Dr.PeterEaton
1/10/2013
Acknowledgements
The Greater Kansas City Hispanic Development Fund, an affiliate of the Greater Kansas City
Community Foundation, wishes to thank the generous support from the foundation and business
communities for sponsoring this study for Kansas and Missouri.
We are especially grateful to our lead researcher Dr. Peter Eaton, Ph.D. from the University of
Missouri-Kansas City as well as consultants to the research Dr. John Leatherman from Kansas
State University and Dr. Joshua Rosenbloom from the University of Kansas.
ExecutiveSummary
Thisisastudyoftheeconomicandfiscalcontributionsofinternationalimmigrantsinthestate
ofKansas.ThestudyconcludesthatimmigrantsareanintegralpartoftheKansaseconomy.
Substantiallyreducingthenumberofforeignbornindividualswhohavejobsinthestateof
Kansaswouldhavenegativeconsequencesfornativeemploymentandincomeaswellas
causingasignificantdeteriorationofthestatesfiscalsituation.Othermajorfindingsare:
Internationalimmigrationisresponsibleforalmostalloftherecentpopulationgrowth
ofthestateofKansas.
TheinternationalimmigrationprocessinKansasisselectiveofyoungmalesfromMexico
andCentralAmerica.
Unauthorizedimmigrationhasslowedinrecentyears.
ThereisalargeconcentrationofimmigrantsresidinginsouthwesternKansas.Without
thispopulation,theagribusinessofsouthwesternKansaswouldhavedifficultyrecruiting
labor.Theothergeographicconcentrationoftheimmigrantpopulationisinlargecities.
Immigrantsaremorelikelytohavejobsthannonimmigrants.
Immigrantsareoverrepresentedintheconstructionandmanufacturing(meatpacking)
industries.
Immigrantsareoverrepresentedinboththehighestskilledoccupationsandthelowest
skilledoccupations,andtheyareconcentratedatbothextremesofthespectrumof
educationalattainment.
ThelinkagesofimmigrantjobswiththerestoftheKansaseconomyaresuchthatan
immigrantjobcreatesalmostoneadditionaljob.
Immigrantspayslightlymorestateandlocaltaxespercapitathandononimmigrants.
ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericapayslightlyless,andunauthorized
immigrantspayabout75%ofnonimmigrantpercapitastateandlocaltaxes.
Eachdollarofstateandlocaltaxrevenuegeneratedbytheaverageimmigrantjob
resultsinmorethananadditionaldollarofstateandlocaltaxes.
ThecostofeducatingnativechildrenofimmigrantsintheK12publicschoolsystemis
muchlargerthanthecostofeducatingimmigrantchildren.
Immigrantsmorethanpayforthestateservicestheyusewiththestateandlocaltaxes
theygeneratedirectly.
Unauthorizedimmigrantspayforthestateservicestheyusewiththetaxrevenuetheir
jobsgeneratedirectly.
CenterforEconomicInformation
KansasCity,January10,2013
i
TableofContents
Introduction 1
ImmigrantProfile. 2
TheEconomicContributionofImmigrantsintheStateofKansas. 17
AggregateEconomicContributionsofImmigrants20
IndustrySectorImpact..21
StateandLocalTaxRevenueEffects26
ImmigrantUseofStateandLocalGovernmentServices..29
Education(K12)Services29
HealthServices..31
HigherEducationandTransportationServices31
LongTermAdjustmentstotheLossofUnauthorizedImmigrantJobs.. 32
Bibliography..35
AppendixTables.37
ii
Forward
Earlyin2009,researchersattheUniversityofMissouriKansasCity,KansasStateUniversity,and
theUniversityofKansaswerecontactedbytheGreaterKansasCityCommunityFoundation,to
explorethepossibilityofconductingastudyoftheimpactofimmigrantsontheKansasand
Missourieconomies.Overthenextseveralmonthsresearchersatthethreeuniversities
developedanoverallanalyticalframeworkforsuchastudyandsubmittedaformaloutlineof
thisprojecttothecommunityfoundation.Theinitialplancalledforresearchersineachstate
toconducttheanalysisfortheirrespectivestates.Asplanningprogressed,however,itbecame
apparentthisapproachwouldresultinconsiderableduplicationofeffort.Italsowas
recognizedtheopportunityforvaluablecomparisonsacrossthetwostateswouldbe
diminished.Oncethisbecameapparent,itwasdeterminedthebulkofworkontheproject
shouldbeundertakenbyresearchersatasingleuniversity,withconsultationandinputfrom
theotherscholarswhohadbeeninvolvedinformulatingtheoriginalresearchplan.Asaresult,
Dr.PeterEatonoftheUniversityofMissouriKansasCityassumedresponsibilityforconducting
theresearchwithDrs.JohnLeatherman(KansasStateUniversity)andJoshuaRosenbloom
(UniversityofKansas)actingasconsultants.
ThereportthatfollowsreflectsprimarilytheeffortsofDr.Eaton,butwithadviceand
suggestionsfromDrs.LeathermanandRosenbloom.Itmaintainsthestructureandframework
ofanalysisthatwasdevelopedbytheoriginalresearchteam.Inadditiontoconsultationon
researchdesign,Drs.LeathermanandRosenbloomprovidedextensivereviewcommentsofthe
preliminaryresearchreportand,now,offerthisassessmentofthefinalreport.Ultimately,Dr.
Eatonmadeallfinaldecisionsregardingapproach,assumptions,andanalysis.
Giventheavailabledatasources,certainanalyticassumptionswerenecessary.Theresimplyis
nowaytoquantitativelyverifyahypothetical.Thus,manyimportantassumptionsare
necessary.Theassumptionsmadeinvariablyaffectanalysisoutcomes.Therelative
conservativenessoraggressivenessoftheunderlyingassumptionswillgreatlyaffectthe
reportedoutcomes.Itisthechallengeandchoiceoftheanalysttoensuretheassumptionsare
clear,reasonable,anddefensible.
Indevelopingtheinitialplansfortheresearch,weandDr.Eatonreviewedalargenumberof
relatedstudieswhichhaveprecededthiseffort.Wefoundawiderangeofoutcomes,someof
whichlackedtransparencyoftheunderlyingassumptions.Webelievethereportsproducedby
Dr.Eatonreflectthetransparencynecessarytoallowthereadertounderstandhowthe
underlyingdatagiverisetothereportsconclusions.Further,webelievetheassumptions
thereinarewithintheboundsgenerallyacceptablewithintherealmofqualifiedandcareful
iii
academicresearch.Webelievethattheresultsprovideareasonableandaccuratereflectionof
thefactsatthetimeofthestudyandthatthemethodsusedtoinfertheeconomicimpactsof
KansasandMissouriimmigrantshavebeenappliedinthegenerallyacceptedmanner.
JohnC.Leatherman
ProfessorofAgriculturalEconomics
KansasStateUniversity
JoshuaL.Rosenbloom
ProfessorofEconomics
UniversityofKansas
10January2013
iv
Introduction
Thisisastudyoftheeconomicandfiscalcontributionsofinternationalimmigrantstothe
economyofthestateofKansas.ThestudywascommissionedbytheGreaterKansasCity
CommunityFoundation.Studiesfromresearchinstitutesonboththeright(CatoInstitute)and
theleft(ImmigrationPolicyCenter)ofthepoliticalspectrumhavedemonstratedthebenefits
thataccruetoAmericancitizensasaresultofimmigration.Therehavebeenstudiespublished
forseveralstateswhichattempttoquantifythegeneraleconomicconsequencesandfiscal
impactofimmigration(Decker2008,Strayhorn,2006).Thisstudyaddressestheseissuesfor
thestateofKansas.Inparticular,amajorpolicyquestionthatisaddressediswhatwouldbe
theresult,forthestateofKansas,ofasubstantialreductionintheamountofimmigration?In
recentyearssomestateshaveenactedpolicieswiththeintentofsubstantiallyreducing
unauthorizedimmigration.ThisstudyusesamodelofthestateofKansastoquantifythe
contributionsofallimmigrants,andimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,tothe
economyofKansas.Fromtheseestimatesthestudyestimatesthecontributionofunauthorized
immigrantstotheeconomyofKansas.
ThefirstsectionofthisstudydescribestheimmigrantpopulationinthestateofKansas.The
dataforthissectioncomesmostlyfromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedescriptivedata
inthecharts,tablesandmapsoftheimmigrantprofilesectioninformthesecondsectionofthe
study,whichanalyzesthegeneraleconomiccontributionsofimmigrationinthestate.Thefinal
sectionexaminesthecontributionsofimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxesinthestateofKansas,
comparedtothecostofthemajorcategoriesofstateandlocalgovernmentservicesfor
immigrants.
ImmigrantProfile
Forthepurposeofthisstudy,aninternationalimmigrant(hereafterimmigrant)isdefinedasa
personwhowasnotbornintheUnitedStates.1Thestudyaddressesfirstgeneration
immigrantsonlyandthereforedoesnotaddresstheethnicityofallKansasresidents.Itdoes
addresstheethnicityofKansasresidentswhowerenotbornintheUnitedStates.
Thefirstsectionofthestudypresentsaprofileofimmigrants.Inmanycasesitmakessenseto
compareimmigrantswiththenativebornpopulation,andthereforemanyofthedatatables
alsoincludeinformationregardingthenativebornpopulation.Bynativeborn,wemeanbornin
theUnitedStates,orbornabroadtoparentsatleastoneofwhomisaUScitizen.Inthisstudy
wewillrefertothreeimmigrantcategoriesallimmigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoand
CentralAmerica,andunauthorizedimmigrants.Table1andChart1showthenativityof
immigrantsinthelastthreeyearsforwhichdatawasavailableatthetimeofwriting.
Immigrantsmadeupalmost6.4%ofthepopulationofthestateofKansasin2010.Overhalfof
immigrants(54%)arefromMexicoandCentralAmerica.2Theimmigrantpopulationisgrowing
significantlyfasterthanthenativepopulation.AmoredetailedlistoforiginsofKansas
ImmigrantsisincludedinDataAppendixTableA.1.
Table1
BirthplaceofKansasResidents
RegionofNativity
Mexico&CentralAmerica
Asia
Europe
Africa
SouthAmerica&Caribbean
MiddleEast
Canada
Other
AllImmigrants
UnitedStates
2008
92523
41540
14258
8462
6451
4864
3617
562
172277
2629857
2009
96524
45099
16455
8780
5883
2563
3318
509
179131
2639591
2010 Growth+
95762
3.50%
46087 10.95%
14707
3.15%
8834
4.40%
6826
5.81%
2933 39.70%
3492
3.46%
515
8.36%
179175
4.00%
2630081
0.01%
Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey,authorscalculations.
+percentagegrowthfrom2008to2010
TheonlyexceptiontothisdefinitionisindividualswhoarebornabroadwithoneormoreUScitizensasparents.
Allsurveydataaresubjecttosamplingerror.Thereadershouldinterpretsurveyresultsasamidpointofan
interval.Thesizeoftheintervaldependsnumberoffactors.Broadlyspeaking,themoreinformationwehave
aboutsomething(samplesize)thesmallertheinterval(inpercentageterms).SoinTable1,forexample,wecan
speakwithmoreprecisionabouttheimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmericathanwecanabout
theimmigrantpopulationfromtheMiddleEast.
2
ThePEWHispanicCenterhasdevelopedamethodologyforcountingunauthorizedimmigrants
(Passel&Cohn,2009,AppendixD)thatmakesPEWwidelyacceptedasthebestavailable
sourcefordataregardingunauthorizedimmigrants.PEWcitesKansasasoneofthestatesin
whichunauthorizedimmigrationhasincreasedmostrapidly,inpercentageterms,since2000.
TheestimatednumberofunauthorizedimmigrantsinKansasisapproximately65,000in2010.
Chart1:BirthplaceofKansasResidents2010
2%
1%
0%
0%
94%
6%
0%
0%
0%
3%
US
Mexico&CentralAmerica
Asia
Europe
Africa
SouthAmerica&Caribbean
MiddleEast
Canada
Other
Percentagesroundedtothenearestpercent.Avalueof0%meanslessthan1/2 ofonepercent
Thisnumberisunchangedsince2009andisadecreasesince200708,whentheestimated
numberofunauthorizedimmigrantspeakedat70,000(PasselandCohn,2011,p.23).In2010,
Kansasranked29thamongstatesintheestimatedcountofunauthorizedimmigrants.
Nationwide,PEWestimatesthat70%ofunauthorizedimmigrantscomefromMexico(59%)and
CentralAmerica(11%)(PasselandCohn,2009,p.21).3Ifthisproportionholdstrueforthestate
ofKansas,thenin2009slightlylessthanhalfoftheimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
America(47%)wereunauthorizedimmigrants.
CombiningthePEWestimateswiththedatainTable1,therecenttrendinthestateofKansas
appearstobetowardadecreaseinunauthorizedimmigrationasapercentageoftotal
immigration(from40.7%ofimmigrantsin2008to36.3%in2010).
DatafromtheAmericanCommunitySurveycanbeusedtomapthelocationofimmigrants.The
smallestgeographicalunitforwhichthiscanbedoneiscalledaPUMA(PublicUseMicrodata
ThepercentageofunauthorizedimmigrantsoriginatinginMexicoandCentralAmericahasbeenrelativelystable
overthelastdecade.
Area).APUMAisdefinedsuchthatitincludesapopulationofatleast100,000persons.Inrural
partsofthestate,aPUMAwillcontainseveralcounties.Inurbanpartsofthestate,several
PUMAsmaybeincludedinonecounty.Map1andMap2showimmigrantpopulationasa
percentofPUMApopulationin2009andimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentral
AmericaasapercentoftotalPUMApopulationin2009,respectively.Itisobviousthatthereis
notarandomdistributionoftheimmigrantpopulation.Immigrantsareconcentratedinthe
southwesternPUMAandinurbanPUMAs.ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaare
evenmoreconcentratedinthesouthwesternKansasPUMAandinKansasurbanPUMAs.The
reasonforthisconcentrationisthattheselocationshavejobsthatuseimmigrantlabor.Wewill
addressthisinmoredepthinthesectionsoftheprofilethatdealwiththelaborforce
characteristicsofimmigrants.
Thedemographicsoftheimmigrantpopulationandthenonimmigrantpopulationare
dramaticallydifferent.Charts2Aand2Bareagepyramidsforthetwopopulationgroups.The
differencesareobvious,withtheimmigrantpopulationmuchmoreconcentratedinagesthat
areeconomicallyactive.
Chart2A:AgePyramidforKansasImmigrants(2009)
Age
75+
7074
6064
5054
4044
Female
3034
Male
2024
1014
04
2010010 20 Percent
Chart2BAgePyramidforKansasNonImmigrants(2009)
Age
75+
7074
6064
5054
4044
Female
3034
Male
2024
1014
04
201001020 Percent
Table2showssimilarinformationfortheageandgenderdistributionofthreegroups:all
immigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andUSnatives.Intheimmigrant
population,therearemoremalesthanfemales,whereastheoppositeistrueinthenative
population.Intheimmigrantpopulationthereisamuchsmallerpercentageofthepopulation
intheveryyoungandveryoldagecategories.Thishasimplicationsregardingthedemandfor
governmentservices,suchaseducationandhealthcare.Over80%oftheimmigrant
population,andover84%oftheimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,are
betweentheagesof19and65.Thisistrueforbothmalesandfemales.Thiscompareswith
approximately60%ofnativemalesand58%ofnativefemales.Thisdramaticdifferenceinthe
workingagepopulationisareflectionofoneofthelongrecognizedLawsofMigration,thathas
beennotedbysocialscientistssincethe19thCentury(Ravenstein,1885).Namely,that
immigrationisprimarilycausedbyeconomicforces.
Table2
BasicDemographicsofKansasImmigrantsandNatives,2009
Age
Male
Female
All
AllImmigrants
0.70%
1168
1.30%
1844
1.00%
9.60%
10539
12.10%
19335
10.80%
41.40%
34687
39.70%
72754
40.60%
42.80%
35539
40.70%
74883
41.80%
5.40%
5349
6.10%
10340
5.80%
100.00%
87282
100.00%
179156
100.00%
Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
0.50%
597
1.40%
846
0.90%
11.20%
6014
14.00%
11986
12.40%
05
618
1935
3665
65+
Total
676
8796
38067
39344
4991
91874
05
618
249
5972
1935
23748
44.40%
3665
65+
Total
21855
1633
53457
40.90%
3.10%
100.00%
05
618
1935
3665
65+
Total
122574
244405
306797
477813
151668
1303257
9.40%
18.80%
23.50%
36.70%
11.60%
100.00%
17434
40.50%
41182
42.70%
18740
43.50%
282
0.70%
43067
100.00%
Natives
116347
8.70%
240714
18.00%
293123
21.90%
480978
36.00%
205172
15.40%
1336334 100.00%
40595
1915
96524
42.10%
2.00%
100.00%
238921
485119
599920
958791
356840
2639591
9.10%
18.40%
22.70%
36.30%
13.50%
100.00%
Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2009
ThereisinsufficientinformationintheAmericanCommunitySurveytoanalyzeseparatelythe
age/gendercompositionofunauthorizedImmigrantsinthestateofKansas.HoweverifKansas
followsnationaltrends,thenthesamepatternwouldprevailofahighpercentageofworking
agemales,andalowpercentageoftheveryyoungandveryold,thatprevailsfortheimmigrant
populationasawholeinKansas.Wetakethisasevidencethattheunauthorizedimmigrantsof
Kansasfollowasimilarage/genderbreakdownastheUnitedStatesasawhole.Inthecountry
asawhole,only1.2%ofunauthorizedimmigrantsare65yearsofageorolder,comparedwith
12%ofnatives(PasselandCohn,2011,p.6).Similarly35%ofunauthorizedimmigrantsare
malesbetweentheagesof18and39,comparedwith14%ofthepopulationofnatives.
Table3
LaborForceStatusofIndividualsover18yearsofAge(Kansas,2009)
EmploymentStatus
Male
Female
All
AllImmigrants
Employed
65544 79.50% 44682 57.60% 110226 68.90%
Unemployed
4464
5.40%
3680
4.70%
8144
5.10%
Notinlaborforce
12394 15.00% 29234 37.70%
41628 26.00%
Total
82402 100% 77596 100% 159998 100%
Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
Employed
39121 82.80% 19599 53.80%
58720 70.20%
Unemployed
2914
6.20%
2069
5.70%
4983
6.00%
Notinlaborforce
5201 11.00% 14788 40.60%
19989 23.90%
Total
47236 100% 36456 100%
83692
100%
Natives
Employed
653929 69.80% 597413 61.00% 1251342 65.30%
Unemployed
46788 5.00% 38092 3.90%
84880
4.40%
Notinlaborforce
235561 25.20% 343768 35.10% 579329 30.20%
Total
936278 100% 979273 100% 1915551 100%
Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2009
Theeconomiccausesformigrationarealsoreflectedinthelaborforcestatusofimmigrants,
especiallymales,whencomparedtothatofnatives.Table3showsthatthemalelaborforce
participationrate(percentemployedpluspercentunemployed)is85%forimmigrantsversus
75%fornatives.Thefemalelaborforceparticipationrateishigherfornativesthanfor
immigrants,duetothefactthatimmigrantfemalesaremorelikelytobeyoung,haveyoung
children,andstayathometocareforthosechildren(Fortuny,etal.,2009,p.1).Thelaborforce
participationrateforimmigrantmalesfromMexicoandCentralAmericais89%.Combining
Tables2and3clearlydemonstratesthattheimmigrationprocessisselectiveofworkingage
males,andthatthisprocessisaccentuatedforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
Theseresultsareconsistentwithnationaltrends.Althoughthereisnodirectestimateofthe
9
laborforceparticipationratesofunauthorizedimmigrantsinKansas,nationaldataindicatethat
thelaborforceparticipationrateishigherforunauthorizedimmigrantsthanforimmigrants
fromMexicoandCentralAmerica(PasselandCohn,2009,pp.1213).
RecallthattheimmigrantpercentageofthepopulationinKansaswas6.3%in2009.Inthesame
year,immigrantsmadeup8.8%ofemployment.Immigrantmalesmakeup6.5%oftheKansas
malepopulation,and10.0%ofemployedmales,whereasimmigrantfemalesmakeup5.5%of
theKansasfemalepopulationand7.5%ofemployedfemales.
ThesameinformationinTables2and3areavailablefor2008.TheyareincludedintheData
AppendixasTablesA.2andA.3.Theyreflectthefactthat2009wasthesecondyearofa
prolongedrecession.Forallpopulationgroups,theemploymentratewashigherandthe
unemploymentratewaslowerin2008thanin2009.
AlsonotableinTable3isthefactthattheunemploymentrateishigherforimmigrantsthanfor
natives.Thisisconsistentwithnationaldata,andisareversaloftrends(PasselandCohn,2009,
p.14).Theconcentrationofimmigrantsintheconstructionindustry(seeTable4below),a
sectorthatwasdisproportionallynegativelyaffectedbytherecessionthatbeganin2008,
explainsmost,ifnotall,ofthischangeintrend.
Table4presentsabreakdownofparticipationinthejobsinbroadindustrialsectorsby
immigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andnatives.Eachcellinthetable
showsthepercentageoftotaljobsinthatsectorthatisrepresentedbythespecifiedgender
andimmigrantstatusindicated.So,forexample,ofalljobsintheconstructionindustryin2009,
11.6%wereheldbyimmigrantmalesfromMexicoorCentralAmerica.Thesumofjob
percentagesheldbyallimmigrants(maleandfemale)andallnatives(malesandfemale)is
100%foreachsector.
ThepercentofimmigrantjobsheldbyimmigrantswhoarefromMexicoorCentralAmericacan
beinferredfromTable4.Forexample,wecaninferthat91%ofjobsheldbyimmigrantmalesin
constructionwereheldbyimmigrantsfromMexicoorCentralAmerica(11.6%/12.7%).The
classificationoftypeofindustryinTable4isbroadsectorsoftheNorthAmericanIndustrial
ClassificationSystems(NAICS).Withineachofthesebroadcategories,thereistypicallya
subcategoryinwhichtheindustryusesimmigrantlabordisproportionatelyinthestateof
Kansas.Forexample,intheAgricultural,Forestry,FishingandHuntingbroadcategory,
immigrantlaborisdisproportionatelyusedintheanimalproductionsubcategory.Inthe
Manufacturingbroadcategory,immigrantlaborisdisproportionatelyusedintheanimal
processingandslaughteringsubcategory.Restaurantsandconstructionaretheothertwo
industriesthatuseimmigrantlaborthemostinKansas.Amoredetailedversionofthe
industriesthatemployimmigrantlaborisincludedintheDataAppendixasTableA.4.
10
Table4
ParticipationinKansasJobsinBroadIndustrialSectorsbyImmigrantStatus&Gender
ImmigrantsOver18from
AllImmigrants0ver18 Mexico&CentralAmerica NativesOver18
Male
Female
Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing&Hunting
6.90%
1.60%
Mining
9.70%
0.00%
Utilities
1.10%
2.80%
Construction
12.70%
0.20%
Manufacturing
7.00%
5.30%
WholesaleTrade
7.20%
1.40%
RetailTrade
2.40%
3.70%
Transportation&Warehousing
2.90%
0.60%
Information&Communication
2.60%
2.50%
Professional,Scientific,Management*
5.80%
4.60%
Finance,Insurance&RealEstate**
2.30%
1.30%
Educational,Health&SocialServices
2.10%
3.70%
Arts,Entertainment,Recreation***
4.90%
5.20%
OtherServices(ExceptPublicAdministration)
3.10%
4.80%
PublicAdministration
1.40%
0.80%
ActiveDutyMilitary
0.40%
2.60%
4.40%
3.40%
AllJobsforIndividualsOver18
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
*AlsoincludesAdministration&WasteManagementServices
**AlsoincludesRental&Leasing
***AlsoincludesAccommodations,&FoodServices
Male
6.90%
9.70%
0.00%
11.60%
3.80%
5.80%
0.80%
1.90%
0.50%
2.80%
0.90%
0.30%
3.70%
1.90%
0.40%
0.00%
2.60%
Female
1.50%
0.00%
2.80%
0.20%
3.00%
0.60%
1.20%
0.20%
0.00%
2.70%
0.20%
1.10%
3.50%
2.60%
0.00%
0.00%
1.50%
Male
77.90%
84.20%
73.10%
79.70%
64.00%
66.40%
46.20%
71.50%
47.30%
49.50%
40.90%
20.50%
39.40%
44.10%
48.80%
86.50%
47.60%
Female
13.70%
6.10%
23.10%
7.30%
23.80%
24.90%
47.70%
25.00%
47.60%
40.10%
55.50%
73.60%
50.40%
48.00%
49.00%
10.50%
44.60%
Twodifferentdimensionsofthejobsofimmigrantsareimportant:1)thetypeofindustryin
whichimmigrantsholdjobsand2)theoccupationsofimmigrantswithinthoseindustries.
Occupationsobviouslyalignwithindustries,sotheoccupationsthatshowupmostfrequently
forimmigrantsareconsistentwiththeindustrieswithinwhichimmigrantswork.Tables5and6
containoccupationsforwhichthereweremorethanonethousandjobsheldbyimmigrantsof
eachgenderin2009.Theoccupationcategoriesusedarefromthe1990StandardOccupation
codes.ThetablesalsocontainthecountofoccupationsheldbyimmigrantsfromMexicoand
CentralAmerica.Bothtablescontainnotonlythecountofjobsforeachgenderspecific
occupation,butalsothepercentageofeachgenderspecificoccupationcategoryheldbyall
immigrants.AcompletelistofimmigrantoccupationsiscontainedintheDataAppendixas
TablesA5andA6.
11
Table5
KansasOccupationswith>1000MaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
OccupationCategory1990SOC
Constructionlaborers
Gardeners&groundskeepers
Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
Carpenters
Truck,delivery,&tractordrivers
Cooks,variouslydefined
Farmworkers
Butchers&meatcutters
Janitors
Laborersoutsideconstruction
Roofers&slaters
Computersoftwaredevelopers
Assemblersofelectricalequipment
Programmersofnumericallycontrolledmachinetools
Miscfoodprepworkers
Managers&administrators,n.e.c.
Painters,construction&maintenance
Computersystemsanalysts&computerscientists
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
All
ImmigrantsfromMexico&
Immigrants
CentralAmerica
4300(20.5%)
3962(18.9%)
3591(29.4%)
3359(27.5%)
3367(33.8%)
0(0%)
3025(15.8%
2967(15.5%)
3009(7.8%)
2806(7.3%)
2862(14.5)
1856(9.4%)
2612(27%
2612(27%)
2329(62.9%)
2103(56.8%)
2103(11.3%)
1678(9.1%
1856(7.4%)
1078(4.3%
1803(55.6%
1670(51.5%
1711(23.5%)
0(0%)
1659(13.7%)
1166(9.6%)
1525(51.1%)
361(12.1%)
1489(33.0%)
996(22.1%)
1367(3.0%)
91(0.2%)
1241(18.0%)
1241(18.0%)
1032(2.6%)
0(0%)
Tables46paintapictureofthetypicalimmigrantoccupationandindustry.Thejobstendto
belowskilledespeciallyamongimmigrantsforMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thereareafew
occupations(teachers,electricalequipmentassemblers,computersystemsanalysts)thathave
over1000immigrants,butallofthesehavealowincidenceofimmigrantsfromMexicoand
CentralAmerica.
Forbothmenandwomen,theoccupationthathasthehighestpercentageofimmigrant
workersisbutchersandmeatcutters.Over70%ofbutchersandmeatcuttersareimmigrants,
andover75%ofimmigrantbutchersandmeatcuttersareimmigrantsfromMexicoorCentral
America.ItisobviousthatthemeatpackingindustryinKansasdependsheavilyonimmigrant
laborfromMexicoorCentralAmerica.Thefindingsofthisstudywithrespecttoindustrialand
occupationdistributionoftheimmigrantlaborforceinthestateofKansasareconsistentwith
thefindingsofarecentnationalstudybytheBrookingsInstitution(Singer,2012).
12
Table6
KansasOccupationswith>1000FemaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
All
Immigrants
OccupationCategory1990SOC
Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,lodgingquarterscleaners
Butchersandmeatcutters
Nursingaides,orderlies,andattendants
Janitors
Cooks,variouslydefined
Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
Miscfoodprepworkers
Assemblersofelectricalequipment
Hairdressersandcosmetologists
Childcareworkers
Supervisorsandproprietorsofsalesjobs
Machineoperators,n.e.c.
Cashiers
Waiter'sassistant
Packersandpackagersbyhand
Retailsalesclerks
Teachers,n.e.c.
4080(38.8%)
3505(78.5%)
2588(6.7%)
2418(27.4%)
2398(12.8%)
1839(19.3%)
1718(32.8%)
1674(19.9%)
1590(18.7%)
1531(9.2%)
1454(8.0%)
1408(27.9%)
1247(5.4%)
1211(26.4%)
1122(34.8%)
1065(5.4%)
1008(4.7%)
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
Immigrants
fromMexico
&Central
America
3781(26.6%)
2319(52.0%)
317(0.8%)
1845(20.9%
2126(11.4%)
129(1.4%)
491(9.4%)
0(0%)
650(7.6%)
657(3.9%)
707(3.9%)
625(12.4%)
384(1.7%)
1038(22.7%)
760(23.6%)
215(1.1%)
193(0.9%)
ThelowskillcontentofimmigrantoccupationsisreflectedinTable7.TheTableisdividedinto
twoparts.ThetoppartshowstheeducationalattainmentofschoolagedKansansbyimmigrant
status,andgender.ThebottompartofthetableshowseducationalattainmentofKansans25
yearsofageorolder,byimmigrantstatusandgender.Only12%ofworkingage(>24)male
immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaand13%ofworkingageoffemaleimmigrants
fromMexicoandCentralAmericahavemorethanahighschooldegree.Thiscompareswith
over50%forbothnativemalesandfemales.Over70%ofworkingagemaleimmigrantswith
birthplacesoutsideofMexicoandCentralAmerica,havemorethanahighschooldegree.For
workingagefemaleimmigrantswithbirthplacesotherthanMexicoandCentralAmerica,50%
havemorethanahighschooldegree.Ifcanbeinferredthatmostofthehighskilledimmigrant
occupationsareheldbyimmigrantsfrombirthplacesotherthanMexicoandCentralAmerica.
13
Table7
EducationalAttainmentbyImmigrantstatus,GenderandBroadAgeCategory(Kansas,2009)
AllImmigrants
Education
N/Aornoschooling
Nurseryschoolgrade4
Grade5,6,7,or8
Grade9
Grade10
Grade11
Grade12
1yearofcollege
2yearsofcollege
4yearsofcollege
5+yearsofcollege
Males624
Freq
%
62
0.32
2696
14.07
5455
28.47
1060
5.53
958
5
1903
9.93
3381
17.65
2604
13.59
209
1.09
832
4.34
0
0
Females624
Freq
%
408
2.53
3111
19.31
3462
21.49
197
1.22
2144
13.31
1170
7.26
2827
17.55
2001
12.42
221
1.37
570
3.54
0
0
AllImmigrants
Males>24
Freq
%
Education
N/Aornoschooling
2094
2.91
Nurseryschoolgrade4
4700
6.52
Grade5,6,7,or8
13446
18.67
Grade9
3518
4.88
Grade10
2552
3.54
Grade11
910
1.26
Grade12
17529
24.33
1yearofcollege
6707
9.31
2yearsofcollege
2400
3.33
4yearsofcollege
8608
11.95
5+yearsofcollege
9574
13.29
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
America
Males624
Females624
Freq
%
Freq
%
14
0.12
44
0.47
1895
16.23
2206
23.74
4025
34.47
2501
26.92
1034
8.86
197
2.12
808
6.92
1680
18.08
1729
14.81
1015
10.92
1861
15.94
1347
14.5
311
2.66
130
1.4
0
0
172
1.85
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
America
Females>24
Males>24
Females>24
Natives
Males624
Freq
%
2291
0.62
95730
25.8
77485
20.88
18779
5.06
22860
6.16
22567
6.08
64681
17.43
45826
12.35
6968
1.88
13192
3.56
645
0.17
Females624
Freq
%
1114
0.31
95089
26.49
73054
20.35
22428
6.25
18683
5.2
18253
5.08
55849
15.56
50368
14.03
5937
1.65
17424
4.85
764
0.21
Natives
Males>24
Females>24
Freq
Freq
Freq
Freq
Freq
2502
1823
11112
3507
2105
2085
24119
5183
3425
8167
5975
3.57
2.6
15.87
5.01
3.01
2.98
34.45
7.4
4.89
11.67
8.54
1067
4076
12896
3371
2339
393
12373
2584
594
929
909
2.57
9.81
31.05
8.12
5.63
0.95
29.79
6.22
1.43
2.24
2.19
1318
1349
9082
3043
2025
1597
10344
1837
897
1372
314
3.97
4.07
27.37
9.17
6.1
4.81
31.18
5.54
2.7
4.14
0.95
3448
1077
17020
7787
10429
18490
0.43
0.13
2.1
0.96
1.29
2.28
38.98
17.08
6.17
20.45
10.13
3903
1360
15557
9512
13585
15594
0.45
0.16
1.81
1.1
1.58
1.81
36.94
17.33
8.53
20.24
10.04
315584
138251
49980
165548
82045
318099
149202
73478
174302
86432
Lowskillsaretypicallyassociatedwithlowincome.Thatrelationshipshowsupinthepoverty
statistics.TheFederalGovernmentestablishes,foreachhouseholdsize,apovertylevelof
income.Thehouseholdincomeofeachhouseholdisthencomparedtothepovertylevel,and
canbeexpressedasapercentageofthatpovertylevel.Table8showsthepercentofindividuals
whoresideinhouseholdsthathavetheindicatedpercentageofthepovertylevel.Thetableis
alsosubdividedbygenderandimmigrationstatus.ByFederalguidelines,anyindividualwho
residesinahouseholdthathasanincomelevellessthanorequalto100%ofthepovertylevel
(i.e.thefirsttworowsoftable8),isconsideredtobepoor.Bythiscriterionalittleover14%of
nativemalesliveinpovertyandalittleover16%ofnativefemalesliveinpoverty.Bythesame
criterionamuchhigherpercentageofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericalivein
14
Table8
PovertyStatusofKansansbyGenderandImmigrantBirthplace
AllImmigrants
Immigrantsfrom
Mexico&Central
America
Natives
PercentofPoverty
Male Female Male Female Male Female
050%
8.69% 12.59% 6.16% 15.52% 7.89%
8.66%
51100%
13.16% 13.74% 18.85% 22.88% 6.16%
7.42%
101200%
30.55% 27.41% 39.11% 36.61% 16.25% 18.55%
201300%
15.84% 16.78% 18.79% 14.66% 17.68% 17.35%
301400%
8.23%
8.80%
6.72%
5.36% 14.59% 13.80%
401500%
7.33%
6.59%
4.13%
1.30% 12.20% 10.83%
501+%
16.20% 14.09% 6.24%
3.67% 25.23% 23.39%
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
poverty(approximately38%offemalesand25%ofmales).Therearemanyissuesinvolvedin
usingFederalPovertyguidelinesasameasureoffamiliesinneedmostresearchwouldsay
thatusingtheseguidelinestendstounderstatetherealextentofpoverty.4Usingothercriteria
wouldnotchangethequalitativeresultfromabove.Infact,itwouldreinforcethoseresults.A
verylargepercentageofimmigrantsandanevenlargerpercentageofimmigrantsfromMexico
andCentralAmericafallinthe101%200%ofpovertycategory,suchthatthetotalpercentage
ofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericathatfallsbelow200%ofthepovertylineis
over64%ofmalesandover75%offemales.
Anothercharacteristicoftheimmigrantpopulationthatdifferssignificantlyfromthatofthe
nativepopulationistheirhousingtype.Althoughamajorityofimmigrantsliveinowner
occupiedhousing,theincidenceofowneroccupancy(55%)iswellbelowthatofthenative
population(almost70%),ascanbeseeninTable9.Noticethelowincidenceofgroupquarters
residentsamongimmigrantsforMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thiswillhaveimplicationsforthe
demandforcertaintypesofgovernmentservicesamongimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
America,addressedinthefinalpartofthisstudy.
TheAmericancommunitysurveyalsohasaseriesofquestionsregardingtheamountof
propertytaxespaid.Table10showsthedistributionofpropertytaxespaidbyhouseholdsby
immigrantstatus.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatsome,ifnotall,ofpropertytaxespaidby
landlordsofrentalpropertiesgetspassedontotherenters,sothatrentersindirectlypay
propertytaxes.
Onealternativetothepovertylineisalivingwagecalculator,(http://www.livingwage.geog.psu.edu/)developed
byPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.
15
Table9
HousingTypeofKansansbyImmigrantStatus
Natives
HousingType
Frequency
%
Groupquarters*
78044 2.96
Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
1832855 69.44
Rental
728692 27.61
AllImmigrants
Groupquarters*
4088 2.28
Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
98583 55.03
Rental
76485 42.69
ImmigrantsfromMexico&CentralAmerica
Groupquarters*
1038 1.08
Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
53171 55.09
Rental
42315 43.84
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
*TheCensusBureaudefinesgroupquarterstoinclude:collegeresidencehalls,
correctionalfacilities,residentialtreatmentcenters,skillednursingfacilities,
grouphomes,militarybarracks,workersdormitories,&facilitiesforthehomeless.
Table10
PercentDistributionofPropertyTaxAmountsPaidbyImmigrantStatus
Immigrantsfrom
Mexico&Central
Natives AllImmigrants
America
Renters,GroupQuarter,etc.
29.53%
44.97%
44.91%
3.29%
$0
1.54%
2.27%
16.71%
25.44%
$1$999
25.14%
15.16%
16.90%
$1,000$1,999
22.86%
11.56%
7.94%
$2,000$2,999
11.33%
5.49%
0.98%
$3,000$3,999
4.90%
1.30%
0.06%
$4,000$4,999
2.07%
0.64%
0
$5,000$5,999
1.01%
0.91%
0
$6,000$6,999
0.61%
0.52%
0
$7,000$7,999
0.34%
0.15%
0
$8,000$8,999
0.21%
0.04%
0
$9,000$9,999
0.14%
0.26%
0
$10,000+
0.32%
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
16
TheEconomicContributionofImmigrantsintheStateofKansas
Toassesstheeconomiccontributionofimmigrantsweuseaneconomicdevelopment
assessmentsoftwarepackageknownasIMPLAN.Thepackagemodelstheeconomyofa
region,andhasdataappropriatetotheregionbeinganalyzedbuiltintothesoftware.
IMPLANiscommonlyusedtoassesstheeconomicimpactofaddingorsubtractingjobsina
particularindustryorsetofindustries5.ThisisaccomplishedbyusingSocialAccounting
Matricesthatcontainthedollaramountsofallbusinesstransactionstakingplaceinaregional
economy(inthiscase,theregionisthestateofKansas),basedonreportseachyearby
businessesandgovernmentalagencies.TheIMPLANuserspecifiesachangethatoccursina
regionaleconomy.Forexample,ausermightwanttoanalyzetheeffectofaddingameat
packingplantinsouthwesternKansasthatwouldhave200jobs.IMPLANthenprovidesthree
typesofeffectsthatresultfromtheuserspecifiedchange.Thedirecteffectistheuserspecified
change(200jobswhichwouldimplyanadditiontotheincomestreamandoutputthatis
specifictothemeatpackingindustry,withassociatedincome,propertyandindirectbusiness
taxes).Theindirecteffectsaredeterminedbytheamountofthedirecteffectspentwithinthe
studyregiononsupplies,services,laborandtaxes.Inourexample,themeatpackingplant
wouldpurchasesupplies,machinery,constructionlabor,etc.Theportionofthatspendingthat
occursinKansasistheindirecteffectofthechange.Finallytheinducedeffectmeasuresthe
moneythatisrespentinthestateofKansasasaresultofspendingfromthedirectandindirect
effect.Thisisalsoknownasthemultipliereffect.Jobholdersspendsomeoftheirincomein
Kansas,andthisspendinggeneratesmorespendinginthestateofKansas.Eachofthesesteps
recognizesanimportantleakagefromtheeconomicstudyregionspentonpurchasesoutsideof
thedefinedarea.Eventuallytheseleakageswillstopthecycleofinducedeffects.
IMPLANestimatesthedirect,indirect,andinductsimpactsofthespecifiedchangeonthe
output,income,jobs,andfederal,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedintheregionaleconomy.To
estimatetheeconomiccontributionofimmigrants,weusetheAmericanCommunitySurvey
countofjobsforallimmigrantsandforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericabyvery
detailedindustry(appendixTableA4).6ThosejobsareremovedfromtheKansaseconomy,and
thedirect,indirectandinducedeffectsarecalculated.Table11showsthattheresultofthat
subtractionofimmigrantjobshasamajorimpactonanygeneralmeasureofeconomicactivity:
jobs,valueadded,employeecompensation,proprietorsincome,andotherpropertytype
income.Notethatthesecategoriesaredifferentmeasuresofeconomicactivityandshouldnot
besummed.AccordingtotheACS,thenumberofjobsheldbyimmigrantsin2009inthose
detailedindustrieswas132,776.
AlistofclientscanbeviewedontheIMPLANwebsite(http://implan.com/v4/index.php).
ThetotalnumberofjobsintheAmericanCommunitySurveymatchescloselythetotalnumberofjobsusedby
IMPLANforitsmodeloftheKansasEconomy.Thereweretwominordiscrepancies(involvingaggregationsof
categories)betweentheNAICScategoriesusedbyIMPLANandtheACS.
17
Source:AuthorsCalculations
Jobs
ValueAdded
EmployeeCompensation
Proprietors'Income
OtherPropertyTypeIncome
Jobs
ValueAdded
EmployeeCompensation
Proprietors'Income
OtherPropertyTypeIncome
Source:IMPLANcalculations
Jobs
ValueAdded
EmployeeCompensation
Proprietors'Income
OtherPropertyTypeIncome
Direct
39,546
2,510,921,694
1,381,721,960
219,487,763
748,964,436
Direct
73,573
4,671,458,719
2,570,632,574
408,347,272
1,393,415,196
Direct
132,776
9,710,120,720
5,187,810,411
694,523,498
3,244,303,500
Induced
55,977
3,593,600,646
1,801,390,746
243,143,293
1,175,422,004
Total
242,729
17,804,121,422
9,259,062,999
1,284,107,689
5,891,242,537
Induced
30,560
1,883,972,472
944,315,461
127,486,438
616,245,709
17,262
1,356,795,597
678,743,802
112,812,441
436,878,977
Indirect
18
16,426
1,012,640,298
507,572,114
68,524,305
331,233,735
Induced
73,234
4,880,357,590
2,568,037,876
400,824,509
1,517,077,148
Total
Total
136,249
9,079,689,369
4,777,720,848
$745,716,265
2,822,454,912
UnauthorizedImmigrants
Indirect
32,116
2,524,258,179
1,262,772,814
209,882,555
812,794,007
Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
Indirect
53,975
4,500,400,055
2,269,861,842
346,440,897
1,471,517,034
Table11:AggregateKansasImmigrantEconomicImpact(2009)
AllImmigrants
Mexcian&Central
Americanas%of
ImmigrantTotal
59.5%
56.1%
55.6%
60.6%
55.2%
Direct Direct+Indirect+
Unauthorizedas%
as%of
Inducedas%of
ofImmigrantTotal
KSTotal
KSTotal
2.20%
31.98%
4.09%
1.94%
30.15%
3.76%
1.94%
29.89%
3.66%
2.20%
32.57%
3.98%
1.83%
29.67%
3.71%
Direct Direct+Indirect+
as%of
Inducedas%of
KSTotal
KSTotal
4.1%
7.6%
3.6%
7.0%
3.6%
6.8%
4.1%
7.4%
3.4%
6.9%
Direct Direct+Indirect+
as%of
Inducedas%of
KSTotal
KSTotal
7.3%
13.5%
7.4%
13.6%
7.3%
13.1%
6.9%
12.8%
7.9%
14.4%
ThepurposeoftheIMPLANsimulationexerciseistodocumentthecontributionof
immigrantstotheeconomyofKansas.Theresultsareannualresults,,andshouldbe
interpretedasshortrunresultsfortheentirestateofKansas.Theseresultsdonottakeinto
accountlongtermconsequencesoftheeliminationofimmigrantjobs.Theresultsreflectthe
economyofthestateasitiscurrentlyconfigured.Somepossiblelongtermconsequencescould
mitigatetheeffectsofTable11andsomecouldexacerbatethem.InthefollowingparagraphsI
addresssomeofthepossibilities.Thediscussioncentersonunauthorizedimmigrants,since
policiesaimedataffectingimmigrationaregenerallyaimedatunauthorizedimmigration.
Itmightbearguedthatovertime,nativeswouldtakethejobscurrentlybeingheldby
immigrants.Thisisunlikelytooccurtoanylargeextent.In2009theunemploymentrateamong
Kansasnonimmigrantswas4.4%.Ifeveryunemployednonimmigrantweretotakeajob
currentlyheldbyanimmigrant,therewouldstillbealmost50,000jobsnottaken.Itseems
morelikelythat,giventheagingofthenativepopulation,thelongtermmayrequirethat
immigrantsmakeupalargerproportionofthelaborforce(Papademetriouetal.,2009).
Itmightalsobearguedthatreducingimmigrantlaborwillincreasetheearningsofnon
immigrants,thusmitigatingtheeffectsshowninTable11.Otherstudieshaveshownthat
nativelaborandimmigrantlaborarerelativelyweaksubstitutes(Card,2007).Thereissome
evidencethatthewagesoflowskillednonimmigrantsareadverselyaffectedbyimmigration
(Borjas,2003),butatthesametimethereisevidencethattheaveragewagesofthenon
immigrantlaborforceareincreasedbyimmigration(Shapiro&Velluci,2010;Card,2007;
Orrenius&Zavodny,2006).
Mostofthepopulationgrowththathasoccurredinthestatesince1990isduetoimmigration.
In1990,2.5%(1990DemographicCensus)ofthepopulationinthestatewasforeignborn.In
2010,thatpercentagehadgrownto6.5%(2010ACS).Thisstudydoesnottakeintoaccount
potentialfuturegrowthintheforeignbornpopulation,nordoesittakeintoaccountany
indirectorinducedeffectsofsuchgrowth.
Maps1and2demonstratedthattherelativeimportanceofimmigrationisnotevenly
distributedgeographically.Itwouldbeverydifficulttoarguethatthelivestockandmeat
packingindustriesofsouthwesternKansaswouldbeabletofindsufficientlabortooperateat
theircurrentlevelswithoutimmigrantlabor.TheIMPLANmethodassumesthatindustries
canscaledownoperationsproportionallytothelaborloss.Itisaltogetherpossiblethatwithout
immigrantlabor,themeatprocessingindustryofsouthwesternKansaswouldceasetoexist,
therebyincreasingthenegativeeffectsofimmigrantjobloss.
Onbalance,theliteraturepointstoanegativecorrelationbetweenundocumentedimmigrant
jobsandtheearningsoftheunskillednonimmigrantpopulation.TheresultsoftheIMPLAN
simulationseemreasonableasshorttermestimates,andwewillproceedtoanalyzethose
19
resultsinmoredetailintheparagraphsthatfollow.Wethenproceedtodiscusslongterm
adjustmentstotheeliminationofundocumentedimmigrantjobs.
AggregateEconomicContributionsofImmigrants
Table11indicatesthatthedirectimpactofeliminatingimmigrantjobsisalossofbetween6.9%
and7.9%ofthegeneralmeasuresofeconomicactivity.Itisreasonabletoconcludethat
immigrationisdirectlyresponsiblefor7%to8%oftheKansasEconomy.Whenindirectand
inducedeffectsaretakenintoaccount,thispercentageincreasestobetween12.8%and14.4%.
TheaverageKansasjobmultiplierforimmigrantjobsisalmost2(1.828).Foreveryimmigrant
jobinKansasanadditional.828ofajobiscreatedintheKansaseconomy.Similarlythevalue
addedmultiplieris1.833.ForeverydollarofvalueaddedbyKansasimmigrants,anadditional
$0.83ofvalueaddediscreatedintheKansaseconomy.Theseimpactstakeintoaccountthe
leakagesfromtheKansaseconomyassociatedwithimmigrantjobs.
FromTable11itcanalsobeseenthatimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmericais
consistentlyresponsibleforbetween55%and60%ofthetotalcontributionofimmigrationto
thesegeneralmeasuresofeconomicactivity.Thefactthatthepercentofjobs(59%)ishigher
thanthepercentofemployeecompensation(55%)indicatesthatimmigrantsfromMexicoand
CentralAmericahaverelativelylowearnings.Thejobmultiplierisslightlyhigherforimmigrants
fromMexicoandCentralAmerica(1.852vs.1.833forallimmigrants),indicatingthat
immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareengagedinactivitiesthathavetieswithmore
laborintensiveand/orconsumecommoditiesfromKansasthataremorelaborintensiveintheir
production.
Table11alsopresentstheaggregatecontributionofunauthorizedimmigrationontheKansas
Economy.Toestimatetheeffectsofunauthorizedimmigration,weusethefollowing
assumptions:
Therewere65,000unauthorizedimmigrantsinKansasin2009(basedonPEW
estimates)
Unauthorizedimmigrantshavethesamedemographicandlaborforcecharacteristicsas
immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica(thiswouldbeaconservativeestimateof
theemploymentrate,accordingtoPEWresearch(PasselandCohn,2009,pp.1213).
sinceunauthorizedimmigrantsaremorelikelytohaveajobthanallimmigrantsfrom
MexicoandCentralAmerica).ThePEWnationalestimateisthat70%ofunauthorized
immigrantsarefromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
Eachunauthorizedimmigrantwhoisworkinghasonejob.
Undertheseassumptions,39,546jobswereheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantsinthestateof
Kansasin2009.Thetypesofjobsheldare,byassumption,distributedthesameasthejobsheld
20
byimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thegeneraleconomicimpactofunauthorized
immigrantsontheKansasEconomycanbeseeninthebottompanelofTable11.
IndustrialSectorImpact
IMPLANallowstheanalysttoviewtheimpactsofthepositedchangeonallindustries.7The
nextsetoftablespresenttheindustriesthataremostsensitivetoimmigration,andthosethat
aremostsensitivetoimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.Eachofthefivegeneral
measuresofeconomicactivityhasaseparatetableforimmigrationandimmigrationfrom
MexicoandCentralAmerica.
Table12:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalJobsAttributedtoImmigration(KS2009)
Rank IndustryDescription
1
Foodservices&drinkingplaces
2
Construction
3
Administrativesupportservices
4
Professional,scientific&technicalservices
5
Educationalservices
6
Foodproducts
7
Wholesaletrade
8
Government&nonNAICs
9
Ambulatoryhealthcare
10 Livestock
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
Direct
12,197
15,455
8,313
7,059
11,272
9,969
4,112
2,227
3,545
2,950
Indirect
2,063
412
5,802
6,859
82
971
5,382
3,591
117
4,293
Induced
6,250
140
1,735
1,656
1,062
175
1,459
2,573
4,265
95
Total
20,510
16,007
15,850
15,574
12,416
11,115
10,953
8,391
7,927
7,338
Webeginwiththeimpactofimmigrationonjobs.Tables12and13presentthetenmostsensitive
industriestoimmigrationandtoimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,respectively.8The
tablesarerankedbythetotalnumberofjobsattributabletoimmigration(thatis,includingindirect
andinducedjobs).EducationalServicesranksinthetoptenforallimmigrants.Itsplaceistakenby
hospitalsinthetoptenforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
Noticethelargedifferencesbetweenindirecteffects(employmentinothersectorsoftheKansas
economythatsupplythesectorinquestion)andinducedeffects(traditionalmultipliereffectsof
spendinginasectorthatgetsrespentintheKansaseconomy).ConsidertheKansaslivestock
industry.BecauseitpurchasesmuchofitsinputsfromKansassuppliers,jobsintheKansaslivestock
ForadetailedexplanationoftheNorthAmericanIndustrialClassificationSystem(NAICS)industries,seethe
BureauofLaborStatisticswebsite(http://www.bls.gov/iag/).
8
ByourassumptionstheimpactofunauthorizedimmigrantsisproportionaltothatofimmigrantsfromMexico
andCentralAmerica,sotherankingsforunauthorizedimmigrationarethesameasthosefromMexicoandCentral
America,forallfivegeneralmeasureofeconomicactivity.
21
Table13:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalJobs(KS2009)Attributedto
ImmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
Ran
IndustryDescription
k
1 Construction
2 Foodservices&drinkingplaces
3 Administrativesupportservices
4 Foodproducts
5 Wholesaletrade
6 Livestock
7 Professional,scientific&technicalservices
8 Government&nonNAICs
9 Ambulatoryhealthcare
10 Hospitals
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
Direct
Indirect
Induced
Total
14,156
9,128
7,428
7,601
2,964
2,950
871
428
873
1,977
239
1,112
3,060
751
3,426
3,392
3,806
2,022
52
2
76
3,411
947
96
795
52
904
1,402
2,326
1,270
14,471
13,651
11,435
8,448
7,185
6,394
5,580
3,852
3,251
3,249
industryhavestrongindirecteffectssomuchsothatindirectjobcreationisgreaterthan
directjobcreation(4293jobsversus2950jobsinTable12).Theambulatoryhealthcare
industrydoesnotpurchasemuchintermsofinputsfromtheKansaseconomy,soitsindirect
effectsaretiny.However,theimmigrantjobsinthatsectorgeneratealotofincome,someof
whichisspentinKansas,resultinginlargeinducedeffects.
TherankingsinTables14and15arebasedonvalueaddedbyimmigrationsensitiveindustries.
Thisrankingcontainssixdifferentindustriesthantherankingforjobs.Mostimportantly,real
estateranksprominentlybythiscriterionforbothallimmigrationandimmigrationfrom
MexicoandCentralAmerica.Noticetheverylargeindirectandinducedeffectsofthereal
estateindustry.Transportationequipment,telecommunications,andlessorofnonfinance
intangibleassets(franchises)areaddedtotherankingsforallimmigration,butnotfor
immigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,whereaspetroleum&coalproductionand
utilitiesareaddedtotherankingsforimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,butnot
forallimmigration.
22
Table14:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalValueAdded(KS$2009)
Rank IndustryDescription
1
Realestate
2
WholesaleTrade
3
Professional,scientific&technicalservices
4
Foodproducts
5
Transportationequipment
6
Construction
7
Telecommunications
8
Lessorofnonfinanceintangibleassets
9
Administrativesupportservices
10 Foodservices&drinkingplaces
Direct
314,535,391
513,727,720
472,699,554
833,946,267
847,659,374
823,051,502
356,125,875
587,401,898
318,873,978
350,849,872
Indirect
412,873,862
672,357,804
459,317,985
81,188,660
72,461,635
21,964,574
227,918,049
41,876,936
222,569,025
59,352,235
Induced
737,922,165
182,266,842
110,909,388
14,685,396
9,144,677
7,429,575
95,650,518
4,985,282
66,534,161
179,768,816
Total
1,465,331,418
1,368,352,366
1,042,926,927
929,820,323
929,265,686
852,445,651
679,694,442
634,264,116
607,977,164
589,970,923
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
Table15:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalValueAdded(KS$2009)Attributed
toImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
IndustryDescription
WholesaleTrade
Construction
Foodproducts
Realestate
Adminsupportservices
Petroleum&coalprod
Foodservices&drinkingplaces
Professional,scientific&technicalservices
Utilities
Livestock
Direct
355,701,127
724,145,285
610,779,260
66,616,610
273,690,884
342,179,926
252,215,087
56,025,702
151,179,371
127,019,404
Indirect
411,105,296
12,229,385
60,358,357
202,961,323
112,748,958
33,352,194
30,725,343
244,786,063
123,251,104
146,041,980
Induced
95,415,636
3,894,903
7,687,201
386,970,072
34,886,698
4,967,852
94,239,130
58,126,203
44,033,275
2,229,980
Total
862,222,059
740,269,573
678,824,818
656,548,006
421,326,540
380,499,972
377,179,561
358,937,969
318,463,750
275,291,364
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
TherankingsinTables16and17arebasedonTotalEmployeeCompensationinimmigration
sensitiveindustries.Notsurprisingly,theindustriesintheserankingsareverysimilartothejob
rankings.Theonlyindustrytoappearontheserankingsthatdontintherankingsforjobsor
valuesaddedistheindustrycalledmanagementofcompanies,whichentersintotherankings
forimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
23
Table16:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalEmployeeCompensation(KS$2009)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
IndustryDescription
Wholesaletrade
Professional,scientific&technicalservices
Transportationequipment
Construction
Foodproducts
Government&nonNAICs
Administrativesupportservices
Ambulatoryhealthcare
Foodservices&drinkingplaces
Hospitals
Direct
268,978,592
321,667,072
552,224,512
563,524,672
509,751,264
128,832,088
246,451,040
200,725,024
203,025,552
191,201,408
Indirect
352,034,464
312,561,054
47,206,571
15,038,645
49,626,723
207,721,982
172,018,952
6,630,471
34,345,233
167,090
Induced
95,431,643
75,472,671
5,957,482
5,086,861
8,976,476
148,837,395
51,422,864
241,482,488
104,026,442
137,165,038
Total
716,444,699
709,700,797
605,388,564
583,650,178
568,354,464
485,391,465
469,892,857
448,837,984
341,397,227
328,533,536
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
Table17:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalEmployeeCompensation(KS$2009)
AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
IndustryDescription
Construction
Wholesaletrade
Foodproducts
Adminsupportservices
Professional,scientific&technicalservices
Foodservices&drinkingplaces
Government&nonNAICs
Hospitals
Ambulatoryhealthcare
Managementofcompanies
Direct
495,805,824
186,238,715
373,339,995
211,529,970
38,124,901
145,948,774
23,783,443
111,825,947
47,481,745
23,398,927
Indirect
8,373,182
215,247,345
36,894,161
87,141,315
166,574,340
17,779,770
112,346,519
89,590
2,805,780
108,835,644
Induced
2,666,751
49,957,912
4,698,816
26,963,201
39,554,270
54,533,159
77,931,501
71,843,090
126,530,698
8,660,128
Total
506,845,758
451,443,973
414,932,973
325,634,486
244,253,510
218,261,703
214,061,462
183,758,627
176,818,224
140,894,700
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
Table18:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalProprietor'sIncome(KS$2009)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
IndustryDescription
Professional,scientific&technicalservices
Construction
Personal&laundryservices
Wholesaletrade
Repair&maintenance
Ambulatoryhealthcare
Foodservices&drinkingplaces
CropFarming
Petroleum&coalproduction
Trucktransportation
Direct
81,931,304
137,888,336
57,196,224
29,036,760
36,928,276
33,719,088
40,682,076
22,524,548
47,669,660
8,808,418
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
24
Indirect
79,611,926
3,679,792
3,808,849
38,002,799
26,745,224
1,113,830
6,882,066
33,125,333
6,151,011
35,347,828
Induced
19,223,523
1,244,700
23,666,140
10,302,030
13,179,770
40,565,793
20,844,724
2,433,402
1,269,494
4,995,769
Total
180,766,753
142,812,828
84,671,213
77,341,589
76,853,270
75,398,711
68,408,866
58,083,283
55,090,165
49,152,015
Table19:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalProprietor'sIncome(KS$2009)
AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
Rank IndustryDescription
Direct
1
Construction
121,318,279
2
Professional,scientific&technicalservices
9,710,732
3
Petroleum&coalproduction
45,789,848
4
Repair&maintenance
26,238,289
5
Wholesaletrade
20,104,829
6
Cropfarming
20,398,810
7
Foodservices&drinkingplaces
29,245,082
8
Trucktransportation
6,466,289
9
Administrativesupportservices
20,204,160
10 Ambulatoryhealthcare
7,976,291
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
Indirect
2,048,826
42,427,884
4,463,125
15,862,422
23,236,366
25,642,280
3,562,694
24,126,308
8,323,251
471,333
Induced
652,525
10,074,805
664,788
6,912,481
5,393,053
1,275,183
10,927,305
2,620,909
2,575,374
21,255,446
Total
124,019,631
62,213,421
50,917,762
49,013,192
48,734,248
47,316,273
43,735,080
33,213,505
31,102,785
29,703,071
TherankingsinTables18and19arebasedonTotalProprietorsIncomeinimmigration
sensitiveindustries.Intheserankings,severalnewindustriesappear,(personalandlaundry
services,repairandmaintenance,cropfarming,andtrucktransportation)becauseherethe
rankingsarebasicallyreflectiveofsmallenterprises(nailsalons,autorepairshops)forwhich
proprietorsincomeisrelativelyimportant.AlthoughIMPLANdoesnottelltheuserwhether
theactualproprietorsarenativesorimmigrants,thereisahighprobabilitythatthesesmall
firmsareatleastpartlyimmigrantowned.
Table20:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyOtherPropertyTypeIncome(KS$2009)
Direct
Rank IndustryDescription
1
Realestate
246,533,072.0
2
Lessorofnonfinanceintangibleassets 560,722,176.0
3
Telecommunications
198,030,144.0
4
Foodproducts
305,827,936.0
5
Petroleum&coalproduction
277,536,352.0
6
Transportationequipment
280,320,160.0
7
Utilities
120,326,208.0
8
Wholesaletrade
104,963,456.0
9
Livestock
67,926,120.0
10 Insurancecarriers&related
20,871,674.0
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
25
Indirect
323,610,835.4
39,974,890.4
126,737,896.4
29,773,814.6
35,811,647.9
23,962,993.1
114,880,000.0
137,374,318.9
98,841,212.6
58,624,454.9
Induced
Total
578,383,933.2 1,148,527,840.6
4,758,850.8
605,455,917.1
53,188,176.3
377,956,216.7
5,385,484.3
340,987,234.8
7,391,088.2
320,739,088.1
3,024,136.0
307,307,289.1
46,405,648.8
281,611,856.9
37,240,265.8
279,578,040.7
2,187,219.9
168,954,552.5
83,330,724.6
162,826,853.5
Table21:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyOtherPropertyTypeIncome(KS$2009)
AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
Rank IndustryDescription
Direct
1
Realestate
52,214,148
2
Petroleum&coalproduction
266,591,950
3
Foodproducts
223,987,290
4
Wholesaletrade
72,675,888
5
Utilities
83,415,775
6
Livestock
65,247,512
7
Construction
97,129,270
8
Telecommunications
12,211,717
9
Foodservices&drinkingplaces
49,068,004
10 Insurancecarriers&related
3,472,989
Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)
Indirect
159,081,234
25,984,652
22,134,847
83,995,917
68,005,881
75,019,056
1,640,322
52,340,673
5,977,562
25,236,871
Induced
303,307,426
3,870,447
2,819,080
19,495,063
24,296,104
1,145,499
522,421
27,856,287
18,334,058
43,729,287
Total
514,602,808
296,447,050
248,941,216
176,166,868
175,717,759
141,412,067
99,292,013
92,408,677
73,379,623
72,439,148
TherankingsinTables20and21arebasedonOtherPropertyIncomeinimmigrationsensitive
industries.TheonlyindustrythatisintheserankingsthatisnotinrankingsofotherTablesis
theInsuranceCarriers&RelatedIndustrycategory.
Takenasawhole,Tables1221demonstratethediversityofindustrialcategoriesthatare
sensitivetoimmigration.Thereare23ofthe88industrialcategoriesrepresentedinatleastone
ofthesetables.Wholesaletradeappearsinalltentables.Constructionandfoodservices&
drinkingplacesareinnine.Thefactthatprofessionalservicesshowsupineightofthesetables
isimportant.Therearemanyimmigrantprofessionals(doctors,dentists,professors,etc.)inthe
stateofKansas.Notonlythat,butimmigrantsmakeuseoftheservicesofprofessionals,
whethertheprofessionalsareimmigrantsornot.Thehealthcareindustriesasawholearevery
sensitivetoimmigration.Theimportanceofimmigrantstotheagribusinessofthestateof
Kansasisalsoapparentinthesetables.Thefoodproductindustry(meatpacking),livestock,and
cropfarmingindustriesareallsensitivetoimmigration.
StateandLocalTaxRevenueEffects
IMPLANproducesestimatesofthetaxrevenuegeneratedbythepositedchangeinaregional
economy.Becausetheseestimatesarebasedontheactualtaxcollectionsthatoccurredinthe
state,theyarenotsubjecttoerrorsofunderreportingoroverreporting.Theyarealsonot
subjecttoerrorsassociatedwiththeinformaleconomy,sincetaxesareonlycollectedfor
formaltransactions.AlthoughIMPLANgeneratesareportonfederaltaxgeneration,wedo
notincludethatreportsinceitisbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.Wedoreporttheestimated
stateandlocaltaxrevenuesfortheentirestateofKansas.FromMaps1and2ofthisstudy,itis
obviousthatthesetaximpactsarenotdistributedevenlyacrossthestate.Onceagain,itis
beyondthescopeofthisstudytobreakdownrevenuecollectionsregionallywithinthestate.
26
Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletoallimmigrantsaccounted
foranestimated6.46%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenuecollections.Thehighesttaxincidencewas
forstateandlocalsalestaxes,andthelowestwasforcorporateprofitstaxes.Percapitastate
andlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyimmigrantsin2009isestimatedat$4,180,whichisslightlymore
thantheestimatedpercapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybynatives($4,124).Whenthe
indirectandinducedcontributionsofimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenuearetakeninto
account,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.Theeconomicactivitiesthat
immigrantjobsareindirectlyassociatedwitharethereforemoreimportanttostateandlocal
taxrevenuethatthedirecteffects.Thisisparticularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehicle
propertytaxes.9
Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletoimmigrantsfromMexico
andCentralAmericaaccountedforanestimated3.19%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenue
collections.Thehighesttaxincidencewasforstateandlocalsalestaxesandthelowestwasfor
corporateprofitstaxes.PercapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyimmigrantsfromMexico
andCentralAmericain2009isestimatedat$3,831.Whentheindirectandinduced
contributionsofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocaltaxrevenue
aretakenintoaccount,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.Theeconomic
activitiesthatjobsofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareindirectlyassociated
witharethereforemoreimportanttostateandlocaltaxrevenuethatthedirecteffects.Thisis
particularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehiclepropertytaxes.
Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletounauthorizedimmigrants
accountedforanestimated1.71%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenuecollections.Thehighesttax
incidencewasforstateandlocalsalestaxesandthelowestwasforcorporateprofitstaxes.Per
capitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyunauthorizedimmigrants2009isestimatedat
$3,057.Whentheindirectandinducedcontributionsofunauthorizedimmigrantstostateand
localtaxrevenuearetakenintoaccount,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.
Theeconomicactivitiesthatjobsofunauthorizedimmigrantsareindirectlyassociatedwithare
thereforemoreimportanttostateandlocaltaxrevenuethatthedirecteffects.Thisis
particularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehiclepropertytaxes.
Theforecastspreparedforthisstudyuseactualdataontaxcollectionsandusethetaxstructureandratesthat
appliedwhenthetaxrevenuewasgenerated.Changesinthestructureoftaxeswillchangetherevenuescollected.
ThisstudydoesnotmakeanyassumptionsregardingchangesinKansasfiscalpolicysince2010.Changesthatmake
thesystemmoreregressivewouldtendtoincreasethecontributionsofimmigrantsrelativetonarives.
27
Table22
EstimatedContributionofImmigrantstoStateandLocalRevenue(KS$2009)
Direct
RevenueSource Contributionby
Immigrants**
Direct+Indirect+
InducedContributionby
Immigrants**
TotalState& Directas
Local %ofKS
Revenue***
Total
D+I+I
as%of
KStotal
AllImmigrants
SalesTax
$224,530,276
$527,077,534
3,027,196,714
7.42%
17.41%
NonVehiclePropertyTax
$237,628,372
$557,824,911
3,792,900,000
6.27%
14.71%
PersonalIncomeTax
$190,913,348
$345,708,202
3,206,597,676
5.95%
10.78%
CorporateProfitsTax
$15,632,172
$28,386,036
344,696,544
4.54%
8.24%
OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*
$80,167,341
$164,885,050
$1,222,967,655
6.56%
13.48%
$748,871,509
$1,623,881,733
$11,594,358,589
6.46%
14.01%
Total
ImmigrantsfromMexico&CentralAmerica
SalesTax
$115,082,720
$282,372,640
$3,027,196,714
3.80%
9.33%
NonVehiclePropertyTax
$121,796,136
$298,844,992
$3,792,900,000
3.21%
7.88%
PersonalIncomeTax
$85,347,010
$169,139,292
$3,206,597,676
2.66%
5.27%
CorporateProfitsTax
$6,713,955
$13,599,560
$344,696,544
1.95%
3.95%
$40,843,041
$87,456,053
$1,222,967,655
3.34%
7.15%
$369,782,862
$851,412,537
$11,594,358,589
3.19%
7.34%
$3,027,196,714
2.04%
1.73%
1.43%
1.05%
1.80%
1.71%
5.01%
4.24%
2.83%
2.12%
3.84%
3.95%
OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*
Total
UnauthorizedImmigrants
SalesTax
NonVehiclePropertyTax
PersonalIncomeTax
CorporateProfitsTax
OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*
Total
$61,857,764
$65,466,272
$45,874,612
$3,608,798
$17,472,519
$198,760,864
$151,777,261
$160,631,265
$90,913,548
$7,309,858
$36,013,681
$457,640,169
$3,792,900,000
$3,206,597,676
$344,696,544
$1,222,967,655
$11,594,358,589
*Othertaxesandfeesinclude:motorfueltax,motorvehiclelicense;motorcarrierpropertytax;stateportionofsocial
insurancetax;bingo;drycleaning;transientguest;cigarette;tobacco;controlledsubstances;estate;oil,gas,oilassessment
conservationfeeandgasassessmentconservationfee,gasoilandsandroyalties;carline;bonds;licenses;andfees.
**IMPLANcalculations
***KansasDepartmentofRevenueAnnualStatisticalReport,June,2009(http://www.ksrevenue.org/pdf/09arcomplete.pdf)
28
ImmigrantUseofStateandLocalGovernmentServices
Thepurposeofthissectionistodocumentthecosttothestateofimmigrantuseofstateand
localgovernmentservices.WewilldiscussK12educationandhealthservices,transportation
servicesandhighereducationservicesindividually.Otherstateandlocalserviceswillbetreated
asaresidual.
Education(K12)Services
ThesinglemostimportantuseofstateandlocalgovernmentservicesbyimmigrantsisK12
publiceducation.AchildwhoisbornintheUnitedStateswithimmigrantparentsisnotan
immigrant.Butalegitimateargumentcanbemadethatnativechildrenoftheimmigrant
populationshouldbeattributedtoimmigrants.Thisstudywillthereforeconsiderseparatelythe
costofK12educationofimmigrantsandthecostofK12educationofnativechildrenof
immigrants.WeuseTable2abovetoallocateschoolagedchildrenbetweenimmigrants,
childrenofimmigrants,andchildrenofnatives.AccordingtotheKansasStateDepartmentof
Education,therewere447,615K12publicschoolstudentsin2009(KansasStateDepartment
ofEducationSchoolFinanceDataWarehouse,2010).Weassumethatallimmigrantchildrengo
topublicschools.Bymakingthisassumption,weassurethatourcostestimatesforthethree
immigrantcategoriesareoverestimates.WeusetheKansasDepartmentofEducationSchool
FinanceDataWarehousetofindtheperpupilcostofK12publiceducation($11,736in2009).
ThefundingformulaforK12educationiscomplex.Differentschooldistrictsreceivedifferent
stateandlocalfundingbasedonanumberoffactors.Mostschooldistrictsincountieswithhigh
immigrantpopulationreceivelessthanthestateaverageperpupil(seeAppendixTableA.7),so
thereourcostestimatesareprobablyonthehighside10.Table23showsourcostestimates.
ThecountofunauthorizedimmigrantK12agedchildrenisestimatedbyassumingthatthis
groupisthesameproportionofthetotalunauthorizedimmigrantpopulationasK12aged
immigrantchildrenfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareofthetotalimmigrantpopulation
fromMexicoandCentralAmerica.11
Tocalculateanestimateforthenativechildrenofimmigrantsforeachofthethreeimmigrant
groups,weuseastudybytheUrbanInstitutethatestimatedthetotalpercentageofchildrenof
foreignbornat12%ofKansaschildren(Fortuny,etal.2009,p.16).Weadjustthatpercentage
to10%toaccountfortherelativelyhighpercentageofveryyoung(notschoolaged)children
amongimmigrants.Wecalculatethenumberofnativechildrenofimmigrantsas10%ofthe
publicschoolpopulationminusthenumberofimmigrantchildren(whowereassumedtobein
publicschools).Table23includesresultsforimmigrantchildren,nativebornchildrenof
10
Thereareeducationalservicesthatarespecificallyusedmorebyimmigrants,suchasEnglishasaSecond
Language.Butthereisinadequatedatatobeabletoanalyzewithindistrictdifferencesinspending.
11
Recallourestimateforthetotalunauthorizedimmigrantpopulationis65,000in2009.
29
immigrants,andimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenforeachofthethreeimmigrant
categories.Theestimatedcostiscalculatedbymultiplyingthecountofstudentsbytheper
studentcostofpublicK12educationinKansas.
Table23
EstimatedCostofEducatingImmigrantChildrenandNativeChildrenof
ImmigrantsinKansas(2009)
ImmigrationType
AllImmigrants
ImmigrantsfromMexico
andCentralAmerica
Foreignbornornativeborn
Count
EstimatedCost
Immigrantchildren
19,335
$226,915,560
Nativechildren
25,427
$298,411,272
Immigrantchildren+nativechildren
44,762
$525,326,832
Immigrantchildren
11,986
$140,667,696
Nativechildren
15,763
$184,988,751
Immigrantchildren+nativechildren
27,749
$325,656,447
Immigrantchildren
UnauthorizedImmigrants Nativechildren
Immigrantchildren+nativechildren
8,071
$94,721,256
10,614
$124,565,904
18685
$219,287,160
Source:2009AmericanCommunitySurvey,KansasStateDepartmentofEducation,andauthorscalculations
TotalspendingonpublicK12schoolsinKansas(excludingFederalaid)wasequalto45.3%of
stateandlocaltaxrevenuein2009.Wecomparethispercentagewiththecostofeducating
immigrantsasapercentageoftheestimatedstateandlocaltaxrevenuetheycontribute.The
costofK12educationofimmigrantchildreninpublicschoolsisequalto30.3%ofthedirect
contributionbyimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationof
immigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenofimmigrantsisequalto32.4%ofthedirect+indirect+
inducedcontributionsbyimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenue.ThecostofK12education
ofimmigrantchildrenfromMexicoandCentralAmericainpublicschoolsisequalto38.0%of
thedirectcontributionbyimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocaltax
revenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenof
immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaisequalto38.2%ofthedirect+indirect+
inducedcontributionsbyimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocaltax
revenue.ThecostofK12educationofunauthorizedimmigrantchildreninpublicschoolsis
equalto47.7%ofthedirectcontributionbyunauthorizedimmigrantstostateandlocaltax
revenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenof
unauthorizedimmigrantsisequalto47.9%ofthedirect+indirect+inducedcontributionsby
unauthorizedimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenue.
30
Undertheseassumptions,immigrants,andimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
subsidizedK12publiceducationfortherestoftheKansaspopulationin2009.Unauthorized
immigrantspaidtheirownway.12
HealthServices
FundingfromstatetaxrevenueinKansasforhealthservicestotaled$898,782,807in2009
(KHPA2009,p.9).Becauseofalackofdataregardingusersofthehealthservices,wemust
makeassumptions.WeallocatetheusersofKansasMedicalAssistancebyusingthedatain
Table8andTable2.Theassumptionisthatusersoftheseprogramswillbeproportionaltothe
populationinpoverty(becauseonlythosethatmeeteligibilityrequirementsthataredrivenby
thelevelofpovertyofthehouseholdarequalifiedtoreceiveservicesfromtheseprograms).A
complicatingfactoristhatunauthorizedimmigrantsarenoteligibleforallprograms.13Sothe
firststepistocalculatethecostofeligibleprogramsthatisduetounauthorizedimmigrants.
Wethentaketheunauthorizedimmigrantsoutofsubsequentcalculations.Weassumethat
unauthorizedimmigrantshavethesamepovertyincidenceasdoimmigrantsfromMexicoand
CentralAmerica,resultinginanestimateof20,140unauthorizedimmigrantslivingbelowthe
povertylevel.Thisis4.57%oftheKansaspopulationthatlivesinpoverty.Wethencalculate
4.57%oftheexpendituresofeligibleprogramsforatotalof$8,184,597fromstatefunds.14On
apercapitabasis,thisamountsto$406perunauthorizedimmigrant.
Byourdemographicassumptions,immigrantsthatarenotunauthorizedmakeup5.76%ofthe
Kansaspopulationinpoverty.Theestimatedcostofhealthservicesfromstatefundingfor
theseimmigrantsis$35,683,713.Bythesameassumptions,immigrantsfromMexicoand
CentralAmericawhoarenotunauthorizedmakeup3.76%oftheKansaspopulationinpoverty.
Theestimatedcostofhealthservicesfromstatefundingfortheseimmigrantsis
$23,277,431.Forbothofthesecategoriesofofimmigrants,percapitaspendingisslightlyover
$1,400.
TransportationandHigherEducationServices
Wetreatthesetwoservicestogetherbecausewemakesimilarassumptionswithregardto
theirusebyimmigrants.Wecalculatetheuseofstatefundedservicesinthesecategoriesby
12
Ifoneeliminatesthecontributionsandchildrenofallbutunauthorizedimmigrants,thepercentoftaxrevenue
necessarytopayforK12publiceducationwouldbeslightlyabove48%.
13
In2009weassumethatunauthorizedimmigrantsareeligibleforthetemporaryaidtofamilies(TAF)program;
themedicallyneedyprogram;thepovertyleveleligibleprogramsforchildren,pregnantwomenandinfants;and
theEmergencyMedicalServicesforNonCitizens(SOBRA)program.
14
Formanystatehealthservices,thereisarequirementofatleastfiveyearsofresidenceforimmigrants.By
assumingthatauthorizedimmigrantsusetheseservicesproportionallytotheirincidenceinthepopulation,the
studyoverstatesspendingonhealthservicesbyauthorizedimmigrants.
31
multiplyingthetotalstatetaxfinancedspendinginthatcategorybysomefunctionofthe
incidenceofimmigrantsinthegeneralpopulation.
InKansas,afterelementaryeducationandhealth,thenextlargestcategoryofstateandlocal
servicesfinancedbystateandlocaltaxrevenueishighereducationservices.Theincidenceof
immigrantsinhighereducationnationallyiswellbelowthatofnonimmigrants.Theincidence
ofunauthorizedimmigrantsislowerstill.AccordingtotheKansasBoardofRegents,the
numberofunauthorizedimmigrantsreceivingpubliclyfundedhighereducationservicesinthe
stateofKansaswas316in2009.15Weassumethatauthorizedimmigrantshavethesame
probabilityofusingstatefundedhighereducationservicesasthegeneralpopulation,andthat
unauthorizedimmigrantshaveisasreportedbytheKansasBoardofRegents.These
assumptionsoverstatethetrueuseofstatefundedhighereducationservicesbyimmigrants.
Thenextlargeststateandlocalservicesupportedbystateandlocaltaxrevenueis
transportationservices.Thesearemostly(over90%)paidforbystateexcisetaxesongasoline
($0.24/gallon).Allpopulationgroupswhousegasolinepaythesetaxes.WeassumethatKansas
immigrantsinallcategoriesusestatefundedtransportationservicesproportionallytotheir
incidenceinthepopulation.
StatefundedK12educationservices,healthservices,transportationservices,andhigher
educationservicesmakeupover80%ofthetotalspendingofstateandlocaltaxes.Table24
demonstratesthatforallimmigrants,forimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andfor
unauthorizedimmigrants,estimatedspendingissignificantlybelow80%ofthestateandlocal
taxdollarsgenerated,indicatingthatimmigrantsinallcategoriesaremorethanpullingtheir
ownweightintermsofmakingapositivenetcontributiontotheKansasstatepublicfinance.
Theseresultsareconsistentwithresearchthatfindsthatimmigrantsmigrateinsearchofjobs,
notinsearchofstateprovidedpublicservices(Berk,etal.,p.52).
15
KansasBoardofRegentsStudentHeadCountEnrolledunderProvisionsofK.S.A.76731a,Fall20052012
(Basedonfall20thdayenrollments)
32
Table24
TaxRevenueandExpenditureSummary2009
StateandLocalExpendituresforImmigrants
StateandLocal
Taxes
Generated
Directly
Stateand
LocalFunded
K12Public
Education
Services
Stateand
LocalFunded
HealthCare
Services
Stateand
LocalFunded
Higher
Education
Services
Stateand
LocalFunded
Transportatio
nServices
Spendingas
%ofTax
Revenue
Generated
AllImmigrants
$748,871,509
$226,915,560
$35,683,248
$94,289,248
$70,168,846
57.03%
ImmigrantsfromMexico
&CentralAmerica
$369,782,862
$140,667,696
$23,277,431
$51,687,849
$37,804,917
68.54%
Unauthorized
Immigrants
$198,760,864
$94,721,256
$8,184,597
$7,900,000
$27,416,437
69.54%
Source:PriorTablesandAuthorscalculations
LongTermAdjustmentstotheLossofUnauthorizedImmigrantJobs
Thereissomeevidencethatnonimmigrantunskilledlaborersareadverselyaffectedbythe
presenceofunauthorizedimmigrants.Ifthisistrue,thenremovingunauthorizedimmigrant
jobscoulddecreaseunemploymentandincreasethewagesoflowskillednonimmigrantsover
time,asemployersadjusttoshortagescausedbyalackofunauthorizedimmigrantlabor.The
extenttowhichthisoccursiscontroversial.Somearguethattheeffectsareminimal.Atone
endofthespectrumarestudiesbyCard(2007)andPapademetriouetal.(2009)thatpointto
smalladjustmentsofthistype(under10%).Thatis,asaneteffect,approximately10%ofthe
jobsthatarecurrentlyheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantswouldbetakenbynonimmigrants.On
theotherhand,Borjas(2003)hasanexpectationoflargeeffects(30%50%ofthejobsthatare
currentlyheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantswouldbetakenbynonimmigrants).
AstudybythePerryman(2010)usesinputoutputanalysistocalculatetheeconomicimpactof
undocumentedimmigrantsonthelabormarketofeachstatein2008.Theycalculateaninitial
staticeffectsimilartotheshorttermimpactsestimatedinthisstudy.Thestudythenlists
possiblelongtermadjustments(Perryman,2010,p.60).Amongthelisteditemsthatwould
tendtoreducetheimpactoflosingunauthorizedimmigrantsonjobsare:
firmsrespondtothelossofworkersbytryingtoattractdomesticworkers,raisingwages,
andotheractionsdesignedtominimizetheeffectsoflosingtheundocumentedworkforce
asuccessfulguestworkerprogram(inotherwordsturnunauthorizedworkersinto
authorizedworkers)
increasedparticipationinthelaborforcebynonimmigrantswhoarecurrentlynotinthe
laborforce
33
Thestudyalsoarguesthattherearelimitationstohowmuchadjustmentcanoccur.The
particularindustrieswhichhavehighimmigrantinvolvement(forexample,theconstruction
industry)tendtobekeygrowthindustriesbottlenecksinthoseindustrieslimittheeconomic
developmentthatwouldbenecessarytogeneratejobs.Inadditionthereisanhistoriclowto
theunemploymentratethatshouldactasalimitingfactor.
Ignoringthelimitingfactors,Perrymanestimatesthatafterlongtermadjustments,asmuchas
65%ofjobscurrentlyheldmyunauthorizedimmigrantscouldbeheldbynonimmigrantsand
authorizedimmigrants.Thedistributionofthesejobsbetweennonimmigrantsandassumed
guestworkersisnotmadeavailableinthestudy(Perryman,2010,AppendixTable3,p.68).
Evenundertheseheroicassumptionsregardingtheabilityofthelabormarkettomakeupfor
thelossofunauthorizedimmigrantsjobs,fully35%ofthepermanentjobsheldbyunauthorized
immigrantswouldneverberecovered.
InTable24,weestimatethatthestatespendsabout70%ofthestateandlocaltaxdollars
generatedbyunauthorizedimmigrantsonK12education,health,transportationandhigher
educationservicesforunauthorizedimmigrants.Sincethestatespendsover80%ofstateand
localtaxdollarsontheseservices,thereisanetslightsubsidyfromunauthorizedimmigrantsto
thegeneralpopulationofthestate.Thisfindingisbasedonconservativeassumptions,and
wouldberobusttoareasonablesetofassumptionswithregardtolongtermadjustments.
34
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36
AppendixTables
TableA.1
BirthplaceofKansasResidents
RegionofNativity
AmericanSamoa
Canada
AtlanticIslands
Mexico
CentralAmerica
Cuba
WestIndies
Americas,n.s.
SOUTHAMERICA
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
Norway
England
Scotland
UnitedKingdom,ns
Ireland
Belgium
France
Netherlands
Swizterland
Albania
Greece
Italy
Portugal
Spain
Austria
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Yugoslavia
Latvia
Lithuania
Growth*
191.18%
102.16%
100.00%
44.90%
6.80%
318.08%
217.71%
71.01%
104.10%
466.27%
178.02%
na
na
100.42%
59.58%
388.29%
26.90%
38.71%
10.08%
32.10%
206.14%
na
309.33%
152.51%
na
220.30%
95.93%
1329.81%
116.13%
107.90%
686.21%
150.23%
313.83%
2673.92%
na
na
TableA.1
BirthplaceofKansasResidents
RegionofNativity(cont.)
2008 2009 2010 Growth*
OtherUSSR/Russia
2211 2987 12831 480.33%
Europe,ns
141
0
497
252.48%
China
5061 7991 15648 209.19%
Japan
449
1213 1378 206.90%
Korea
2524 3110 6683 164.78%
Cambodia(Kampuchea)
560
271
601
7.32%
Indonesia
188
516
0
100.00%
Laos
2753 3293 1518 44.86%
Malaysia
353
0
173
50.99%
Philippines
3524 4231 8329 136.35%
Singapore
0
0
193
na
Thailand
2257 1167
932
58.71%
Vietnam
8336 10786 12067
44.76%
Afghanistan
0
213
1014
na
India
14208 11512 18735
31.86%
Iran
1477
570
1389
5.96%
Nepal
1082
127
2120
95.93%
Iraq
0
353
1031
na
Israel/Palestine
409
0
337
17.60%
Jordan
0
477
432
na
Kuwait
139
264
86
38.13%
Lebanon
84
98
158
88.10%
SaudiArabia
120
588
1235 929.17%
Syria
1914
0
166
91.33%
Turkey
721
0
854
18.45%
YemenArabRepublic(North)
0
0
85
na
Asia,nec/ns
245
882
516
110.61%
AFRICA
8462 8780 16986 100.73%
AustraliaandNewZealand
130
509
3328 2460.00%
PacificIslands
230
0
648
181.74%
Other,nec
0
25
962
na
Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey.
*Growthfrom2008to2010
38
TableA.2
BasicDemographicsofKansasImmigrantsandNatives,2008
Age
Male
Female
All
AllImmigrants
05
1289
1.44%
1605
1.93%
2894
1.68%
618
6776
7.59%
6355
7.67%
13131
7.62%
1935
37732 42.24%
28816
34.74%
66548
38.63%
3665
38256 42.82%
37107
44.73%
75363
43.75%
65+
5278
5.91%
9063
10.93%
14341
8.32%
Total
89331 100.00%
82946 100.00%
172277 100.00%
Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
05
410
0.76%
211
0.54%
621
0.67%
618
4621
8.61%
4003
10.31%
8624
9.32%
1935
25999 48.42%
16082
41.42%
42081
45.48%
3665
20462 38.11%
16690
42.98%
37152
40.15%
65+
2202
4.10%
1843
4.75%
4045
4.37%
Total
53694 100.00%
38829 100.00%
92523 100.00%
Natives
05
119617
9.20%
114919
8.64%
234536
8.92%
618
247015 19.00%
237393
17.85%
484408
18.42%
1935
301600 23.20%
286277
21.53%
587877
22.35%
3665
480108 36.93%
485926
36.54%
966034
36.73%
65+
151669 11.67%
205333
15.44%
357002
13.57%
Total 1300009 100.00% 1329848 100.00% 2629857 100.00%
Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2008
39
TableA.3
LaborForceStatusofIndividualsover18yearsofAge(Kansas,2008)
EmploymentStatus
Male
Female
All
AllImmigrants
Employed
66920 82.35% 45230 60.32% 112150 71.78%
Unemployed
3241
3.99%
2000
2.67%
5241
3.35%
Notinlaborforce
11105 13.67% 27756 37.01%
38861 24.87%
Total
81266 100% 74986 100%
156252
100%
Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
Employed
40955 84.16% 19484 56.29%
60439 72.57%
Unemployed
2412
4.96%
821
2.37%
3233
3.88%
Notinlaborforce
5296 10.88% 14310 41.34%
19606 23.54%
Total
48663 100% 34615 100%
83278
100%
Natives
Employed
693793 74.33% 619761 63.40% 1313554 68.74%
Unemployed
26352 2.82% 23392 2.39%
49744
2.60%
Notinlaborforce
213232 22.85% 334383 34.21% 547615 28.66%
Total
933377 100% 977536 100% 1910913 100%
Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2008
40
TableA.4
ParticipationinKansasJobsbyIndustrialSectors&byImmigrantStatus&Gender
ImmigrantsOver
18fromMexico
AllImmigrants
&Central
0ver18
America
NativesOver18
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Cropproduction
Animalproduction
Logging
Forestryexceptlogging
Fishing,hunting,andtrapping
Supportactivitiesforagricultureandforestry
Oilandgasextraction
Nonmetallicmineralminingandquarrying
Supportactivitiesformining
Electricpowergeneration,transmissionand
distribution
Naturalgasdistribution
Sewagetreatmentfacilities
Water,steam,airconditioning,andirrigation
systems
Electricandgas,andothercombinations
Notspecifiedutilities
Construction
Sugarandconfectioneryproducts
Fruitandvegetablepreservingandspecialtyfoods
Dairyproducts
Animalslaughteringandprocessing
Retailbakeries
Bakeries,exceptretail
Animalfood,grainandoilseedmilling
Seafoodandothermiscellaneousfoods,n.e.c.
Notspecifiedfoodindustries
Beverage
Textileandfabricfinishingandcoatingmills
Fabricmills,exceptknitting
Carpetandrugmills
Textileproductmillsexceptcarpetsandrugs
Cutandsewapparel
Footwear
Leathertanningandfinishingandotheralliedproducts
manufacturing
Knittingfabricmills,andapparelknittingmills
Sawmillsandwoodpreservation
Veneer,plywood,andengineeredwoodproducts
1.29%
14.68%
0.00%
25.59%
0.00%
0.00%
2.11%
8.14%
13.03%
0.80%
2.86%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.29%
14.68%
0.00%
25.59%
0.00%
0.00%
2.11%
8.14%
13.03%
0.66%
2.86%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
85.83%
69.11%
100.00%
54.63%
100.00%
68.43%
90.99%
77.28%
83.73%
12.07%
13.36%
0.00%
19.78%
0.00%
31.57%
6.90%
14.59%
3.25%
1.79%
0.00%
0.00%
4.63%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
4.63%
0.00%
0.00%
65.12%
92.57%
100.00%
28.46%
7.43%
0.00%
21.27%
30.72%
27.66%
7.31%
62.83%
11.45%
8.21%
13.35%
76.26%
46.46%
23.38%
32.14%
0.00%
15.75%
0.00%
29.52%
0.00%
29.86%
45.97%
27.22%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
12.74%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
19.85%
6.20%
0.00%
6.44%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
0.00%
4.15%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.24% 11.58%
0.00%
0.00%
17.20% 0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
31.18% 18.54%
0.00%
6.20%
3.32%
0.00%
0.00%
3.08%
15.40% 0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
70.48% 0.00%
0.00% 100.00%
28.40% 0.00%
19.44% 0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00% 78.73%
0.00% 69.28%
0.00% 72.34%
0.20% 79.71%
0.00% 37.17%
11.26% 71.35%
0.00% 91.79%
20.69% 35.62%
0.00% 17.54%
3.32% 50.21%
0.00% 70.18%
13.26% 52.46%
0.00% 100.00%
0.00% 84.25%
0.00% 100.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
28.40% 41.74%
14.22% 30.44%
0.00% 72.78%
0.00%
0.00%
89.87%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
41
0.00%
0.00%
89.87%
0.00%
29.61% 70.39%
0.00% 100.00%
10.13%
0.00%
100.00% 0.00%
TableA.4(cont)
Prefabricatedwoodbuildingsandmobilehomes
Miscellaneouswoodproducts
Pulp,paper,andpaperboardmills
Paperboardcontainersandboxes
Miscellaneouspaperandpulpproducts
Printingandrelatedsupportactivities
Petroleumrefining
Miscellaneouspetroleumandcoalproducts
Resin,syntheticrubber,andfibersandfilaments
Agriculturalchemicals
Pharmaceuticalsandmedicines
Paint,coating,andadhesives
Soap,cleaningcompound,andcosmetics
Industrialandmiscellaneouschemicals
Plasticsproducts
Tires
Rubberproducts,excepttires
Structuralclayproducts
Pottery,ceramics,andrelatedproducts
Glassandglassproducts
Miscellaneousnonmetallicmineralproducts
Cement,concrete,lime,andgypsumproducts
Aluminumproductionandprocessing
Nonferrousmetal,exceptaluminum,productionandprocessing
Foundries
Ironandsteelmillsandsteelproducts
Metalforgingsandstampings
Cutleryandhandtools
Machineshops;turnedproducts;screws,nutsandbolts
Coating,engraving,heattreatingandallied
activities
Ordnance
Structuralmetals,andtankandshippingcontainers
Miscellaneousfabricatedmetalproductsmanufacturing
Agriculturalimplements
Constructionminingandoilfieldmachinery
Commercialandserviceindustrymachinery
Metalworkingmachinery
Engines,turbines,andpowertransmission
equipment
Machinery,n.e.c.
AllImmigrants
0ver18
Male Female
34.14%
8.07%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
6.53%
4.93%
0.00%
7.78%
0.00%
3.99%
0.00%
15.16%
4.29%
6.41%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.94%
30.70%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
12.74%
17.11%
0.00%
1.71%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.68%
0.00%
0.00%
16.16%
0.00%
9.57%
35.51%
3.73%
0.00%
3.73%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
40.21%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
34.14%
8.07%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.87%
4.93%
0.00%
7.78%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.46%
3.85%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.94%
30.70%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
12.74%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
11.19%
0.00%
1.50%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.01%
0.00%
0.00%
2.38%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
11.19%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
88.03%
62.44%
85.14%
83.00%
79.07%
87.08%
81.27%
60.39%
4.96%
37.56%
3.67%
14.62%
19.43%
12.92%
18.73%
39.61%
0.00%
7.76%
0.00%
1.57%
0.00%
3.68%
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
63.03%
0.00%
27.64%
42
ImmigrantsOver
18fromMexico
&Central
America
NativesOver18
Male Female Male Female
TableA.4(cont)
Computerandperipheralequipment
Navigational,measuring,electromedical,andcontrolinstruments
Communications,audio,andvideoequipment
Electroniccomponentsandproducts,n.e.c.
Householdappliances
Electricalmachinery,equipment,andsupplies,n.e.c.
Aircraftandparts
Aerospaceproductsandparts
Railroadrollingstock
Shipandboatbuilding
Othertransportationequipment
Motorvehiclesandmotorvehicleequipment
Furnitureandfixtures
Medicalequipmentandsupplies
Toys,amusement,andsportinggoods
Miscellaneousmanufacturing,n.e.c.
Notspecifiedmetalindustries
Notspecifiedindustries
Motorvehicles,partsandsupplies
Furnitureandhomefurnishing
Lumberandotherconstructionmaterials
Professionalandcommercialequipmentandsupplies
Metalsandminerals,exceptpetroleum
Electricalgoods
Hardware,plumbingandheatingequipment,andsupplies
Machinery,equipment,andsupplies
Recyclablematerial
Miscellaneousdurablegoods
Paperandpaperproducts
Apparel,fabrics,andnotions
Groceriesandrelatedproducts
Farmproductrawmaterials
Petroleumandpetroleumproducts
Alcoholicbeverages
Farmsupplies
Miscellaneousnondurablegoods,merchantwholesalers
Drugs,sundries,andchemicalandallied
products
Wholesaleelectronicmarkets,agentsandbrokers
Notspecifiedtrade
Automobiledealers
AllImmigrants
0ver18
Male Female
15.93%
9.12%
15.52%
0.00%
0.00%
10.31%
6.93%
4.72%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
6.52%
1.42%
3.29%
4.71%
12.04%
0.00%
15.47%
0.00%
27.71%
0.00%
2.57%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.35%
0.00%
0.00%
49.27%
18.96%
3.03%
13.92%
0.00%
12.90%
0.00%
0.00%
1.96%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.99%
2.39%
5.06%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
8.07%
0.00%
0.00%
19.80%
1.78%
0.00%
9.42%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.70%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.30%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.97%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
3.88%
8.02%
4.27%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
10.31%
0.60%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.59%
0.00%
15.47%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.35%
0.00%
0.00%
49.27%
16.23%
0.00%
10.14%
0.00%
12.90%
0.00%
0.00% 43.62%
0.00% 56.02%
0.00% 37.55%
0.00% 64.01%
0.00% 85.69%
0.00% 65.40%
0.38% 68.38%
0.00% 64.01%
0.00% 100.00%
0.00% 44.29%
0.00% 100.00%
3.73% 58.76%
0.00% 66.51%
0.00% 70.51%
19.80% 53.86%
1.78% 61.63%
0.00% 100.00%
9.42% 51.66%
0.00% 83.06%
0.00% 35.08%
0.00% 75.72%
0.00% 54.05%
0.00% 73.44%
0.00% 61.68%
0.00% 41.16%
0.00% 81.98%
0.00% 83.81%
0.00% 83.19%
0.00% 57.40%
0.00%
0.00%
2.97% 64.73%
0.00% 75.82%
0.00% 59.58%
0.00% 82.86%
0.00% 72.49%
0.00% 77.77%
40.46%
32.91%
46.93%
35.99%
14.31%
22.30%
22.30%
26.21%
0.00%
55.71%
0.00%
26.66%
32.07%
26.20%
21.63%
24.56%
0.00%
23.45%
16.94%
37.21%
24.28%
40.68%
26.56%
38.32%
58.84%
16.73%
8.85%
16.81%
42.60%
50.73%
13.34%
21.14%
26.50%
17.14%
14.61%
18.35%
6.33%
0.00%
23.81%
2.25%
0.00%
0.00%
19.62%
0.87%
6.33%
0.00%
23.81%
0.48%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
39.41%
46.84%
15.43%
12.39%
43
ImmigrantsOver
18fromMexico
&Central
America
NativesOver18
Male Female Male Female
54.26%
53.16%
41.14%
84.49%
TableA.4(cont)
Othermotorvehicledealers
Autoparts,accessories,andtirestores
Furnitureandhomefurnishingsstores
Householdappliancestores
Radio,tv,andcomputerstores
Hardwarestores
Buildingmaterialandsuppliesdealers
Lawnandgardenequipmentandsuppliesstores
Grocerystores
Specialtyfoodstores
Beer,wine,andliquorstores
Pharmaciesanddrugstores
Healthandpersonalcare,exceptdrug,stores
Gasolinestations
Clothingstores
Shoestores
Jewelry,luggage,andleathergoodsstores
Sewing,needleworkandpiecegoodsstores
Bookstoresandnewsdealers
Musicstores
Departmentstores
Miscellaneousgeneralmerchandisestores
Florists
Officesuppliesandstationarystores
Gift,novelty,andsouvenirshops
Usedmerchandisestores
Miscellaneousretailstores
Electronicshopping(2005onward)
Electronicauctions
Mailorderhouses
Vendingmachineoperators
Fueldealers
Sportinggoods,camera,andhobbyandtoystores
Notspecifiedretailtrade
Otherdirectsellingestablishments
Airtransportation
Railtransportation
Watertransportation
Trucktransportation
Taxiandlimousineservice
Busserviceandurbantransit
AllImmigrants
0ver18
Male Female
13.07%
5.56%
3.14%
0.00%
3.20%
5.67%
2.72%
2.30%
2.34%
19.16%
2.23%
0.00%
0.00%
3.46%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.03%
2.14%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.79%
0.00%
0.00%
16.50%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
10.62%
3.95%
4.45%
0.00%
3.11%
22.05%
0.00%
44
0.00%
1.90%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
3.85%
0.89%
3.08%
0.00%
4.15%
0.00%
5.15%
1.69%
13.84%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
3.33%
0.00%
6.78%
12.51%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.41%
8.93%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
11.15%
9.76%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
ImmigrantsOver
18fromMexico
&Central
America
NativesOver18
Male Female Male Female
0.00%
0.00%
3.14%
0.00%
0.00%
5.67%
2.72%
2.28%
0.15%
19.16%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.14%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.72%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
10.62%
0.00%
4.45%
0.00%
2.38%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.90%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.50%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
8.13%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
3.33%
0.00%
2.00%
5.92%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.55%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
8.48%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
81.48%
79.02%
50.93%
68.72%
76.27%
61.29%
56.93%
62.87%
37.69%
5.34%
58.86%
27.59%
27.00%
46.05%
19.46%
6.32%
5.98%
11.68%
38.28%
79.61%
42.08%
24.20%
16.47%
39.17%
30.30%
40.64%
39.35%
47.42%
0.00%
18.29%
82.10%
83.76%
46.59%
42.09%
34.21%
52.61%
87.72%
77.05%
82.56%
23.59%
34.94%
5.45%
13.52%
45.94%
31.28%
20.54%
33.04%
36.50%
33.94%
56.89%
75.50%
34.76%
72.41%
67.85%
48.81%
66.69%
93.68%
94.02%
88.32%
58.39%
20.39%
49.12%
61.16%
83.53%
60.83%
69.70%
56.95%
48.93%
52.58%
100.00%
65.21%
17.90%
16.24%
53.41%
57.91%
44.01%
33.68%
7.83%
22.95%
14.33%
54.36%
65.06%
TableA.4(cont)
Pipelinetransportation
Scenicandsightseeingtransportation
Servicesincidentaltotransportation
Postalservice
Couriersandmessengers
Warehousingandstorage
Newspaperpublishers
Publishing,exceptnewspapersandsoftware
Softwarepublishing
Motionpicturesandvideoindustries
Broadcasting,exceptInternet
Wiredtelecommunicationscarriers
Othertelecommunicationservices
Dataprocessing,hosting,andrelatedservices
Librariesandarchives
Internetpublishingandbroadcastingandwebsearchportals
Otherinformationservices,
Savingsinstitutions,includingcreditunions
Nondepositorycreditandrelatedactivities
Insurancecarriersandrelatedactivities
Bankingandrelatedactivities
Securities,commodities,funds,trusts,andotherfinancialinvestments
Realestate
Automotiveequipmentrentalandleasing
Videotapeanddiskrental
Otherconsumergoodsrental
Commercial,industrial,andotherintangibleassetsrentalandleasing
Legalservices
Accounting,taxpreparation,bookkeepingandpayrollservices
Architectural,engineering,andrelatedservices
Specializeddesignservices
Computersystemsdesignandrelatedservices
Management,scientificandtechnicalconsultingservices
Scientificresearchanddevelopmentservices
Advertisingandrelatedservices
Veterinaryservices
Otherprofessional,scientificandtechnicalservices
Managementofcompaniesandenterprises
Employmentservices
Businesssupportservices
Travelarrangementsandreservationservices
AllImmigrants
0ver18
Male Female
5.59%
0.00%
2.28%
1.60%
0.00%
3.78%
0.00%
2.45%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
9.30%
1.10%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.53%
0.84%
0.82%
3.83%
4.64%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
18.25%
0.00%
2.28%
4.38%
0.00%
11.01%
7.21%
4.74%
0.00%
5.01%
16.16%
24.23%
5.13%
0.00%
0.00%
45
0.00%
0.00%
1.55%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
6.62%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
3.79%
0.89%
0.00%
6.31%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.45%
0.43%
2.00%
0.00%
2.53%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
4.42%
1.47%
2.13%
2.67%
4.56%
4.72%
10.03%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
17.82%
0.88%
0.00%
ImmigrantsOver
18fromMexico
&Central
America
NativesOver18
Male Female Male Female
5.59%
31.88%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
3.78%
0.00%
2.45%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.96%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.85%
1.58%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
18.25%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
5.01%
0.00%
24.23%
5.13%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00% 88.37%
43.23% 52.84%
0.00% 85.70%
0.00% 49.16%
0.00% 68.33%
0.00% 48.07%
0.00% 51.44%
0.00% 49.03%
0.00% 18.02%
0.00% 56.25%
0.00% 70.71%
0.00% 50.97%
0.00% 52.28%
0.00% 39.20%
0.00%
4.71%
0.00% 100.00%
0.00% 24.22%
0.00% 42.63%
0.00% 39.81%
0.22% 42.31%
0.42% 29.40%
0.00% 45.10%
0.00% 44.44%
0.00% 62.19%
0.00% 58.04%
0.00% 58.92%
0.00% 64.29%
1.84% 44.18%
0.00% 37.48%
0.00% 72.54%
0.00% 40.09%
0.00% 60.69%
3.93% 42.39%
0.00% 24.05%
0.00% 37.73%
0.00% 22.60%
0.00% 38.14%
0.00% 22.79%
15.90% 47.02%
0.00% 36.30%
0.00% 43.44%
6.05%
47.16%
10.48%
49.23%
31.67%
48.15%
41.94%
48.52%
81.98%
43.75%
29.29%
35.94%
45.72%
60.80%
88.98%
0.00%
75.78%
57.37%
56.21%
56.42%
67.78%
51.07%
48.39%
37.81%
41.96%
41.08%
17.46%
51.40%
58.77%
20.95%
57.24%
23.74%
45.69%
61.18%
62.27%
72.39%
45.70%
52.98%
30.03%
62.82%
56.56%
TableA.4(cont)
Investigationandsecurityservices
Landscapingservices
Servicestobuildingsanddwellings
Otheradministrative,andothersupport
services
Wastemanagementandremediationservices
Elementaryandsecondaryschools
Colleges,includingjuniorcolleges,anduniversities
Business,technical,andtradeschoolsandtraining
Otherschools,instructionandeducationalservices
Officesofphysicians
Officesofdentists
Officeofchiropractors
Officesofoptometrists
Officesofotherhealthpractitioners
Outpatientcarecenters
Homehealthcareservices
Otherhealthcareservices
Hospitals
Nursingcarefacilities
Residentialcarefacilities,withoutnursing
Individualandfamilyservices
Communityfoodandhousing,andemergency
services
Vocationalrehabilitationservices
Childdaycareservices
Independentartists,performingarts,spectator
sports
Museums,artgalleries,historicalsites,andsimilarinstitutions
Bowlingcenters
Otheramusement,gambling,andrecreation
industries
Traveleraccommodation
Recreationalvehicleparksandcamps,androomingandboardinghouses
Drinkingplaces,alcoholbeverages
Restaurantsandotherfoodservices
Carwashes
Automotiverepairandmaintenance
Electronicandprecisionequipmentrepairandmaintenance
Commercialandindustrialmachineryandequipmentrepairand
maintenance
Personalandhouseholdgoodsrepairandmaintenance
AllImmigrants
0ver18
Male Female
0.00%
26.15%
6.23%
1.23%
0.00%
16.68%
0.00%
24.66%
4.87%
1.23%
0.00%
14.60%
71.40%
65.90%
38.04%
27.38%
7.94%
39.05%
0.79%
3.10%
0.27%
8.53%
0.00%
0.00%
1.65%
0.00%
0.00%
5.94%
0.00%
0.00%
3.82%
3.18%
2.29%
0.60%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.16%
6.66%
0.00%
5.76%
2.19%
4.50%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.62%
7.67%
4.18%
2.39%
7.85%
0.00%
3.73%
0.79%
0.00%
0.27%
0.08%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.62%
0.00%
1.16%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.74%
0.24%
0.00%
0.00%
1.73%
1.71%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.62%
0.00%
1.58%
1.47%
2.00%
0.00%
0.86%
29.88%
82.98%
20.96%
36.10%
69.16%
24.45%
23.24%
17.91%
8.46%
10.36%
18.55%
20.65%
4.96%
29.92%
16.27%
12.02%
21.85%
14.64%
69.32%
13.92%
76.61%
48.71%
30.84%
69.79%
72.91%
77.59%
91.54%
83.71%
81.45%
78.73%
83.55%
62.73%
79.06%
79.54%
78.15%
81.63%
0.00%
3.54%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
6.58%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
3.60%
54.23%
29.27%
2.81%
45.77%
67.19%
90.61%
0.00%
1.25%
0.00%
3.64%
0.00%
33.99%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.29%
0.00%
0.00%
57.73%
48.33%
45.73%
38.63%
50.42%
20.28%
4.73%
0.93%
15.14%
0.00%
6.00%
0.00%
8.15%
7.42%
0.66%
4.04%
0.00%
0.00%
7.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.95%
0.00%
15.14%
0.00%
4.74%
0.00%
7.14%
7.42%
0.00%
4.04%
0.00%
0.00%
4.84%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
45.02%
21.51%
48.68%
60.85%
37.23%
95.00%
84.75%
85.73%
49.58%
73.52%
36.17%
39.15%
49.77%
5.00%
7.10%
6.84%
9.99%
0.00%
0.00%
4.84%
5.44%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
83.13%
74.99%
6.88%
20.16%
46
ImmigrantsOver
18fromMexico
&Central
America
NativesOver18
Male Female Male Female
AllImmigrants
0ver18
Male Female
TableA.4(cont)
Barbershops
Beautysalons
Nailsalonsandotherpersonalcareservices
Funeralhomes,cemeteriesandcrematories
Drycleaningandlaundryservices
Otherpersonalservices
Religiousorganizations
Laborunions
ImmigrantsOver
18fromMexico
&Central
America
NativesOver18
Male Female Male Female
Justice,publicorder,andsafetyactivities
0.00%
1.91%
7.14%
5.06%
0.00%
0.00%
1.25%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
10.14%
0.00%
0.00%
0.80%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
7.07%
0.00%
1.84%
0.00%
0.69%
1.28%
0.00%
12.85%
14.31%
0.00%
4.39%
4.83%
1.32%
0.00%
0.00%
1.14%
15.66%
0.00%
0.00%
1.21%
0.97%
3.90%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.08%
0.00%
0.00%
1.02%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
5.06%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.80%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.96%
0.00% 98.12%
6.41%
5.99%
0.00%
3.25%
0.00% 53.56%
0.00% 33.29%
0.00% 28.23%
1.32% 51.90%
0.00% 59.65%
0.00% 35.29%
0.00% 17.38%
14.35% 4.24%
0.00% 33.10%
0.00% 36.55%
0.00% 41.48%
0.97% 27.09%
0.00% 84.88%
0.00% 85.52%
0.00% 100.00%
0.00% 100.00%
0.00% 92.93%
0.00% 87.46%
0.00% 58.56%
0.00% 59.53%
0.00% 42.21%
0.00% 60.50%
1.88%
79.25%
75.30%
41.38%
62.32%
66.94%
45.53%
40.35%
64.71%
81.48%
80.10%
56.76%
63.45%
57.31%
71.14%
11.21%
14.48%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
12.54%
38.53%
40.47%
57.11%
37.19%
Unemployed,withnoworkexperienceinpast5
years
8.14%
20.42% 0.00%
11.02% 26.94%
44.50%
Business,professional,politicalandsimilarorganizations
Civic,social,advocacyorganizationsandgrantmakingandgivingservices
Privatehouseholds
Publicfinanceactivities
Othergeneralgovernmentandsupport
Executiveofficesandlegislativebodies
Administrationofhumanresourceprograms
U.S.Army
U.S.AirForce
U.S.Navy
U.S.Marines
U.S.Armedforces,branchnotspecified
Militaryreservesornationalguard
Nationalsecurityandinternationalaffairs
Administrationofenvironmentalqualityandhousingprograms
Administrationofeconomicprogramsandspaceresearch
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
47
TableA.5
KansasOccupationsofMaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
OccupationCategory1990SOC
Constructionlaborers
Gardeners&groundskeepers
Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
Carpenters
Truck,delivery,&tractordrivers
Cooks,variouslydefined
Farmworkers
Butchers&meatcutters
Janitors
Laborersoutsideconstruction
Roofers&slaters
Computersoftwaredevelopers
Assemblersofelectricalequipment
Programmersofnumericallycontrolledmachinetools
Miscfoodprepworkers
Managers&administrators,n.e.c.
Painters,construction&maintenance
Computersystemsanalysts&computerscientists
Plasterers
Cashiers
Productionsupervisorsorforemen
Accountants&auditors
Waiter/waitress
Managementanalysts
Machineoperators,n.e.c.
Welders&metalcutters
Industrialmachineryrepairers
Retailsalesclerks
Automobilemechanics
Mechanics&repairers,n.e.c.
Aerospaceengineer
Supervisorsofconstructionwork
Physicians
Electricians
Nursingaides,orderlies,&attendants
Supervisors&proprietorsofsalesjobs
48
All
Immigrants
Immigrantsfrom
Mexico&
CentralAmerica
4300
3591
3367
3025
3009
2862
2612
2329
2103
1856
1803
1711
1659
1525
1489
1367
1241
1032
977
974
891
875
836
816
745
741
731
707
686
630
615
606
603
586
580
578
3962
3359
0
2967
2806
1856
2612
2103
1678
1078
1670
0
1166
361
996
91
1241
0
977
818
448
371
836
0
339
461
640
84
540
502
0
387
0
318
226
206
TableA.5MaleImmigrantOccupationCategory1990
SOC(cont)
Masons,tilers,&carpetinstallers
Sheetmetalductinstallers
Otherfinancialspecialists
Interviewers,enumerators,&surveyors
Bookbinders
Engineeringtechnicians,n.e.c.
Managersofproperties&realestate
Customerservicereps,investigators&adjusters,exceptinsurance
Designers
Registerednurses
Teachers,n.e.c.
Dentallaboratory&medicalappliancetechnicians
Civilengineers
Taxicabdrivers&chauffeurs
Drywallinstallers
Salesdemonstrators/promoters/models
Bus,truck,&stationaryenginemechanics
Notelsewhereclassifiedengineers
Shipping&receivingclerks
Police,detectives,&privateinvestigators
Kitchenworkers
Laundryworkers
Aircraftmechanics
Helpers,surveyors
Hairdressers&cosmetologists
Woodlathe,routing,&planingmachineoperators
Graders&sortersinmanufacturing
Paintingmachineoperators
Humanresources&laborrelationsmanagers
Insuranceadjusters,examiners,&investigators
Managersoffoodserving&lodgingestablishments
Grinding,abrading,buffing,&polishingworkers
Chiefexecutives&publicadministrators
Nail&tackingmachineoperators(woodworking)
Managersofmedicine&healthoccupations
Stock&inventoryclerks
Typesetters&compositors
Banktellers
Crane,derrick,winch,&hoistoperators
49
All
Immigrants
570
565
559
510
508
485
482
479
445
442
441
417
403
402
398
386
385
382
375
352
350
329
313
310
288
282
277
260
257
252
243
239
238
238
220
219
218
211
198
Immigrantsfrom
Mexico&
CentralAmerica
570
193
215
0
0
361
0
365
369
0
162
190
0
273
398
386
385
78
375
259
0
329
114
310
0
199
0
166
80
0
243
239
168
238
0
91
121
0
198
TableA.5MaleImmigrantOccupationCategory1990
SOC(cont)
Bookkeepers&accounting&auditingclerks
Supervisorsofpersonalservicejobs,n.e.c.
Pharmacists
Athletes,sportsinstructors,&officials
Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,&lodgingquarterscleaners
Financialmanagers
Paving,surfacing,&tampingequipmentoperators
Buyers,wholesale&retailtrade
Machinists
Otherminingoccupations
Slicing&cuttingmachineoperators
Autobodyrepairers
Repairersofindustrialelectricalequipment
Metallurgical&materialsengineers,variouslyphrased
Supervisorsofmechanics&repairers
Officesupervisors
Operatingengineersofconstructionequipment
Packers,fillers,&wrappers
Architects
Veterinarians
Industrialengineers
Packers&packagersbyhand
Physicalscientists,n.e.c.
Salespersons,n.e.c.
Electricalengineer
Generalofficeclerks
Childcareworkers
Plumbers,pipefitters,&steamfitters
Vehiclewashers&equipmentcleaners
Timber,logging,&forestryworkers
Concrete&cementworkers
Farmmanagers,exceptforhorticulturalfarms
Molders,&castingmachineoperators
Managersineducation&relatedfields
Electricpowerinstallers&repairers
Recreationfacilityattendants
Constructiontrades,n.e.c.
Military
Drillersofoilwells
50
All
Immigrants
196
194
193
183
176
174
165
164
164
159
158
156
154
150
147
142
140
137
136
136
135
130
123
123
120
115
105
105
105
104
104
102
93
90
86
85
85
85
84
Immigrantsfrom
Mexico&
CentralAmerica
196
0
0
0
176
0
165
0
0
159
158
156
103
0
0
142
140
137
0
0
0
130
0
0
0
0
0
105
16
104
104
102
0
0
86
0
85
0
84
TableA.5MaleImmigrantOccupationCategory1990
SOC(cont)
Clergy&religiousworkers
Mailcarriersforpostalservice
Photographers
Biologicaltechnicians
Purchasingmanagers,agents&buyers,n.e.c.
Chemists
Eligibilityclerksforgovernmentprograms;socialwelfare
Postalclerks,excludingmailcarriers
Bakers
Handmolders&shapers,exceptjewelers
Biologicalscientists
Respiratorytherapists
Managers&specialistsinmarketing,advertising,&publicrelations
Materialrecording,scheduling,production,planning,&expeditingclerks
Otherlawenforcement:sheriffs,bailiffs,correctionalinstitutionofficers
Graders&sortersofagriculturalproducts
Rollers,rollh&s,&finishersofmetal
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
51
All
Immigrants
78
75
74
70
68
68
66
65
59
55
44
42
41
36
23
23
20
Immigrantsfrom
Mexico&
CentralAmerica
0
0
0
70
0
0
66
0
59
0
0
0
0
36
23
23
0
TableA.6
KansasOccupationsofFemaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
OccupationCategory1990SOC
Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,andlodgingquarterscleaners
Butchersandmeatcutters
Nursingaides,orderlies,andattendants
Janitors
Cooks,variouslydefined
Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
Miscfoodprepworkers
Assemblersofelectricalequipment
Hairdressersandcosmetologists
Childcareworkers
Supervisorsandproprietorsofsalesjobs
Machineoperators,n.e.c.
Cashiers
Waiter'sassistant
Packersandpackagersbyhand
Retailsalesclerks
Teachers,n.e.c.
Computersoftwaredevelopers
Waiter/waitress
Gradersandsortersinmanufacturing
Customerservicereps,investigatorsandadjusters,except
insurance
Laborersoutsideconstruction
Secretaries
Registerednurses
Textilesewingmachineoperators
Stockandinventoryclerks
Generalofficeclerks
Packers,fillers,andwrappers
Animalcaretakersexceptonfarms
Military
Farmworkers
Primaryschoolteachers
Administrativesupportjobs,n.e.c.
Vehiclewashersandequipmentcleaners
52
AllImmigrants
Immigrants
fromMexico&
CentralAmerica
4080
3505
2588
2418
2398
1839
1718
1674
1590
1531
1454
1408
1247
1211
1122
1065
1008
968
915
906
3781
2319
317
1845
2126
129
491
0
650
657
707
625
384
1038
760
215
193
0
254
403
881
826
808
701
675
665
622
617
576
507
481
466
451
440
419
826
331
156
298
545
321
463
0
0
481
0
451
366
TableA.6:FemaleImmigrantOccupation1990SOC(cont)
Clinicallaboratorytechnologiesandtechnicians
Personnel,HR,training,andlaborrelationsspecialists
Officesupervisors
Kitchenworkers
Personalserviceoccupations,nec
Publictransportationattendantsandinspectors
Gradersandsortersofagriculturalproducts
Billandaccountcollectors
Vocationalandeducationalcounselors
Molders,andcastingmachineoperators
Managersoffoodservingandlodgingestablishments
Guards,watchmen,doorkeepers
Assemblersofelectricalequipment
Supervisorsofcleaningandbuildingservice
Bakers
Managersineducationandrelatedfields
Accountantsandauditors
Athletes,sportsinstructors,andofficials
Healthaides,exceptnursing
Managersofpropertiesandrealestate
Bookkeepersandaccountingandauditingclerks
Bartenders
Dentallaboratoryandmedicalappliancetechnicians
Psychologists
Receptionists
Carpenters
Physicalscientists,n.e.c.
Woodlathe,routing,andplaningmachineoperators
Art/entertainmentperformersandrelated
Financialmanagers
Physicians
Librarians
Pressingmachineoperators(clothing)
Laundryworkers
Secondaryschoolteachers
Inspectorsofagriculturalproducts
Otherfinancialspecialists
Licensedpracticalnurses
53
AllImmigrants
Immigrants
fromMexico&
CentralAmerica
367
357
351
351
345
294
291
288
278
282
272
272
253
256
259
245
251
246
245
242
239
238
237
230
236
230
214
216
212
204
200
201
199
200
179
177
163
162
0
67
0
298
306
0
291
288
0
282
145
94
90
256
0
0
0
0
245
0
0
97
0
0
118
230
0
150
54
109
0
0
0
200
85
177
0
0
TableA.6:FemaleImmigrantOccupation1990SOC(cont)
Salespersons,n.e.c.
Managementsupportoccupations
Dentalassistants
Cementingandgluingmachingoperators
Dressmakersandseamstresses
Mixingandblendingmachineoperatives
Legalassistants,paralegals,legalsupport,etc
Billingclerksandrelatedfinancialrecordsprocessing
Supervisorsofpersonalservicejobs,n.e.c.
Socialworkers
Chiefexecutivesandpublicadministrators
Truck,delivery,andtractordrivers
Healthtechnologistsandtechnicians,n.e.c.
Mailclerks,outsideofpostoffice
Managersandadministrators,n.e.c.
Typists
Productionsupervisorsorforemen
Writersandauthors
Designers
Shippingandreceivingclerks
Economists,marketresearchers,andsurveyresearchers
Lawyers
Drafters
Chemists
Correspondenceandorderclerks
Managersofmedicineandhealthoccupations
Pharmacists
Technicalwriters
Machinists
Managersandspecialistsinmarketing,advertising,andpublicrelations
Photographers
Aircraftmechanics
Slicingandcuttingmachineoperators
Specialeducationteachers
Kindergartenandearlierschoolteachers
Otherhealthandtherapy
Doortodoorsales,streetsales,andnewsvendors
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
54
AllImmigrants
Immigrants
fromMexico&
CentralAmerica
161
146
145
146
141
137
129
129
130
128
118
118
107
107
99
101
103
90
91
94
82
86
84
80
81
66
66
68
72
60
60
59
62
55
33
25
20
71
0
145
146
0
0
129
0
0
0
0
118
107
0
0
101
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
0
0
0
0
0
20
TableA.7
PerPupilStateandLocalFundingofK12EducationinCountieswithHighImmigrantPopulation
SchoolDistrictName
CountyName
PerPupilFunding
BLUEVALLEY
JOHNSON
$13,103
SPRINGHILL
JOHNSON
$10,683
GARDNEREDGERTONANTIOCH
JOHNSON
$12,566
DESOTO
JOHNSON
$11,340
OLATHE
JOHNSON
$11,839
SHAWNEEMISSIONPUBLICSCHOOLS
JOHNSON
$11,635
TURNERKANSASCITY
WYANDOTTE
$11,590
PIPERKANSASCITY
WYANDOTTE
$9,981
BONNERSPRINGS
WYANDOTTE
$11,329
KANSASCITY
WYANDOTTE
$14,487
WICHITA
SEDGWICK
$11,093
DERBY
SEDGWICK
$10,056
HAYSVILLE
SEDGWICK
$10,456
VALLEYCENTERPUBLICSCHOOLS
SEDGWICK
$10,259
MULVANE
SEDGWICK
$9,659
CLEARWATER
SEDGWICK
$10,458
GODDARD
SEDGWICK
$10,647
MAIZE
SEDGWICK
$10,395
RENWICK
SEDGWICK
$10,418
CHENEY
SEDGWICK
$11,167
SPEARVILLE
FORD
$11,068
DODGECITY
FORD
$11,554
BUCKLIN
FORD
$12,667
GARDENCITY
FINNEY
$11,134
HOLCOMB
FINNEY
$13,084
LIBERAL
SEWARD
$9,359
KISMETPLAINS
SEWARD
$11,893
JUNCTIONCITY
GEARY
$7,533
STATEAVERAGE
KANSAS
$11,736
Source:KansasStateDepartmentofEducationSchoolFinanceDataWarehouse
55