I., V. M. Andreev, M. B. Kagan, I. I. Protasov and V. G. Trofim, 1970, Solar-energy converters based on p-n AlxGa1-xAs-GaAs heterojunctions, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 4, 2378 (Sov. Phys. Semicond. 4, 2047 (1971)) [18] Nanotechnology in energy applications (http:/ / www. im. isu. edu. tw/ seminar/ 2005. 11. 16. pdf), pdf, p.24 [19] Nobel Lecture (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ physics/ laureates/ 2000/ alferov-lecture. pdf) by Zhores Alferov, pdf, p.6 [20] Glasgow University report on CERN detector (http:/ / ppewww. physics. gla. ac. uk/ preprints/ 97/ 05/ psd1/ psd1. html)

External links
Single-Crystalline Thin Film (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/tf_single_crystalline.html) (EERE). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Arsenic Toxicity (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/arsenic/) Physical properties of gallium arsenide (Ioffe Institute) (http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/GaAs/ index.html) Facts and figures on processing gallium arsenide (http://www.logitech.uk.com/gallium_arsenide.asp)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Gallium arsenide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567314230 Contributors: 2001:630:301:3064:F0B6:A06C:6B2F:2478, 2607:8400:2802:10:250:56FF:FEAB:339C, AIMetalsResearcher, Alan Canon, Alexmorgan, AndrewBuck, Andrewman327, ArsniureDeGallium, Atropos235, Attilios, Axiosaurus, Barticus88, Beetstra, Benbest, Benjah-bmm27, Billr wiki, Brianthegiant, Bry9000, Bunnyhop11, Bwilkins, Cacycle, Calaschysm, Cantaloupe2, ChardonnayNimeque, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Chymicus, Collabi, Conscious, Corp1117, CronoDAS, Da Joe, Dcirovic, Debussy Agutter, Denelson83, Dgrant, Donarreiskoffer, Doodle77, DragonHawk, Dsperlich, DuncanWidman, Eastlaw, Edward, Eequor, Femto, Firsfron, Flippin42, Frankhindle, Fresheneesz, Gadfium, Gene Nygaard, Gentgeen, Giftlite, Gruzd, Hankwang, Hephaestos, HolIgor, Hudavendigar, Hugo-cs, Jabowery, Japanese Searobin, Jaraalbe, Jeepo, Jim Swenson, Joeblanda, Jrockley, Julesd, Karl-Henner, Kbrose, Keenan Pepper, Keithpoole, Lainagier, Laser Razor, MER-C, Mac, Materialscientist, Matt Britt, Maury Markowitz, Mikespedia, Mion, Miquonranger03, Moonx, Mortense, N328KF, Nanite, Nicholasnice, Norm mit, Ntansu, Oli Filth, Papa November, Peter gk, Peterdx, Phudga, Physchim62, Plasmic Physics, Plotnick, Polyparadigm, Psychonaut, Ququ, R!SC, Rada, Razvan NEAGOE, Rehnn83, Rjwilmsi, Rrburke, RyanJones, Rycecube57, Samw, Sbyrnes321, SchuminWeb, Shaddack, Smokefoot, Some jerk on the Internet, Sthubertus, Stone, Strebe, Suruena, Swisskitt, T.vanschaik, Tantalate, The Photon, TheGWO, Thorseth, Thricecube, Thumperward, Tiananmen 8888, Tim Starling, Walkerma, Wbm1058, Why Not A Duck, Wilso418, Ynhockey, 105 anonymous edits

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Image:Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Benjah-bmm27, Cdang, Jynto, Popnose Image:Gallium arsenide crystal.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gallium_arsenide_crystal.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Chemicalinterest, Materialscientist, 2 anonymous edits File:Yes check.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yes_check.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie Image:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Torsten Henning Image:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Torsten Henning Image:Hazard_T.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hazard_T.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: BLueFiSH.as, Csium137, Ies, KES47, MarianSigler, Matthias M., Maxima m, Natr, Phrood, Trelio, W!B:, 12 anonymous edits Image:Hazard_N.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hazard_N.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: See historic File:X mark.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:X_mark.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Gmaxwell File:MidSTAR-1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MidSTAR-1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: MidSTAR.jpg: United States Naval Academy derivative work: Materialscientist (talk) File:Bandstruktur GaAs en.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Bandstruktur_GaAs.svg: Cepheiden. Original uploader was Cepheiden at de.wikipedia derivative work: Doodle77 (talk)

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