Common Jaina and Vedic Heritage

-By Arun Kumar Upadhyay, IPS,

B-9, CB-9, cantonment Road, Cuttack-
753001
Phone-91-671-2304172/2304433, Mobile +91-
9437034172
Emailarunupadhyay30@yahoo.in
(Summary)
World civilization has progressed in cycles matching with glacial cycle of the world.
Glaciations destroyed the northern hemispheres and center of power shifted to
equatorial regions. Glacial floods made temperate climate more suitable and power
shifted north wards. However, India, being bound in north by Himālaya remained
protected from devastation and maintained long continuity of civilization. The
geographical protection gave matching nature of the population to preserve ancient
wisdom and tradition. The unification and foundation of knowledge gave rise to Vedas
which are collected wisdom of ŗşis for at least 26,000 years. Its scientific explanation as
per branch of knowledge and language of current time was by Jaina texts, whose
tradition was maintained by munis. In general, same persons were called ŗşi as well as
muni. Thus, the two traditions are since time immemorial in India and are
complementary. Bauddha system of verbal logic is base of all texts explained in words.
Mechanical science, farming, trade, and rules of govt. etc. are based on Chārvāka were
also part of both. There has been many cycles of time called yugas. Micro to largest
time cycle have two opposing parts called avasarpiņī (descending) and utsarpiņī
(ascending). However, historic cycle is of 24,000 years in 2 parts, called a day of
human Brahmā, or Kalpābda. 10th part of each is kali, avasarpiņī starts with satya,
tretā, dvāpara, kali, It is followed by utsarpiņī of 12000 years in reverse order with kali.
At present we are running in 3rd Kalpābda. whose kali had started in 3102 BC. Tretā of
utsarpiņī has started in 1999 AD. By mixing up with large time-scales of astronomy, we
have given up to 1016 years life period to Ŗşabhadevajī, which is more than life of sun
itself. We feel disrespect in reducing the number or similar ages of other great men.
Their greatness is not in having life span of million times that of earth, but in achieving
world consciousness in normal life and uplifting mankind. This article attempts to
outline Jain and Vedic traditions from 61,902 B, based on Purāņa calender.
1.Time Scales - Śatapatha Brāhmaņa (12/3/2/5) defines svedāyana equal to 15-8 parts
of a day, i.e. about 11,20,000 parts of a second, and (10/4/4/2) links the number of
lomagartta (= 15 svedāyana) in a year (1012) with number of stars in galaxy. Its image
is human brain having same number of cells. Smallest time has been defined in
Bhāgavata purāņa (chapter 3/16) as the time taken by light ray in crossing smallest
length. Starting from man of about 1.35 meter (average of length, breadth) size,
smaller worlds are smaller in ratio of 10-5 up to 7 levels (Dhyānavindu upanişad, 4).
Thus, the smallest world is of 1.35 x 10-35 meters. This is called Planck’s length. Light
will take 10-43 seconds to cross it, which is called Planck’s time in modern physics. Jaina
texts also define similar micro units. To the largest end, astronomical yuga is of 12,000
divya years, where a divya year is of 360 solar years (Sūrya siddhānta, chapter 1). This
is the period in which planets up to Saturn at 1000 sun diameters make integral
number of revolution. That gives rise to cycles of reversal of magnetic poles and motion
of geographical poles (also viewed as continental shift).1000 such yugas make 1 kalpa
or day of Brahmā in space. This period of 4.32 billion years is the period up to which
planetary motion is expected to remain. In this period, earth will cover distance in its
orbit equal to circumference of galaxy (Sūrya siddhānta, chapter 12). Night of Brahmā
is of same period. 30 day-nights make 1 month and 12 months (+5 = 365 days) make 1
year. 100 years of life of Brahmā is equal to 1 nimeşa (twinkling of eye. For man, it is
taken as 4/45 seconds) of Vişņu.100 years life of Vişņu is 1 day of Śiva, and his 100
years are 1 nimeşa of Śakti. These time scales are similar to estimates of half life of
proton-decay which is still a wild guess.
In the present Kalpa of 4.32 billion years, 6 manvantaras of 71 yugas and 7 sandhyā,
each of 1 satya-yuga of 1728,000 years have passed. In the 7th manvantara, 27 yugas

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have passed. In 28th yuga, Satya, tretā, dvāpara were completed on 17/18-2-3102 BC
Ujjain midnight. Then, kali of 432000 years has started. This comes to 1,97,31,44,000
years of the total day of Brahmā of 432 crore years. After deducting 47400 x 360 years
spent in creation, it is 1,95,58,80,000 years till start of kali. Sri Vasudeo Poddar in his
book-Viśva ki Kāla Yātrā- has assumed that two-day nights of Brahma of 864 crore
years each have passed and it is the time in 3rd day. Thus, the total time passed is
about 1926 crore years. This tally with the modern estimates of 10 to 25 billion years
life of cosmos. Third day of Brahmā has been indicated in-Bhavişya pu, pratisarga
(1/1/3), Yajurveda (12/75), Ŗgveda (10/97/1), Brahmāņďa (1/2/6/5-9, 16, 51, 52, 61, 70,
76) and (2/3/1/8). Āryabhaţa has taken 1 kalpa of 14 manvantaras of 72 yugas each,
i.e. 1 kalpa =1008 yugas. He takes 4 equal part-yugas each of 10,80,000 years. Here
also, kali started on 17-2-3102 BC.
However, historic yuga is also of 12,000 divya years, but here divya year means 1
solar year. This is clear from Vāyu purāņa (57/17, 99/419) where saptarşi vatsara is
stated to be 3030 mānuşa (human) years or of 2700 divya years at another place.
Manuşya (man) has mana (mind) which is an image of moon as per Puruşa-sūkta (7).
So Mānuşa year is 12 rotation of moon around earth = 12 x 27 = 324 days. Divya also
means bright, and it is due to sun. Thus solar year can be called divya year of 365.25
days. Assuming these figures, 3030 mānuşa years = 2717 solar years. 17 (or 18) extra
years have been indicated as sansarpa kāla (Chandrāvadāna Kāla-Tantra, by
Chandrakanta Bali, page 76). Similarly, Dhruva-year (in Brahmāņďa purāņa
1/1/2/29/18) called Krauñcha year (in Vāyu purāņa 57/18) is of 9,090 mānuşa years or
8100 solar years. Thus, we take 24,000 years of historic yuga with first half of 12,000
years avasarpiņī starting with satya, tretā, dvāpara, kali. Second half utsarpiņī is in
reverse order of yugas. In this also, 3rd day is running with kali of avasarpiņī starting on
17/18-2-3102 BC Ujjain midnight.
The 3rd day of Brahmā started with Vaivasvata Manu from whom Satya yuga started.
His father Vivasvān had started this system in Sūrya siddhānta (Vivasvān and Sūrya -
both mean sun). Thus, period of Vivasvān is 4800 + 3600 + 2400 = 10,800 years
before 3102 BC i.e. in 13,902 BC. His calendar started with Chaitra month bright half
when sun enters Meşa sign (now at time of spring equinox). Mahābhārata, vana parva
chapter 230 tells that Kārttikeya had started year from Dhanişţhā (β Delphini) star after
pole had shifted from Abhijit (Vega) star in about 15,800 BC. Since year started with
rains (varşā), it was called varşa. That tradition of starting year with rains when sun
started southward motion was continued from earlier tradition of Asuras who were
supreme before Kārttikeya. Till today, Sūrya siddhānta calls it Asura day. This yuga
system did not exist in period of Brahmā, so satya yuga did not start with him, he was
in earlier (ādya) tretā (Vāyu purāņa 9/46, 31/3, 33/5).
2. Historic cycles - For history, Matsya purāņa (129/76, 77), tells that after
Svāyambhuva Manu there were 43 yugas till Vaivasvata Manu. Bhavişya purāņa,
pratisarga parva (1/4/26) tells this period as 16,000 years. Thus, each yuga here is only
of 360 years-called a divya year in astronomy. Divya-day (translated as Baɖā-dina)
starts with northward motion of sun, which was originally meant to be start of Julian
calendar year in 46 BC, but people started after 7 days to coincide with start of Pauşa
dark half of Vikrama year 10. The start of north motion was termed Kŗşņa māsa (Chris-
mas) as night is longest on that day in north hemisphere.. These texts also mention 28
yugas or 10,000 (360 x 28 = 10,080) or more correctly 10,800 years after Vaivasvata
Manu-till Kali start when Purāņas were finalized by Veda-Vyāsa (Kŗşņa Dvaipāyana).
Combining both, Brahmāņɖa purāņa (1/2/9/36, 37) tells that 26,000 years or 71 yugas
(called manvantara, historic one) have passed from Svāyambhuva Manu till kali start.
In historic cycle also, 24,000 years period has been called Brahmābda in Bhavişya
purāņa, pratisarga parva , (91/1/3) and Ayanābda yuga in Vāyu purāņa (31/29). Thus,
there are two complementary cycles-
(1) 26,000 years of 71 yugas of 360 years each (more correctly, of 365 years equal to
days in solar year.
(2) 24,000 years in 2 halves- avasarpiņī of 12000 years starting with satya, tretā,
dvāpara, kali-of 4,3,2,1 parts, followed by utsarpiņī is in reverse order of yugas.

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26,000 years is the period of precession of earth’s axis, called ayana-chakra in Indian
astronomy. From position of equinox point or of solstices, we can verify the yuga
mathematically. Civil yuga is the real cycle of glacial periods which is a combination of
rotation of major axis of earth’s orbit in about 1,00,000 years and precession of
equinoxes in 26,000 years in reverse direction. When earth is at apogee (highest point
of earth’s orbit) or is farthest from sun, it gets least heat. Combined with that, if the
north-pole is inclined away from sun, glaciation sets in. When north-pole is towards sun
at apogee, then there will be glacial flood. Thus, glacial cycle will be joint effect of the
two cycles, as propounded by Milancovich of Czechoslovakia in 1923. That comes to
21,600 year cycle-

However, the real cycle is of 24,000 years as the speed of precession varies and there
is nutation also. Rotation of major axis also has some long term components of
4,12,000 years and above. It can be seen that nodes of glacial cycle have always
occurred in tretā - floods in avasarpiņī and ice age in utsarpiņī. In taking 24,000 year
cycle, we are merging 312000 year cycle part of major axis rotation with precession-

The yuga cycle also tallies with civilization as stated in Mahābhārata, śānti parva
(232/31-34). Dvāpara is time of changes and revival, but yajña (science of production)
reaches to top in tretā only. By taking cycle of 24,000 years instead of 26,000, there
has to be correction in cycle of 24,000 years, called Bīja-sanskāra by Brahmagupta in
his Brāhma-sphuţa-siddhānta (1902 edition), madhyamadhikāra, 61. Bhāskarāchārya-2
has in his Siddhānta-śiromaņi, bhū-paridhi, 7-8 has stated in his comments that he does
not know the logic, it was since āgama (purāņa tradition). Combining, dhruva-saptarşi
and glacial cycles, the yuga cycle from 61,902 BC will be as below-
Yuga Cycle
Day Of Brahmā Part BC year Start of Yuga Glacial cycle Notes/Saptarşi
period
61,902 Satya Ice age 69,200 (in Tretā of previous
utsarpiņī)
Avasarpiņī 57,102 Tretā Glacial flood 58,100 BC-Maņijā era, time of
some sūktas
53,502 Dvāpara as calculated on basis of nutation in
veda-kāla
Dark age 51,102 Kali -nirņaya byDinanatha Shastri Chulet,
Indore, 1925.
Day 1 49,902 Kali
Ut sarpiņī 48,702 Dvāpara
46,302 Tretā Ice age 45,500
42,702 Satya
37,902 Satya
Avasarpiņī 33,102 Tretā Glacial flood 31,100
Day 2 29,502 Dvāpara Ādya Tretā-Brahmā-Varāha Kalpa
Ādya (initial) yuga 27,102, Kali 29,102
(Svāyambhuva Manu) 25,902 Kali
27,376-Dhruva-0
24,702 Dvāpara 43 x360 = 16,000 years
Utsarpiņī 22,302 Tretā Ice age 20,000 19,276-
Dhruva-1
18,702 Satya
13,902 Satya 13,102-Vaivasvata Manu 11,176-
Dhruva-2
Avasarpiņī 9,102 Tretā Glacial flood 9,200 8476-End of
Ikśvāku-Saptarşi-1

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 5,502 Dvāpara 28 x 360 = 10,000 5,776-
Saptarşi-2
Day 3 (current) 3,102 KaIi 3,102 Kali 3,076-
Laukika-Saptarşi-3
(Vaivasvata Manu) 1,902 Kali Mahāvīra 1905, Siddhārtha Buddha
1887
702 Dvāpara Śūdraka-755, Śākambharī śaka-612
Ut sarpiņī 1,699 AD Tretā 1700-Industrial revolution
5,299 AD Satya 2000-End of Tretā junction-
Information technology
3. Parts of Yuga-(1) Parivarta yuga-Brahmāņɖa purāņa (1/2/6/6-8) tells that the
current kalpa or day of Brahmā is called Varāha-kalpa. Parts of yuga are counted only
for this kalpa. In list of 28 Vyāsas, each part of a yuga has been called parivarta.
1 parivarta = 360 years (Paridhi = circumference divided into 3600, parivartana =
change).
1 Tretā = 3600 years = 10 Parivarta Yuga.
Start of Tretā was in 22,302 and in 9,102 BC. These had 10 +10 = 20 parivarta or parts.
Even after second Tretā ended in 5,502 BC, this counting continued till age of Rāma
(birth on 11-2-4433 BC as per horoscope in Vālmīki Rāmāyaņa) as era of advancement
continued. Vāyu purāņa, chapters (70, 86, 98) mentions these parts-
Asura king Bali-3rd Tretā –This count should start from 22,302 BC, but this yuga-system
itself started after Vaivasvata Manu, hence it should more properly be counted 3600
years before 13,902 BC, i.e. from 17,502 BC. Second Tretā will be completed in 16,802
BC and the third will continue till 16,442 BC. In this period of Bali, Vāmana had
achieved supremacy of 3 lokas for Indra. But Asuras thought that they could have
defeated Devas in war and continued attacks. Finally Kārttikeya defeated them
convincingly. In his period, pole star had shifted from Abhijit to Dhanişţhā and in
consultation with Brahmā, he started year with entry of sun in Dhanişţhā (Mahābhārata
udyoga parva, 230/8-10). That should be in 16,000 BC. Bali period is 1 saptarşi = 2700
years after completion of Dhruva cycle in 19,276 BC, i.e. after 16,576 BC when Asura
empire based in Krauñcha Dvīpa (north America) was most powerful.. Year started with
south ward motion of sun, or varşā (rains), so year itself was called varşa.
Dattātreya -10thTretā,-It appears to be in 9102 BC when second Tretā started after end
of glacial floods.
Māndhātā - 15th Tretā-started in 9102 - 4 x 360 = 7,662 BC and continued till 7,302 BC.
18 generation after him was Bāhu, who had been defeated by Yavanas with help of
Haihaya, Tālajangha, Śaka, Pārada, Kāmboja, and Pahlavas (Brahmāņɖa purāņa,
2/3/63/119-120). Megasthenes, Arian, Solin and other Greek authors have given the
date of this first Yavana attack by Dionysus (Bacchus) as 6451 years 3 months before
Alexander, i.e. in 6,777 BC.
Paraśurāma-19th Tretā - It started in 5502 + 2 x 360 = 7222 BC. After his death,
Kalamba (Kollam) samvat started in 6,177 BC which still continues in Kerala. As
incarnation of Vişņu, he has been called Hercules (as sun or Vişņu, he holds the earth).
He was 15 generations after Dionysus as per Greek writers. He destroyed kings
(kingdoms) 21 times, which has been called republic era for 120 years by the Greeks.
This should start 120 years before the death of Paraśurāma in 6297 BC, when he must
have been about 30-35 years. Thus, he lived up to at least 155 years of age, so he is
famous as long lived.
Rāma-24th Tretā- This actually started 3 parivartas after end of Tretā, i.e. 5502-3 x 360
= 4422 BC, i.e. when was 11 years of age. Thus his life was mostly in 24th Tretā.
(2) Saptarşi era-As per, Rājatarangiņī,1/50-52), Laukikābda started with death of
Yudhişţhira in kali year 25, i.e. in 3076 BC when Saptarşis left Maghā after 100 years
stay in that star. 3 Saptarşi cycles i.e. 8100 years are cycle of Dhruva starting after
death of King Dhruva, grandson of Svāyambhuva Manu as per Bhāgavata purāņa. It
was called Krauñcha year, when Asura kings up to Bali were supreme in that continent.
(3) Glacial cycles have been given as per modern estimates.

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(4) Brahmā-There were 7 human Brahmā as per Mahābhārata, śānti parva (chapters
348, 349)-
1. Mukhya –From mukha (mouth) of Nārāyaņa) or main Brahmā-He taught Vaikhānasa.
2. From eyes-He was taught by Soma and himself taught Bālakhilyas.
3. From Vāņī – He has been called Apantaratamā, son of Vāņī in Mahābhārata, śānti
parva (349/39). He taught Trisuparņa Ŗşi. As per purāņas, he lived on banks of Gautamī
(Godāvarī). The suparņa, is stated to have entered sea-tending coastal land has been
called Reļhi (Ŗgveda 10/114/4), so farmers in Andhra are still called Reddi. Brāhmī
script of 64 letters still continues as Telugu and Kannada having vowels of 1, 2, 3
meters.
4. In ādi kŗta yuga (37902-33102 BC)- Brahmā was from ears. He taught Vedas with
Āraņyaka, Rahasya, and Sangraha to Svārochişa Manu, Śankhapada, dikpāla
Suvarņābha.
5. In ādi kŗta yuga -From nose of Nārāyaņa-He taught Vīraņa, Raibhya Muni, and Kukśi
(Dik-pāla = Ruler of a region).
6. Aņɖaja Brahmā-taught Barhişad Muni, Jyeşţha Sāmavratī, king Avikampana.
7. Padmanābha Brahmā taught Dakśa, Vivasvāna, Ikśvāu-This could not have been a
single man from Vivasvān in 14000 BC to Ikśvāku in 8576 BC. This appears to be
institution of Brahmā who was first consulted by Kārttikeya for new calendar. His
tradition appears to have continued till 9,500 BC at time of Ŗşabhdevajī after glacial
floods. He might have been in east Himalayas. Catchment of Brahmaputra river is
called Brahma-viţapa in Trivişţapa (Tibet), or at Manipura which means navel (of
Nārāyaņa) giving birth to Brahmā, adjacent country.
One of the Brahmā in ādi kŗta yuga was in Puşkara (Bukhara of old Persia, now in
Uzbekistan), which has been stated 120 west of Ujjain (Vişņu purāņa, 2/8/26) and at 350
north latitude (maximum day length of 16 hours in Vedānga jyotişa).- See Ŗgveda
(6/16/13), Brahma purāņa (8/87), Gopatha Brāhmaņa (1/16). Till today, the convention
of scripts centered around place of Brahmā is continuing-north east part of China, Japan
write down wards, east part (India) writes to right and west Asia in left direction. That
institution appears to have continued till Svāyambhuva Manu who was king at Ayodhyā.
(5) Kaśyapa, and Manus-In astronomy, 7th Manu period is running and 7 more are
yet to come. These are periods of geological changes, which have been also described
in purāņas and Vedas. But in historic era, all 14 Manus have passed. There were 7 main
Manus and their 7 cousins, called Sāvarņi in same periods-

Sl. No. Main Manu Sāvarņi Manu

1. Svāyambhuva Meru Sāvarņi
2. Svārochişa Dakśa Sāvarņi
3. Uttama Brahma Sāvarņi (Kaśyapa)
4. Tāmasa Dharma Sāvarņi
5. Raivata Rudra Sāvarņi
6. Chākśuşa Rauchya
7. Vaivasvata Bhautya
Brahmāņɖa purāņa (1/2/36/65) tells that 4 Manus- Svārochişa, Uttama, Tāmas, Raivata
were descendants of Priyavrata, elder son of Svāyambhuva Manu. Mother of Svārochişa
was Ākūti who was daughter of Svāyambhuva Manu and was married to Ruchi
Prajāpati, father of Rauchya Manu. The other 3 were sons of Priyavrata. Brahmāņɖa
purāņa (3/4/1/23-24) tells that the other 5 Sāvarņi Manus were sons of Priyā (Kriyā),
daughter of Dakśa Prajāpati.
Harivamśa purāņa (2/15) tells that Chākśuşa Manu was son of Ripu, grandson of King
Dhruva. Almost same exists in Vāyu purāņa (4/100, 58/30). Prior to Vaivasvata Manu,
list of kings is scanty. That gives 52 kings from Svāyambhuva to Chākśuşa and then 12
kings up to Vaivasvata Manu. Kaśyapa influence is for 5 generations from Chākśuşa
Manu to Pŗthu, between them came Vŗ, Anga, Vena.
Svāyambhuva…………………………….. Chākśuşa……………………………. Vaivasvata
40 generations 12 generations
52 generations (incomplete list) = 15,120 years.

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1 generation = 15,120 52 = 290 years.
Period of Kaśyapa and Chākśuşa = 29102(Svāyambhuva) i- 40 x 290 = 17,500 BC.
Pŗthu period = 17,500 – 5 x 290 = 16,050 BC.
Thus, Kaśyapa period is from 17,500 to 16,050 BC. It may be noted that Institute of
Brahmā from Svāyambhuva Manu continued till glacial ice period in 20,000 BC. Then, it
was revived by Kaśyapa. After that, period of each Vyāsa till Ŗşabhadeva can be taken
as 2 parivarta = 720 years. Period of 6thVaivasvata-Yama is taken as 4 parivarta =
1440 years as there was deluge in his period. After Ŗşabhadeva, period of all Vyāsa is
taken as 1 parivarta = 360 years.
(6) Mahāvīra, Buddha etc-Jain scriptures are unanimous that Mahāvīra was at the
end of avasarpiņī , thus he has to be before 1902 BC. The horoscope given in astrology
book tallies with the date 11-3-1905 BC which was Chaitra śukla 13th.
Date of Siddhārtha Buddha is known more accurately-Birth 31-3-1886 BC, Vaiśākha
śukla 15th, i.e. pūrņimā till 5-24 ghaţī. Departure for Kapilavastu-29-5-1859 BC,
Sunday, āşāɖha śukla 15. Achieving Buddha stage-3-4-1851 BC, Vaiśākha pūrņimā till
11 ghaţī before sunrise. Death of his fatherŚuddhodana 25-6-1848, śrāvaņa pūrņimā,
Saturday. Nirvāņa (death) of Buddha-27-3-1807, Tuesday, Vaiśākha pūrņimā, slightly
before sunrise.
Rāma birth at Ayodhyā at 81024’ east, 26048’ north, on 11-2-4433 BC at local time 10-
47-48 h/m/s. lagna-9000’1”, sun-900’0’’, moon-9000’1”, mars-29800’0”, mercury-2100’0”,
Jupiter- 9000’1”, venus-35700’0”, Saturn-20000’0”, Rāhu-12004’26”, balance in period of
Jupiter-4 years.
Kŗşņa birth at Mathurā 27025’ north, 77041’ east, on 17-7-3228 BC at midnight. Sun-
139048’, moon-47042’, mars-9106’, mercury-152048’, Jupiter-148054’, venus-102054’,
Saturn-224042’, rāhu 106024’, lagna-500.
Śankarāchārya at Kālaţī 10040’ north, 760 east, on 4-4-509 BC, Tuesday, 2252 hrs LMT,
vaiśākha śukla 5 till 1132 hrs, punarvasu star from 4-4-509 BC -0139 hrs till 5-4-509,
0406 hrs. Lagna-261024’, sun-25038’, moon-90068’, mars-305019’, mercury-44034’,
Jupiter-247045’, venus-67053’, Saturn-343022’, rāhu-31047’.
Śūdraka- He was born as Indrāņīgupta in Brāhmaņa family and was king of Mālavā
(Ujjain). He united 4 main royal families in a yajña at Abu (Arbuda parvata) performed
by Vişņu incarnation Buddha born as son of Ajina in Kīkaţa (Magadha). Śūdraka-śaka
was started in 756 BC on that occasion indicated in Jyotişa-darpaņa of Yallaya. For
uniting 4 kings, he was called Śūdraka as honour and his era was called Kŗta (satya)
yuga. These 4 families-Pratihāra, Paramāra (Pramara), Chālukya, Chāhamāna
(Chauhāna)-took lead in protecting the country against attack by Asuras (Assyria),so
they were called of Agni-kula. Agni normally means fire, but Śatapatha Brāhmaņa
(2/2/4/2) defines it as agni (agrī) =agraņī =leader. Pratihāra, and Paramāra stopped
Asuras and Chālukya continued to block, but decisive victory was by king Chāhamāna
who completely routed Asura capital Nineve in 612 BC. This has been indicated in Bible
as final destruction of Asura empire by king of Medes east of Indus river (= Madhya-
deśa between Gangā and Himālaya). Chāhamāna were devotees of Śākambharī whose
blessing for destroying Asuras in Kali era is indicated in Durgā-saptaśatī (11/49). Era
was started on that occasion has been indicated by Varāhamihira in Bŗhat-samhitā
(13/3).
After Chāhamāna, there was temporary incursion by Śakas of central Asia who were
trounced by Śrī-Harşa of Mālavā, in 456 BC and set up a pillar (Vişņu-dhvaja = Kutub-
minar), called pillar of Hercules by Megasthenes. It has also been indicated by Ibn-
Batuta, traveler from Morocco in 13th century. This samvat has been mentioned by Al-
Biruni and Abul-Fazal. The 300 year period of Mālava-gaņa has been stated by Greek
writers like Megasthenes as 300 years of democracy.
(6) Other Buddhas-There were 28 Buddhas listed in Bauddha text-Stūpa (Thūpa)
vamśa. Vişņu incarnation Buddha was born as son of Ajina in Kīkaţa (Magadha) slightly
before Śūdrala-śaka i.e. in about 800 BC. He was not among 28 Buddhas. Mañjuśrī
Buddha was born in China-he might be among 7 Brahmā, and was called Fan. Kaśyapa
Buddha was in 17,500 BC. Pūraņa Kaśyapa was in Kasap (Rohtas district in west Bihar)
in time of Siddhārtha Buddha. Amitābha Buddha was in China at time of Rāma whose

6
teaching to Rāvaņa is called Lankāvatāra sūtra. In Yoga-Vāsişţha, Nirvāņa khaņɖa,
chapters 14-17, he has been called Kākabhuśuņɖi, who was north east from Meru, i.e.
in China. Vasişţha had gone to him for learning. His views have been criticised in
Vālmīki Rāmāyaņa, Ayodhyā kāņɖa, chapters 108-109. In verse (109/34) he has been
called Budha, Buddha, Tathāgata, Śakyatama (Śākya).
Sumedhā Buddha taught Paraśurāma after Dhanuşa yajña at Mithilā when Rāma was
married. He lived at Mahendragiri where a place named Baudha still exists which is a
district. His teaching to Paraśurām is called Tripurā-Rahasya. He is the same ŗşi who
taught Durgā Māhātmya to king Suratha. His explanation of śakti as 10 Mahāvidyā is
called 10 Prajñā-pāramitā in Baddha texts. Śākya sinmha Buddha had gone to Nepal
just before Mahābhārata in time of king Jitedasti. Fahien has described times and
places of 3 Buddhas just before Siddhārtha Budda. Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni and
Kaśyapa. Stūpa of Kanakamuni had been doubled by king Ashok in14th year of his rule.
After Siddhārtha, there were 3 Lokadhātu Buddhas, out of which 2 were in Kashmir-at
time of Ashoka, 48 th king of Gonanda vamśa (1400 BC), and in time of 53 rd king
Kanişka (1505 BC). Maitreya Buddha was in Dhānya-Kataka which is Cuttack in Orissa, a
region of dhānya (paddy) with places as Chauliaganja, Dhānamandal, Salepur, etc. As
per Fahien, he was about 300 years after death of Siddhārtha Budda (1807 BC) i.e
in1500 BC. Dīpankara Buddha was after Sumedhā. Orissa king Indrabhūti was his
disciple. His son Padmasambhava started Lama tradition in Tibet. Siddhārtha has
named 3 more Buddhas whose teachings did not survive inabsence of written text-
Vipaśyī, Śikhi, Viśvabhū.
4. List of Vyāsa-On these logics and calculations, Sri Kunvar Lal Jain “Vyāsa-śişya” in
his books (Purāņon men Vamśānukramika Kāla-krama, and Purāņon men Aitihāsika
Parivarta Yuga-Itihas Vidya Prakashan, Delhi, 1990) has indicated period of 28 Vyāsas
given in many purāņas (Vāyu, Brahmāņɖa, Kūrma etc). This is quoted by 18 Vol. Indian
History by Sripad Kulkarni from BHISHMA, Thane, Mumbai-in vol. 4).
1. Svāyambhuva Manu (Brahmā)-(29,102-17,500 BC)-Svārochişa, Tāmasa, Raivata
also were in this period.
2. Kaśyapa (Brahma-Sāvarņi Manu)-(17,500-16,050 BC)-Chākśuşa, and other Sāvarņi
Manus. In this period Pŗthu (17,050 BC) was most important king who did extensive
mining all over the world-so earth was called Pŗthvī. This led to co-operation between
Deva and Asuras for samudra-manthana which was world-wide joint exploration of
minerals. Vena was father of Pŗthu and possibly a jaina Tīrthankara as he has been
blamed as Jaina in many Purāņas. There are many sūktas by him. Śukra planet was
named venus after him.
3 Ūśanā Kāvya or Śukrāchārya (16,050-15,330 BC)-Son of Bhŗgu. Atharva-veda was by
Bhŗgu-Angirā. He was Guru (Preceptor) of Asura, Daitya, Dānava. Treatises on Rājanīti
(politics+economics), Dhanurveda, Āyurveda, Purāņas were written. Kārttikeya starts
new calendar in 15,800 BC with year from entry of sun in Dhanişţhā star.
4. Bŗhaspati -(15,330-14,610 BC)-Complete form of Vedas. He explained grammar for
each word separately which is still used in China- where there is separate sign for each
word.
5. Vivasvāna (Savitā)- (14,610-13,900 BC)-New calendar and yuga-system as per
Sūrya-siddhānta. Year started from Āśvina month with entry of sun in meşa sign and
crossing of equator in north motion of sun. Avasarpiņī yuga started with Satya yuga.
Then Tretā, Dvāpara came and ended after (4800 +3600 +2400 = 10,800 years) in
3102 BC.
6. Vaivasvata-Yama (13,900-12,460 BC)-He was Ahur-Mazda (Asura-Mahādeva) of
Zend-Avesta. There was deluge in his period. He had explained the secrets of death to
Nachiketā (Kaţhopanişad), so he is called Śrāddha-Deva also. He is called younger
brother of Vaivasvata-Manu, but in action only. There is large difference between their
periods. His place was called Yama-loka, place of dead with capital at Sanyamanī Purī.
These are now called Yaman, Amman, Sana, Dead sea etc.
7. Indra-Śatakratu (12,460-11,740 BC)-Śata =100, Kratu = yajña = science of
producing desired objects in cycles. Most needed object is food, whose production is
most important yajña done in annual cycle. Other human activities also match the

7
natural cycle of revolution of earth-like financial or educational session. Ideal for man is
to do yajña for 100 years life-time. There were many Indras in 3600 years supremacy of
Devas, but 14 among them were important who ruled for 100 years each-and were
called Śatakratu . In space, Indra is the radiation which is present even in vacuum i.e.
Śunāsīrah. On earth, Indra means king. That too is called Śunāsīrah because his
influence is everywhere or he is owner of un-claimed property (with no owner). Most of
the sūktas of Vedas were written at time of 7th Indra-Vaikunţha. Indra was Lokapāla
(ruler) of east direction (from center of India). With assistance of Marut (Lokapāla of
north-west) who was expert in science of sound-he made Deva-nāgarī script with 49
letters for 49 maruts in space of galaxy. It has 33 letters for 33 devas which are prāņa
of 33 dhāmas of solar system. Being a Chiti (City, arrangement) or nagara of devas in
symbols, it is called Deva-nāgarī which is still used from Indra (east) to north-west
(Marut).
Samvatsara is yajña (Śatapatha brāhmaņa 11/1/1/1), Samvatsara is Indra Śunāsīrah
(Taittirīya brāhmaņa 1/7/1/1)
8.Vasişţha (11,740-11,020 BC)-He was son of Mitra (Sun-Iran)) and Varuņa (Ahur-
Mazda in Arab) both-may be link between two regions. 8th maņɖala of Ŗk-veda is by
him.
9.Apāntaratamā or Sārasvata (11,020-10,300 BC)-Son of Sarasvatī-Alambuşā in gotra
(family) of Dadhyaņ-Atharvańa. He lived on banks of Gautamī (Godāvarī) where Brāhmī
script is still current as Telugu and Kannaɖa.
10.Tridhāmā or Mārkaņɖeya (10,300-9,580 BC)-Dattātreya taught Yoga-tantra and
Mārkaņɖeya taught purāņa.
11.Ŗşabha-deva ji (9,580-8,860 BC)-After deluge he brought back supremacy of
Bhārata as its Chakravartī king (paramount power in world, with famous all-powerful
weapon chakra of Vişņu). He was the first jaina-Tīrthankara of the current avasarpiņī.
His son also was Chakravartī and as this country fed the world, t he king was called
Bharata and the country as Bhārata. Earlier, it was named Ajanābha-varşa. In his
period, Maya-Asura of Mexico revised Sūrya-siddhānta of Vivasvān which developed
errors due to slowing down of axial rotation of earth in deluge (more pressure on
equator region increases angular momentum-to preserve it, rotation speed will be less).
The international conference was at Romaka-pattana,900 west of Ujjain (Rabat in
Morocco). Due to worldwide authority of Ŗşabha-deva ji, it was accepted for the whole
world. Ŗşabha-deva ji restored the civilization started by Svāyambhuva Manu, so he is
called his descendant. As ruler of world, he was incarnation of Vişņu and as teacher
(Ŗşabha =source of knowledge), he was 9th Śiva (Kūrma-purāņa). In Veda-sūktas of his
name and in Jaina texts, he has been called initiator of Asi-masi-kŗşi (= sword, ink,
agriculture). Ŗşabha also means Bullock, which does agriculture and carries load, so he
is depicted as Śiva on bull-carrying burden of country and feeding it.
12. Atri (8,860-8,500 BC)-Bhauma-Atri (of India, Bhūmi or Bhūloka among 3 lokas of
Indra) was āchārya (propounder) of āyurveda. He also made shorter method of solar
eclipse. Sānkhya-Atri went to north-west direction where his Roman script has 25 (or 26
with extra-x) letters is still used, for 25 elements of Sānkhya.
13.Dharma or Nara-Nārāyaņa (8,500-8,140 BC) - He taught Vedas in Badarikāśrama.
Guru tradition of Śankarāchārya starts with this Nārāyaņa. This is period of Kāņva-
Medhātithi ŗşi and king Duşyanta and his son Bharata.
14. Suchkśaņa or Suchkśu (8,140-7,780 BC)-Period of Kings Marutta, Avikśita,
Karandhama and ŗşis Gautama, Vāmadeva. 15. Tryāruņa (7,780-7,420 BC)-Period of
king Māndhātā in line of Ikśvāku, and king Angāra of Gāndhāra.
16.Dhanañjaya (7,420-7,060 BC) Ŗşi Bharadvāja was contemporary-Dāśa-rāja war in
about 7,200 BC. Attack by
17.Kŗtañjaya (7,060-6,700 BC) Gayāsura or Asita-Dhanvā on India in 6,777 BC-
Dionysus, or Bacchus) as per
18.Ŗtañjaya (6,700-6,340 BC) Megasthenes.
19. Bharadvāja (6,340-5,980 BC)-Purohita (advisor) of emperor Chāyamāna (of Persia)
and Divodāsa (of Kāśī)-both.

8
20.Gautama (5,980-5,620 BC)-He resided on banks of Gautamī (Godāvarī)-wrote
sūtras of Nyāya-darśana. Period of Jamadagni, Hariśchandra. Paraśurāma, Kārttavīrya
Arjuna.
21. Vāchaspati or Niryantara (5,620-5,260 BC)-Yavanas were expelled by king Sagara,
supremacy on oceans. His grandson Bhagīratha brought down Gangā (some glaciers of
Himālaya merged with it.
22. Sukalyāņa or Somaśuşņa (5,260-4,900 BC)-Ŗşis Pulastya and Viśravā. Institute of
Paraśurāma ends with tretā.
23. Tŗņavindu (4,900-4,540 BC)-He was emperor. His daughter married to Pulastya,
father of Rāvaņa, Kubera.
24.Vālmīki (4,540-4,180 BC)-Period of Rāma, son of Daśaratha (4433-4262 BC). Also of
Rāvaņa, Hanumān.
25. Śakti-Vāsişţha (4,180-3,820 BC)-Method of Veda-pāţha (recitation).
26. Jātūkarņya (3,820-3,460 BC)-Student of Parāśara, but period is before him.
Kaņāda wrote Vaiśeşika-sūtras.
27. Parāśara (3,460-3,100 BC)-Teacher of Vişņu-purāņa. Divided Purāņa-samhitā in 100
crore verses into 18 purāņas of 4 lakh verses. 2 streams of astronomy-of Āryabhaţa
(Svāyambhuva or Pitāmaha) and Parāśara (Sūrya-siddhānta or Maitreya mentioned in
Vişņu-purāņa).
28. Veda-Vyāsa (from 3,100 BC till today)-Son of Satyavatī (later on married to king
Śantanu) and Parāśara-Kŗşņa-Dvaipāyana. Wrote Bhāgavata purāņa, Brahma-sūtra,
commentary on Yoga-sūtra of Patañjali. Divided Vedas into many branches to preserve
the knowledge. There was no further Vyāsa , so it is still called 28th kali.
5. Detailed Chronology-
(1) Sūrya-vanśa started with rule of Ikśvāku on 1-11-8576 BC. He has been called son
of Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC) but could have been descendant, or he re-established
his system of calendar and polity. In Kish-chronicle of Iraq, his son or descendant
Vikukśi has been called Ukusi in 8,320 BC. Obviously, some kings for lesser periods
have been left out from the list. Only list of main kings is available now-
(1) Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC), (2) Ikśvāku (1-11-8576 BC), (3) Vikukśi (Ukusi in 8320
BC), Purañjaya or Kakutstha (also called Āɖībaka =hump of bull)-He defeated
Sujambha, second son of Prahlāda in sixth Deva-asura war. (5) Anenā, (6) Pŗthu-not the
earlier king of Kaśyapa period, (7) Viśvagaśva, (8) Ārdra, (9) Yuvanāśva-1, (10)
Śrāvasta ( set up Śrāvastī town), (11) Bŗhadaśva, attacked by Dhundu Asura. (12)
Kuvalayāśva did the job, so he was called Dhundhumāra. Firdausi (Persian poet) has
called him Keraspa in his Shāhanāmā. (13) Dŗɖhāśva, (14) Pramoda, (15) Haryaśva-1,
(16) Nikumbha, (17) Samhatāśva, (18) Kŗśāśva, (19) Prasenajita, (20) Yuvanāśva-2, (21)
Māndhātā-About his kingdom saying was famous that sun always sets and rises in his
kingdom (Vāyu purāņa 88/68, Vişņu purāņa 4/2/65, Mahābhārata, Droņa parva 62/11).
This was copied by the British in praise of British empire. His subordinate kings were-
Angāra (Gāndhāra), Marutta, Asita (Asita-Dhanvā in Śatapatha brāhmaņa 13/4/3/12 was
an Asura king-not Dionysus but his predecessor), Gaya, Anga-Bŗhadratha, Janamejaya,
Sudhanvā, Nŗga. His 3 sons ruled different states, and main line continued at
Ayodhyā.
3 sons of Māndhātā
22. Purukutsa Ambarīşa Muchukunda
23. Trasadasyu Yuvanāśva-3
24. Sambhūta Hārīta (Brāhmaņa)
Purukutsa was contemporary of king Sudāsa of famous Dāśarāja-war, described in
Ŗigveda. (25) Anaraņya was son of Sambhūta -He fought with Rāvaņa who was earlier
than the famous Rāvaņa of Rāmāyaņa. (26) Trasadaśva, (27) Haryaśva-2, (28)
Vasumāna, (29) Tridhanvā, (30) Tryāruņa, (31) Satyavrata or Triśanku-He was being set
by yajña of Viśvāmitra to Svarga, but was stopped midway by Indra. (32)
Hariśchandra-He donated entire kingdom to Viśvāmitra and worked as chāņɖāla at Kāśī.
(33) Rohitāśva, (34) Harita, (35) Chañchu, (36) Vijaya, (37) Ruruka, (38) Vŗka, (39)
Bāhu-He was defeated and killed in combined attack of Yavana, Kāmboja, etc in 6,777
BC.

9
(40) Sagara-He took back the whole empire and spread influence over seas due to
which they were called sāgara. He punished Persians by making their beard goat-
shaped and expelled Yavanas from Arab when the settled in Greece which was called
Ionia (Herodotus). His 60,000 sons were burnt by sage Kapila, who might have been
author of Sānkhya-sūtras. In Gītā, he has been named as foremost Siddha and Sūrya-
siddhānta, chapter 12 tells Siddhapura at 1800 east of Ujjain, so many persons take his
place at California (assumed to be Kapilāraņya)..
(41) Asamañjasa was expelled. (42) Anśumāna-grandson of Sagara became king. (43)
Dilīpa, (44) Bhagīratha succeeded in bringing Gangā from Himālaya which was called
Bhāgīrathī. (45) Śruta, (46) Nābhāga-was a relation, not son. (47) Ambarīşa-2, (48)
Sindhu, (49) Ayutāyu, (50) Ŗtuparņa, (51) Sarvakāma, (52) Sudāsa, (53) Kalmāşa-pāda
(His feet became black due to curse of Śakti, son of Vasişţha), (54) Aśmaka, (55)
Urukāma, (56) Mūlaka-He was at time of Paraśurāma and was hidden among women
for saving him, so he was named Nārī-kavacha. (57) Śataratha, (58) Iɖaviɖa, (59)
Kŗśakarma, (60) Sarvakāma, (61) Anarāya (or Anaraņya), (62) Nighna, (63) Anamitra or
Raghu-1, (64) Dulīɖuha, (65) Viśvamahat, (66) Dilīpa.
(67) Raghu-2-He is the hero of Raghuvamśa, epic of Kālidāsa. On his name, the clan
was called Raghuvamśa. Whole of ancient India was under him. (68) Aja, (69)
Daśaratha, (70) Rāma was his most famous son (4433-4372 BC) who killed Rāvaņa and
set up world empire. His rule is still considered standard for propriety.
(71) Kuśa, (72) Atithi, (73) Nişadha, (74) Nala (different from famous Nala of Nişadha),
(75) Nabha,(76) Puņɖarīka, (77) Kśemadhanvā, (78) Devānīka, (79) Ahinagu, (80) Ruru,
(81) Pariyātra, (82) Śala, (83) Dala, (84) Bala, (85) Uktha, (86) Sahasrāśva, (87)
Chandrāvaloka, (88) Tārāpīɖa, (89) Chandragiri, (90) Bhānuchandra, or, Bhānumitra,
(91) Śrutāyu, (92) Ulūka, (93) Unnābha, (94) Vajranābha, (95) Śankhana, (96)
Vyuşitāśva, (98) Hiraņya-nābha-He learnt yoga from Yājñavalkya and spread it. (99)
Kauśalya, (100) Brahmişţha, (101) Putra, (102) Puņya, (103) Arthasiddhi, (104)
Sudarśana, (105) Agnivarņa, (106) Śīghraga, (107) Maru, (108) Prasuśruta, (109)
Sandhi, (110) Pramarşaņa, (111) Mahasvān, (112) Sahasvān, (113) Viśvabhava, (114)
Viśvasva, (115) Prasenajita, (116) Takśaka, (117) Bŗhadbala-He was killed in
Mahābhārata war (3139 BC) by Abhimanyu, son of Arjuna.
After Mahābhārata-(1) Bŗhatkśaņa, (2) Uruyakśa, (3) Vatsavyūha, (4) Prativyoma, (5)
Divākara, (6) Sahadeva, (7) Bŗhadśva, (8) Bhānuratha, (9) Pratitasva, (10) Supratīka,
(11) Marudeva, (12) Sunakśatra, (13) Kinnara, (14) Antarikśa, (15) Suparņa, (16)
Amitrajita, (17) Bŗhadbhāja, (18) Dharmī, (19) Kŗtañjaya, (20) Raņañjaya, (21) Sañjaya,
(22) Śākya, (23) Śuddhodana, (24) Siddhārtha -Gautama Buddha (1887-1806 BC), (25)
Rāhula, (26) Prasenajita, (27) Kśudraka, (28) Kundaka, (29) Suratha, (30) Sumitra-
ended in 1634 BC.
(2)Chandra-Vamśa-(1) Soma (=Chandra) was son of Atri, (3) Budha was son of Soma,
(Tāņɖya-mahā-brāhmaņa 24/18/6, Mahābhārata, udyoga parva 147/3). (3) Budha was
married to Iļā, daughter of Vaivasvata-Manu. Son of Iļā was Aila Pururavā, first emperor
in this line. His basic name was Puru. As son of Iļā, he was Aila. He started institution of
yajña (3 agnis for that). He was like vŗşabha (bull) of yajña and was making rava
(vibration). So, he was called ravā. This means that he was capable of production,
hence ravā is still used as word for respect around Kashi.
3. Pururavā
4. Āyu Dhīmān Amāvasu Vişāyu
5. Nahuşa Kśatravŗddha Rambha Raji Anenā
Yati 6. Yayāti Sanyāti +others
5. Nahuşa had held the post of Indra also for some period when Indra had to leave after
Brahma-hatyā by killing of Vŗtra. Later on, had to become serpent (a tribe of men
where he ruled) by curse of a ŗşi. His daughter Ruchi was married to Apanvān, grand-
son of Bhŗgu.
Bhŗgu +Wives daughter of Hiraņyakaśipu
Divyā, Paulomī
Śukra, called Uśanā, or Kāvya. Chyavana married to Sukanyā
Tvaşţā, Śaņɖa, Marka. Dadhīchi Apanvān + Ruchi

10
Triśrā Viśvarūpa (Viśvakarmā) Ŗchīka+ Satyavatī
Jamadagni
Paraśurāma
Noah of Bible or Nuh of Koran = Manu (h), Rayu (Bible) = Āyu, Nahur (Bible) = Nahuşa
First son of Nahuşa was Yati who became sanyāsī (renunciate), so second son Yayāti
became the king. His first wife Devayānī was daughter of Śukrāchārya (Kāvya in
Kaaba, Arab) who had 2 sons- Yadu, Turvasu. Second wife Śarmişţhā was daughter of
Asura (Dānava) king Vŗşa-parvā (vŗşa= Taurus, parvata = mountain-in Turkey). She had
3 sons-Druhyu, Anu, Puru. Due to fraudulent second marriage, Śukrāchārya cursed
Yayāti to become old. Then the youngest son Puru only agreed to take his old state, so
he was given main kingdom, and in his name the clan was called Puru-vamśa. Yadu got
north east part-in that line Kŗşņa (3228-3102 BC) was born. Druhyu got west part, Anu
north (Ānava = yavana) and Turvasu in south-east. One branch of Yadu clan is stated to
have gone under Ezypt rule where they were called Yid=Yahud (Jew)-escaped to Israel.
(7) Puru, (8) Janamejaya-he did 3 Aśvamedha-yajña. (9) Prāchīnavān or Aviddha, (10)
Pravīra, (11) Manasyu or Namasyu-He rules from Sindhu river to east ocean and
Vindhya mountain to Himālaya. (12) Abhayada or Subhrū, (13) Subvanta or Dhundhu,
(14) Yavuyāna or Bahugva, (15) Samyāti, (16) Ahamyati, (17) Raudrāśva,
(18) Rucheyu-One of his 10 sisters was married to Atri whose son was Svasti. He had 3
sons-Soma (different from the first of Chandra line), Datta (Dattātreya), and Durvāsā.
His daughter Apālā also was seer of mantra of Ŗgveda.
(19) Matināra, (20) Apratīrtha-His son ŗşi Kāņva Medhātithi was seer of many mantras.
Her sister Gaurī’s son was Māndhātā-famous world emperor of Sūrya-vamśa. (21)
Tamsu or Sumati, (22) Īlina, or Sudyumna , (23) Duşyanta-from his wife Śakuntalā was
born famous emperor (24) Bharata-hero of Abhijñāna-śākuntalam-famous play of
Kālidāsa. Ŗşis of his time were-Ŗchīka, Jamadagni, Viśvāmitra, and Bharadvāja. Bharata
was married to Sunandā, daughter of Sarvasena, king of Kāśī. From her, a son
Bhūmanyu was born by niyoga (artificial birth) by Bharadvāja.
(25) Bhūmanyu
(26) Bŗhatkśtra Nara Garga Mahāvīrya
(27) Suhotra Samkŗti Śini Urukśaya
(28) Hasti Guruvīta Rantideva Trayyāruņi Puşkarin Kapi
(28) Hasti made a town in his name-Hastināpura, As this became capital of kings of
India, Chinese called this country as elephant (hasti) kingdom. East and south parts of
India adjacent to China are in shape of elephant head, whose trunk (śuņɖa) has gone to
the end of Indonesia after which there is strait of śuņɖā. India was main part of Jambū-
dvīpa (Asia), so, jumbo also meant elephant. After Hasti, his son (29) Vikuņţhana
became king. All his 3 sons-Ajamīɖha, Purumīɖha, Dvimīɖha-were brāhmaņas, but on
order of sage Bharadvāja, eldest son (30) Ajamīɖha became king. He was contemporary
to Sūrya-vamśa king Tridhanvā. After that, the list is in-complete, but these names are
found-(31) Ŗkśa-1, (32) Ahamyati-He married Bhānumatī, sister of Kārttavīrya-Arjuna.
(33) Sarvabhauma, (34) Jayattsena, (35) Avachīna, (36) Ardha, (37) Mahābhauma, (38)
Ayutanayī, (39) Akrodhana, (40) Devatithi, (41) Ariha. The list as per Vāyu-purāņa is-
(30) Ajamīɖha, (31) Ŗkśa, (32) Parīkśita, (33) Janamejaya, (34) Suratha, (35)
Bhīmasena, (36) Jahnu,-in time of Bhagīratha, Sūrya-vamśa king who brought down
Gangā, so it is called Jāhnavī also. (37) Suratha, (38) Vidūratha, (39) Sarvabhauma,(40)
Jayatsena, (41) Ārādhita or Akrodhana, (42) Mahāsattva, (43) Ayutāyu, (44) Akrodhana,
(45) Devatithi, (46) Ŗkśa, (47) Dilīpa, (48) Pratīpa, (49) Śāntanu.
Matināra was in time of Māndhātā in about 7,300 BC and Śāntanu was great-
grandfather of Pāņɖavas in about 3,200 BC. Many other names are missing like Kuru,
son of Samvaraņa, in whose name the clan is called Kuru-vamśa. Samvaraņa had been
defeated by a Pāñchāla king and was living on banks of Sindhu river he was married
with Tapatī, daughter of Sūrya (or of his line). Their son Kuru, re-established kingdom
and times are found after that
Samvaraņa –wife Tapatī (4159-4071 BC)
Kuru-wife Śubhāngī (4071-3999 BC)

11
Abhisvān Sudhanvā (3999-3919 BC)
Jahnu
9 kings as per Bhāgavata purāņa Suhotra (3919-3826 BC)
Chyavana (3826-3788 BC)
Kŗmi or Kŗti (3788-3751 BC)
Parīkśita Uparichara Vasu (3751-3709 BC) (Pratīpa or Chaidya)
Janamejaya Bŗhadratha (3709-3637 BC)-capital at Girivraja (Rājagŗha
=Rajgir now)
Kuśāgra (3637-3567 BC)
Bhīmasena Ŗşabha (3567-3497 BC)
Satyahita (3497-3437 BC)
Pratīpa (3370-3310 BC) Puņya or Puşpavanta (3427-
3394 BC)
Śāntanu (3310-3251 BC) Devāpi Bāhlīka Satyadhŗti (3394-3351 BC)
(wives) Gangā Satyavatī Sudhanvā (3351-3308 BC)
Chitrāngada (3248 BC) Vichitravīrya (up to 3238 BC) Sarva (3308-3265 BC)
Bhīşma (3238-3218 BC) Pāņɖu (3218-3213 BC) Sambhava (3265-3222 BC)
Dhŗtarāşţra (3213-3174 BC) Jarāsandha (3222-3180 BC)
Duryodhana (3174-3138 BC) Sahadeva (3180-3138 BC)
Dharmarāja Yudhişţhira (3138-3102 BC) (Bārhadratha vamśa of
Magadha)
(As per Mahāhbhārata,1/95/74-82-from Pratīpa)
Kings after Dharmarāja Yudhişţhira in kali- All sons of Pāņɖavas were killed in
Mahāhbhārata war. His yoynger brother Arjuna had a son from wife Subhadrā, sister of
Kŗşņa Abhmanyu. Abhmanyu also was killed, but his son in womb of Uttarā was
miraculously made alive by Kŗşņa after he was killed by brahmāstra used by
Aśvatthāmā after war. He became first king after Kŗşņa left the world at start of kali. (1)
Parīkśita (3102-3041 BC)-he was son of Abhimanyu, He was killed by Takśaka, Nāga
king, probably from Takśkaśilā. (2)Janamejaya retaliated against Nāgas, called (nāga-
yajña) and their region turned into mass-graveyard, now called Moin-jo-daro (place of
dead) and Harappā (place of bones). (3) Śatānīka, and his son (4) Aśvamedhadatta
arranged revision of purāņas at institute (mahāśālā) of Śaunaka at Naimişāaraņya. (5)
Adhisīmakŗşņa,
(6) Nichakśu-In his period there was a great natural upheaval which submerged
Hastināpura in Gangā due to which capital had to be shifted to Kauśāmbī. Probably this
was at same time ats drying up the great river Sarasvatī in west India. The kingdom
remained for name sake only and King of Kāśī had to take charge of managing the
country. Probably, he was also named Yudhişţhira, but after 5 years of rule, he took
sanyāsa as Pārśvanātha (23rd Jaina Tīrthankara) in 2634 BC, when Jainas take start of
Yudhişţhira śaka.
(7) Ūşņa (Bhūri), (8) Chitraratha, (9) Śuchidratha, (10) Vŗşņimāna, (11) Suśeņa, (12)
Sunītha, (13) Nichakśu-2, (14) Rucha, (15) Sukhabala, (16) Pariplava,(17) Sunaya, (18)
Medhāvī, (19) Nŗpa (Ripu-) ñjaya, (20) Durva, (21) Tigmātmā, (22) Bŗhadratha, (23)
Vasudāna, (24) Śatānīka, (25) Udayana (Hero of plays by Bhāsa, in time of Pradyoota,
mentioned in epic Meghadūta of Kālidāsa), (26) Vaśīnara, (27) Daņɖapāņi, (28)
Niramitra,(29) Kśemaka-ended in 1634 BC by Magadha king Mahāpadmananda.
(5) Magadha kings in Kali-
1.Bārhadratha vamśa-Started with Somāpi, son of Sahadeva killed in Mahābhārata
war.
(1) Somāpi (Mārjāri)-(3138-3080 BC), (2) Śrutaśravā (3080-3016 BC), (3) Apratīpa
(3016-2980 BC), (4) Niramitra (2980-2940 BC), (5) Sukŗta (2940-2882 BC), (6)
Bŗhatkarman (2882-2859 BC), (7) Senajita (2859-2809 BC), (8) Śrutañjaya (2809-2769
BC), (9) Mahābala (2769-2734 BC), (10) Śuchi (2734-2676 BC), (11) Kśema (2676-2648
BC), (12) Aņuvrata (2648-2584 BC), (13), Dharmanetra (2584-2549 BC), (14) Nirvŗtti
(2549-2491 BC), (15) Suvrata (2491-2453 BC), (16) Dŗɖhasena (2453-2395 BC), (17)
Sumati (2395-2362 BC), (18) Suchala (2362-2340BC), (19) Sunetra (2340-2300 BC),

12
(20) Satyajita (2300-2217 BC), (21) Vīrajita (2217-2182 BC), (22) Ripuñjaya (2182-2132
BC)
Total-22 kings for 1006 years (Brahmāņɖa purāņa 2/3/74/121, Vişņu purāņa 4/23/12
etc)
2. Pradyota vamśa-Last Bārhadratha king was Ripuñjaya killed by his minister
Śunaka (or Pulaka) and made his son-in-law Pradyota, as king (Brahmāņɖa purāņa
2/3/74/122, Skanda purāņa 12/2 etc). (1) Pradyota (2132-2109 BC), (2) Pālaka (2109-
2085 BC), (3) Viśākhayūpa (2085-2035 BC), (4) Janaka (2035-2014 BC), (5)
Nandivardhana (2014-1994 BC)-Total 5 kings for 138 years.
3. Śiśunāga vamśa- (Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta 2/2, Bhāgavata purāņa 12/2/8 etc.)-
(1)Śiśunāga (1994-1954 BC), (2) Kākavarņa or Śakavarņa (1954-1918 BC), (3)
Kśemadhanvā (1918-1892 BC), (4) Kśatrauja (1892-1852 BC), (5) Vidhisāra (Bimbisāra)
or Śreņika (1852-1814 BC), (6) Ajātaśatru (1814-1787 BC), (7) Darśaka (1787-1752 BC),
(8) Udāyi (1752-1719 BC), (9) Nandivardhana (1719-1677 BC), (10) Mahānandi (1677-
1634 BC). In this period Siddhārtha, son of Śuddhodana became Buddha, who was
incarnation of māyā and moha, not of Vişņu (Vişņu purāņa 4/23 etc). He was 5 years
younger to Bimbisāra and died in 8th year of Ajātaśatru’s rule in 1806 BC. Udāyi in 4
year of his rule established Pāţaliputra on confluence of Son and Gangā (Vāyu purāņa
119/318).
Ten kings of this dynasty ruled for 360 years.
4. Nanda vamśa- Mahā-Padma-Nanda was the son of last Śiśunāga king Mahānandi by
his śūdrā wife. After death of his father he became king 1500 years (more accurately
1534 years after birth of Parīkśita in 3138 BC) stated in all purāņas as a landmark of
history. He won most of India by exterminating all kśatriya kings like second
Paraśurāma. (Vişņu purāņa 4/24/104, Bhāgavata purāņa 12/1/10). He ruled for 88 years
followed by 8 sons for 12 years (Matsya purāņa 270/20, 273/23)-a total of 100 years
from 1634 to 1534 BC.
5. Maurya vamśa-Kauţilya Chāņakya destyoed and made Chandragupta as king. His
family belonged to Murā town (in Sambalpur of Orissa, now submerged in Hirakud
reservoir) which was center of iron ore called mura (murrum). So the family was called
Maurya. 12 Maurya kings ruled for a total of 316 years (Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta 3/2,
Matsya purāņa 270/32, Vāyu purāņa etc.)- (1) Chandragupta (1534-1500 BC), (2)
Bindusāra (1500-1472 BC), (3) Aśoka (1472-1436 BC), (4) Supārśva (Suyaśa, or
Kuņāla)- (1436-1428 BC), (5) Daśaratha (Bandhupālita)-(1428-1420 BC), (6) Indrapālita
(1420-1350 BC), (7) Harşavardhana (1350-1342 BC), (8) Sangata (1342-1333 BC), (9)
Śāliśūka (1333-1320 BC), (10) Soma (Deva-) śarmā (1320-1313 BC), (11) Śatadhanvā
(1313-1305), (12) Bŗhadratha (Bŗhadaśva)-(1305-1218 BC).
There was another Aśoka in Gonanda-vamśa (43rd king) in (1448-1400 BC) who had
become Bauddha due to which Bauddhas from central Asia destroyed the kingdom.
Many of the inscriptions in name of Aśoka are by him (Rājatarangiņī , 1/101-102). No
inscriptionincluding one at Hathi-gumpha mentions that had become Buddhist. Only
mention is in Bauddha text Divyāvadāna (chapter Aśokāvadāna) that Aśoka was a good
Bauddha because he had killed 12,000 Jaina monks on victory over Kalinga. This is too
high a figure for a normal war. There is no basis of figure of 1,50,000 killed, 350,000
injured and 550, 000 arrested. This exceeds the population of the then Kalinga and
more than current strength of Indian army. Alexander Army was only 120,000 with
20,000 horses, which was afraid of Magadha army of 600,000. Only possibility maybe
that Jainas might be powerful in Kalinga administration which was lost after war.
Another fallacy is spread that Magadha empire was destroyed due to adoption of non-
violence by Aśoka. Actually, non-violence is feature of Yoga-sūtra and more stressed in
Jainism. Rather, Bauddha themselves including Siddhārtha Buddha himself were
strongly opposed to vegetarian food even for Bhikśus. It is surprising as to how Buddha
was moved by sacrifice of animals in yajña, which is for food, not for God. Maurya kings
were never against Brāhmaņs, minister of Last king Puśyamitra was himself a
Brāhmaņa who killed king and became king himself.
6.Śunga-Vamśa-10 Śunga kings ruled for 300 years (Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta, Matsya,
Vāyu purāņa).

13
(1) Puśyamitra (1218-1158 BC), (2) Agnimitra (1158-1108 BC), (3) Vasumitra (1108-
1072 BC), (4) Sujyeşţha (1072-1055 BC), (5) Bhadraka (1055-1025 BC), (6) Pulindaka
(1025-992 BC), (7) Ghoşavasu (992-989 BC), (8) Vajramitra (989-960 BC), (9)
Bhāgavata (960-928 BC), (10) Devabhūti (928-918 BC).
7. Kaņva-Vamśa-4 Kaņva kings ruled for 85 years ((Vişņu purāņa 4/24/39-42 etc).
(1) Vāsudeva (918-879 BC), (2) Bhūmimitra (879-855 BC), (3) Nārāyaņa (855-843 BC),
(4) Suśarmā (843-833 BC).
8.Āndhra-Vamśa-33 Āndhra kings ruled for 506 years. During that rule, saptarşi-cycle
of 2700 years started in time of kingYudhişţhira (saptarşi in Maghā from 3176 BC)-
(Matsya purāņa chapter 270 etc.). Detailed list is in Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta, list in other
purāņas miss some names.
(1) Śimukha (Sindhuka or Sumukha)-(833-810 BC), (2) Śrīkŗşņa Śātakarņī (810-792 BC),
(3) Śrīmalla Śātakarņī (792-782 BC), (4) Pūrņotsanga (782-764 BC)-In his time Kalinga
king Khārāvela became independent from Magadha which was suffering under attack
from west Asia. He repaired Prāchī canal in 5th year of his rule (Prāchī inscription)
which was 803 (Tri-vasu-śata ) years after coronation of Nanda (1634 BC), thus his rule
started in 1634-(803-4) = 835 BC. (5) Śrī Śātakarņī (764-708 BC), (6) Skandha-stambin
(Śrīvasvanī)-(708-690 BC), (7) Lambodara (690-672 BC), (8) Āpilaka (672-660 BC), (9)
Megha-Svāti (660-642 BC), (10) Śāta-Svāti (642-624 BC), (11) Skanda-Svāti (624-617
BC), (12) Mŗgendra-Svāti-Karņa (617-614 BC), (13) Kuntala (614-606 BC), (14) Saumya
(606-594 BC), (15) Śata-Svāti-Karņa (594-593 BC), (16) Pulomāvi-1 (593-557 BC), (17)
Megha (557-519 BC), (18) Arişţa (519-494 BC), (19) Hāla (494-489 BC)-author of Gāthā-
sapta-śatī, contemporary of Śankarāchārya. (20) Maņɖalaka (489-484 BC), (21)
Purandara-Sena (484-463 BC)- saptarşi-cycle completed in 476 BC in his period.
(22) Sundara- Śātakarņī (463-462 BC), (23) Chakra-Vāsişţhī-Putra and Mahendra (462-
461 BC), (24) Śiva-1 (461-433 BC),(25) Gautamī-Putra-Śātakarņī (433-408 BC), (26)
Pulomāvi-2 (408-376 BC), (27) Śiva-2 (376-369 BC), (28) Śivakoņɖā ( 369-362 BC), (29)
Yajñaśrī (362-343 BC), (30) Vijayaśrī (343-337 BC), (31) Chandraśrī (337-334 BC), (32)
Pulomāvi-3 (334-327 BC)-He was a child son of Chandraśrī whose queen had links with
commander Chandragupta who killed the king and kept his infant son as namesake
king. His father Ghaţotkacha-Gupta was commander to 2 kings-(30) Vijayaśrī and (31)
Chandraśrī. Finally, Chandragupta killed the son also and became the king himself.
9. Gupta-Vamśa-They have been called Āndhra-bhŗtya also, as they were serving as
commander under them (Matsya purāņa 273/17). Their place is called Śrī-Parvata which
should be Śrī-śailam of Andhra Pradesh as the kings were from that area, not of Nepal
as surmised. At start of this rule, Alexander attacked India in 326 BC. His historians
have mentioned last kings of Āndhra and first 2 kings of Gupta clan as well as strength
of army of Āndhra kings. Names as mentioned by Megasthenes are-
Ghaţotkacha (Ghaţa = head, Utkacha = remover of hairs) - barber,
Chandraśrī. (Chandra-Bīja)—Agrammas (Xandrammas)-31st. Āndhra king
Chandragupta-1-Sandrocottus, Samudragupta-Sandrocryptus,
Chandragupta-2 was famous as conqueror or Amitrocchedas (=wiping out enemies)-
Amitrochades.
Gupta kings adopted titles of earlier great kings of Maurya period-
Chandragupta-1-Vijayāditya. Samudragupta-Aśokāditya, Chandragupta-2-Vikramāditya.
This was only a title. Famous Paramāra king of Ujjain of this name was later on.
Śrīgupta-Ghaţotkacha-Chandragupta-1 (327-320 BC)-Founder
Kacha (320 BC) Samudragupta (Aśokāditya (320-269 BC)
Rāmagupta Chandragupta-2 (Vikramāditya) (269-233 BC)
Kumāragupta-1 (233-191 BC)
Skandagupta (191-175 BC-Issueless) Puragupta (guardian of
Budhagupta)
Vainyagupta (175-174 BC) Kumāragupta-2 (174-172 BC) Budhagupta (172-
166 BC)
Narasimhagupta (Bālāditya-1)- (166-126 BC)
Kumāragupta-3 (126-85 BC) Vişņugupta (85-82 BC)

14
Later Guptas at Valabhi-Bhaţārka of Maitraka family of Valabhi in Gujrat was
commander of Kumāragupta-3 called Kramāditya. He became independent in
Saurashtra but continued to call himself as Seanāpati and governor of Gujrat. He
shifted the capital from Girnar to Valabhi and ruled for 44 years. His son Dharasena-1
also continued allegiance to Guptas. His younger brother Droņasimha came to power in
about 147 BC when Narasimhagupta (Bālāditya-1)- was Gupta emperorand attended
his coronation. Then Druvasena-1 ruled in Gupta era (starting in 327 BC) 206-226 i.e.
121-101 BC.Then his brother Dharapatta came followed by his son Maharaja Guhasena
(92-81 BC) They had some areas of Magadha empire for which they showed Gupta
legacy. Their rule continued till 319 AD when it was destroyed by their tyranny when
the business community took help of Shakas. Then Valabhi-bhanga or Valabhi-samvat
was started (Al-Biruni, Rajaśehara Sūri in Prabandha-Kosha, 1362 AD and some
inscriptions). Last Gupta is Mahāsena Gupta, king of Malva whose son Mādhava Gupta
was vassal of Harşavardhana (606-648 AD).
(6) Kings of Kashmir-This is given in Rājatarangiņī. Taranga (chapter)-1, describes
Gonanda-vamśa from 3450 BC. Names of first 5 kings are not known. 6 Gonanda-1
(3238-3188 BC), (7) Dāmodara-1 (3188-3140 BC)-He was killed just before
Mahābhārata war, then his queen Yaśomatī ruled. (8) Gonanda-2 (3138-3083 BC)-He
was killed by Pāņɖava king Parīkśita
20 Pāņɖava kings-( 9) Parīkśita who became 9th king and ruled from (3083-3041
BC), (10) Harnadeva was second son of Parīkśita , (11) Rāmadeva, (12) Vyāsadeva, (13)
Droņadeva, (14) Simhadeva, (15) Gopāladeva, (16) Vijayānanda, (17) Sukhadeva, (18)
Ramaņadeva, (19) Sindhimāna, (20) Mahānadeva, (21) Kamāandeva, (22)
Chandradeva, (23) Ānandadeva, (24) Drupadadeva, (25) Haranāmadeva,(26)
Sulakhānadeva, (27) Senāditya, (28) Mangalāditya.
Another Kashmir dynasty-(29) Kśemendra, (30) Bhīmasena, (31) Indrasena, (32)
Sundarasena, (33) Galagendra, (34) Baladeva, (35) Nalasena, (36) Gokarņa, (37)
Prahlāda, (38) Bambru, (39) Pratāpaśīla, (40) Sangrāmachandra, (41) Lorikachandra,
(42) Bīramachandra,(43) Babighena, (44) Bhagavantī-with these 16 kings-a total of 36
Pāņɖava kings ruled for 1331 years (3083-1752 BC)
Gonanda-vamśa again-(45) Lava (1752-1713 BC), (46) Kuśa or Kuśeśaya, (47)
Khagendra, (48) Surendra (Issueless). One relation (44th in Gonanda line) became king
named (44) Godhara in 1596 BC. (45) Suvarņa, (46) Janaka, (47) Śachīnāra died
issueless in 1448 BC. (48) Aśoka was grandson of Janaka’s brother. He became king
in1448 BC. Under influence of Lokadhātu Buddha, he became Bauddha and was named
Dharmāśoka. He made many vihāras and stūpas, many of which are thought to be by
Maurya Aśoka. Bauddhas of central Asia captured his kingdom. By grace of a śaiva
saint, he got back his kingdom and got a son named Jālauka. He ruled up to 1400 BC
and established Śrīnagara town. (49) Jālauka (1400-1344BC), (50) Dāmodara-2 (1344-
1294 BC),
Again, Bauddhas of central Asia ruled the state for 60 years,3 kings- Huşka, Juşk,a
Kanişka (1294-1234 BC).
Gonanda-vamśa (52) Abhimanyu (1234-1182 BC), -52 Gonanda kings for 2268 years
(3450-1182 years. (53) Gonanda-3, (54) Vibhīşaņa, (55) Indrajita, (56) Rāvaņa, (57)
Vibhīşaņa-2, (58) Kinnara, or Nara, (59) Siddha, (60) Utpalākśa, (61) Hiraņyakula, (62)
Vasukula, (63) Mihirakula (704-634 BC)-These 3 were kashmiri śaivas, not foreigners.
(64) Baka, (65) Kśitinandana, (66) Vasunandana, (67) Nara, (68) Akśa, (69) Gopāditya
(417-357 BC)-He built Śankarāchārya temple in 367 BC which is now called Takhta-e-
Suleman. (70) Gokarņa, (71) Kinakhila, (72) Narendrāditya, (73) Andha-Yudhişţhira-he
was short-eyed not blind,-73+5=78 kings (3450-272 BC)
Taranga-2-Relations of Harşa-Vikramāditya-(1) Pratāpāditya, (2) Jalaukasa, (3)
Tuşājina, (4) Vijaya, (5) Jayendra, (6) Sandhimati-(272-80 BC)
Gonanda-vamśa-Descendent of Andha-Yudhişţhira (80) Meghavāhana (80-46 BC), (81)
Pravarasena, Śreşţhasena or Tuñjina (46-16 BC), (82) Hiraņya-(His younger brother
Toramāņa made coins in his own name-died in jail)-He died issueless-(16 BC-14 AD), 83-
Mātŗgupta (Sent by king Vikramāditya of Ujjain)-(14-19 AD), (84) Pravarasena-2-Son of
Toramāņa (19-79 AD),(85) Yudhişţhira -2 (79-118 AD)-contemporary of king Śālivāhana,

15
grandson of Vikramāditya of Ujjain, (86) Lakśmaņa (Narendrāditya) (118-131), (87)
Tuñjina or Rāņāditya, poet (131-173), (88) Vikramāditya (173-215), (89) Bālāditya (215-
252)- end of Gonanda-vamśa.
Karkoţaka-vamśa-(1) Durlabhavardhana (son-in-law of Bālāditya the last king of
Gonanda-vamśa)-(252-288), (2) Durlabhaka or Pratāpāditya (288-338), (5) Lalitāditya
or poet Muktāpīɖa (431-467), (6) Kuvalayāditya (467-468), (7) Vajrāditya, Vāpyāyika or
Lalitāpīɖa (468-525), (8) Pŗthivyāpīɖa (525-569), (9) Sangrāmapīɖa (7 days), (10)
Jayāpīɖa, scholar and poet (569-620), (11) Lalitāpīɖa (620-672)-Chinese traveler
Huensang had come in this period, (12) Sangrāmapīɖa -2 (672-729), (13) Chipyata,or
Jayāpīɖa (729-781), (14) Ajitāpīɖa (781-837), (15) Anangpīɖa (837-840) (16) Utpalāpīɖa
(840-845), (17) Sukhavarmā (845-852)
Utpala-vamśa-Avantivarman (town Avantipura in his name) and his son ruled in (852-
936). Poets Ānandavardhana, and Ratnākara in that period. Grand-daughter of Bhīma-
śāhī was Diddā who ruled in name of her son Abhimanyu Gupta for (957-971) and
countered attack of Mahmud of Gajani. Then Eka and tyrant Harşa ruled in (1086-
1110). Shahmir ruled in name of Shamsuddin in 1318. His family ruled till 1561 when
Moghul king Akbar captured Kashmir.
Nepal Kings-This is given because Nepal was always independent and its king list is
not distorted. This has important links with other kings of India.
Gopāla-vamśa-(1) Bhuktamānāgata Gupta (4159-4071 BC), (2) Jayagupta (4071-3999
BC), (3) Paramagupta (3999-3919 BC), (4) Harşagupta (3919-3826 BC), (5)
Bhīşmagupta (3826-3788), (6) Maņigupta (3788-3751 BC), (7) Vişņugupta (3751-3709
BC), (8) Yakśagupta (3709-3637 BC). He died issueless.
Ahīra-vamśa-Three kings of India ruled for 200 years-(9) Varasimha, (10)
Jayamatasimha, (11) Bhuvanasimha.
Kirāta-vamśa-(12) Yalambarā, (13) Pavi, (14) Skandarā, (15) Valamba, (16) Hŗti, (17)
Humati-he had accompanied Pāņɖavas in forest. (18) Jitedāstī-He died in Mahābhārata
war on Pāņɖava side. This is also described in Kirāta-parva under Vana-parva of
Mahābhārata and famous epic Kirātārjunīyam of Daņɖī. 7 kings ruled for 300 years
(3437-3138 BC), (19) Gali (3138-3137 BC). Then 22 kings ruled for 782 years till 2319
BC. (20) Pushka, (21) Suyarma, (22) Parbha, (23) Svānanda, (24) , (25) Stuvanka, (26)
Giighri, (27) Nane, (28) Lāka, (29) Thora (30) Thoko, (31) Varmā, (32) Guja, (33)
Puşkara, (34) Keśu. (35) Sunsa, (36) Sammu, (37) Guņana, (38) Kimbu, (39) Paţuka,
(40) Gasti.
Soma-vamśa-(41) Nimişa, (42) Mānākśa, (43) Kākavarman, (44-48)-Unknown, (49)
Paśuprekśa Deva-In his period many persons came from India in 1867 BC (period of
Buddha and Mahāvīra in Bihar). These 9 kings ruled for 464 years (2319-1875 BC). (50-
51)-Unknown, (52) Bhāskaravarman-He conquered India (some adjacent parts) and
without any son. He adopted Aramāna of Sūrya vamśa who became king in 1712 BC in
name of Bhūmivarman.
Sūrya vamśa-(53) Bhūmivarman (1712-1645 BC), (54) Chandravarman (1645-1584
BC), (55) Jayavarman (1584-1502 BC), (56) Vŗşavarman (1502-1441 BC), (57)
Sarvavarman (1441-1363 BC), (58) Pŗthvīvarman (1363-1287 BC), (59) Jyeşţhavarman
(1287-1212 BC), (60) Harivarman (1212-1136 BC), (61) Kuberavarman (1136-1048 BC),
(62) Siddhivarman (1048-987 BC), (63) Haridattavarman (987-906 BC), (64)
Vasudattavarman (906-843 BC), (65) Pativarman (843-790 BC), (66) Śivavŗddhivarman
(790-736 BC), (67) Vasantavarman (736-675 BC), (68) Śivavarman (675-613 BC), (69
Rudravarman (613-547 BC), (70) Vŗşadevavarman (547-486 BC)-In his period
Śankarāchārya had come in 486 BC for debate with 12 Bodhisattvas. Due to his
blessing the king got a son who was named after the saint. (71) Śankaradeva (486-461
BC), (72) Dharmadeva (461-437 BC), (73) Mānadeva (437-417 BC), (74) Mahideva (417-
397 BC), (75) Vasantadeva (397-382 BC), (76) Udayadevavarman (382-377 BC),(77)
Mānadevavarman ( 377-347 BC), (78) Guņakāmadevavarman (347-337 BC), (79)
Śivadevavarman (337-276 BC), (80) Narendradevavarman (276-234 BC), (81)
Bhīmadevavarman (234-198 BC), (82) Vişņudevavarman (198-151 BC), (83)
Viśvadevavarman (151-101 BC). After him his son-in-law became king.

16
Ţhākurī-vamśa-(84) Amśuvarman (101-33 BC)-Paramāra king Vikramāditya of Ujjain
came in 57 BC and started his Vikrama-samvat at Paśupatinātha from Chaitra śukla 1st.
(85) Kŗtavarman (33 BC-54 AD), (86) Bhīmārjuna (54-147 AD), (87) Nandadeva (147-
172 AD), (88-89)-Unknown (172-299), (90) Vīradeva (299-394),(91) Chandraketudeva
(394-450), (92) Narendradeva (450-516), (93) Varadeva (516-570)- Avalokiteşvara and
one Śankarāchārya (of a Pīţha) came in 522 AD. (94) Naramudi (570-615), (95)
Śankaradeva (615-627), (96) Vardhamānadeva (627-640), (97) Balideva (640-653), (98)
Jayadeva (653-668), (99) Balārjunadeva (668-685), (100) Vikramadeva (685-697), (101)
Guņkāmadeva (696-748), (102) Bhojadeva (748-756), (103) Lakśmīkāmadeva (756-
778), (104) Jayakāmadeva (778-798).
(7) Mālavā kings-United India which continued from Nanda in 1634 BC to Maurya,
Śunga, and Kaņva periods till 833 BC disintegrated and attacks started after rise of
Assyrian empire in west Asia. They attacked directly or the tribes chased by them
attacked. They attacked up to Magadha capital at Patna, due to which it had to be
shifted. Khāravel of Kalinga tried to chase Hūņas from Patna till Sindhu river and even
attempted Rājasūya yajña, but it was short lived. Finally, Vişņu incarnation Buddha born
in Brāhmaņa family of Magadha performed a yajña at Ābū mountain to unite leading
kings, called Agni-kula. 4 kings formed federation under King Śūdraka of Mālavā in 756
BC when Śūdraka-śaka was started. The 4 kings were-(1) Pramara, or Paramāra, (2)
Śukla or Chālukya, (3) Pratihāra,(4) Chāhamāna or Chauhāna. They checked the attacks
and finally king Chāhamāna of Delhi completely destroyed Asura capital at Nineve in
612 BC when a new era was started (indicated by Varāhamihira in Bŗhat-Samhitā 13/3).
Nineve in Jewish Encyclopedia and Medes in Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897
(bible.tmtm.com/wiki/) have given many references to Bible. Chāhamāna was devotee
of Śākambharī, so the year may be called Śākambharī-śaka. His descendants ruled at
Ajmer and Delhi called Chauhāna kings.
Gardabhilla king Darpaņa of Ujjain had kidnapped Sarasvatī, sister of Jain muni
Kālakāchārya (599-527 BC), who went for help to 96 chiefs of Hinduga (Hindukush).
Those chiefs had to save themselves from Darius of Persia (550 BC) and with help of
Balamitra, king of Saurāşţra, captured Ujjain. Śaka king Nahpāna or Nahasena was
made ruler of Ujjain and accepted Jain path. For this work, Kālakāchārya was called Vīra
and after his death in 527 BC, Vīra-samvat started. Nahpāna ruled for 40 years (550-
510 BC). Then his son-in-law Uśavadatta’s son Dinika, Mitra etc. ruled. In 457 BC, Śrī-
Harşa-Vikramáditya defeated them and became king of Ujjain. He was son of Govinda-
Śarmā, who was teacher of Śankarāchārya as Govinda-Pāda. Bhartŗhari (yogī and
author of Nīti-śataka etc) was elder brother of Śrī-Harşa (author of Naişadha-Charita).
Again in 437-420 BC, Chaşţana, commander of Śaka king Yaśomati ruled Ujjain. There
after Jayadamana (420-390 BC), Rudra-damana-1 (390-360 BC), Damajadsri,
Jivadamana, his brother Rudrasimha-1 (360-317 BC), Rudrasimha-2 (317-293 BC) ruled
in some parts of north-west India till 57 BC.
After Harşa-Vikrama, Paramāra kings captured Ujjan. Pramara was Sāmavedī
Brāhmaņa, after being Agni-kula, he was called Brahma-kśatra. Their list as per
Bhavişya purāņa, pratisarga (4/1) is-(1) Pramara (197-191 BC), (2) Mahāmara (191-188
BC), (3) Devāpi (188-185 BC), (4) Devadūta (185-182 BC), (5) Gandharvasena (182-132
BC), (6) Śankha (132-102 BC), (7) Gandharvasena (102-82 BC)-after sudden death of
his son Śankha. (8) Vikramāditya (82 BC-19 AD)-He started Vikrama samvat in 57 BC at
Paśupatinātha in Nepal from Chaitra and at Somanātha from Kārttika month. He ruled
up to Arab in west and he has been praised by Arab poets. He had 9 jewels like
Varāhamihira, Betāla-Bhaţţa, Ghaţakharpara, Śanku, Kśapaņaka, Kālidāsa, Vararuchi
etc. Poet Kālidāsa with him was second who wrote Raghuvamśa, Meghadūta, Kumāra-
sambhava and then Jyotirvidābharaņa. First Kālidāsa was dramatist under Agnimitra
Śunga (1158-1108 BC) as stated in his drama Mālavikāgnimitram. Under Betāla-Bhaţţa,
Purāņas were revised in 3 Viśālā towns. (9) Devabhakta (19-29 AD), (10) Śālivāhana
(29-89 AD)-After death of Vikramāditya, India was divided into 18 parts and was
attacked from all directions by Tatars, Shakas, Hunas, Chinese etc who looted, raped
and kidnapped in mass scale. Sanskrit had been official language till Vikramāditya, but
after 18 parts, each had its own language (Sarasvatī-Kaņţhābharaņa).Finally, he

17
defeated all invaders and started Śālivāhana-śaka in 78 AD. After resurrection Jesus
Christ came to Shrinagar in Kashmir (called heaven on earth )and met Śālivāhana. (11)
Śālihotra (80-139), (12) Śālivardhana (13) Śakahantā (189-239), (14) Suhotra (239-
289), (15) Havihotra (289-339), (16) Indrapāla (Indrāvatī) (339-389), (17) Mālyavān
(Mālyavatī) (389-439), (18) Śambhudatta (439-489), (19) Bhaumarāja (489-539), (20)
Vatsarāja (539-589), (21) Bhojarāja (589-639)-He had gone to Balkha with his army,
and was contacted by Mohammad, who sought his help in establishing Islam. This is
indicated in Islamic history also. Kālidāsa-3 advised him against helping Mohammad,
but many of his men supported Mohammad in his war. This third Kālidāsa was a
tāntrika and expert in quick wit and poetry. His contemporary was Jaina Muni
Mānatunga. Here, lists are correct, but all kings after Śālivāhana have been assigned
average of 50 years.
Famous Bhoja was 10 generations and 500 years after this king. Mālavā kings were
feudatory to Rāşţrakūţas. Śrīyaka Harşa (949-973 AD) was first great king in later era.
His son Muñja (73-995 AD) was a great scholar and patron of poets Padmagupta and
Dhanañjaya. He annexed regions up to Jodhpur in north-west, Vetravatī in north east,
Tāpī in south. East to west, it was from Sābaramatī to Kalachuri. Finally he was caught
in a war by Chālukya king Tailapa and was executed. His nephew was Bhoja (1018-
1060 AD). He expanded his empire and was supreme in India then. He set up a
university at Dhara called Sarasvatī-mahālaya. His famous works are- Sarasvatī-
Kaņţhābharaņa (grammar and alankāra-both), Samarāngaņa-Sūtradhāra, Yukti-
Kalpataru, Vyavahāra-Samucchaya, Rāja-Mŗgānka, Śabdānuśāsana, Āyurveda-sarvasva
etc.
After Bhoja’s death, his son Jayasimha was killed in battle in 1064 AD followed by weak
kings. Finally, t was annexed by Muslim sultans of Delhi.
Chāhmāna kings-From Amiţa-Kāla-Rekhā, by Sri Parameshvarnath Mishra, Kolkata,
and Souvenir of Akhil Bharatiya Pitah Parishad, Patna, 2001. It has also given list of
Śankarāchāryas of 4 Pīţhas.
(1)Chāhmāna, (2) Sāmantadeva, (3) Mahādeva, (4) Kubera, (5) Bindusāra, (6)
Sudhanvā - He set up 4 Pīţhas of Śankarāchāryas for which an order was issued on
copper plate dated 2663 Yudhişţhira śaka (485 BC) on Āśvina śukla 15. (7) Vīradhanvā,
(8) Jayadhanvā, (9) Vīrasimha, (10) Varasimha, (11) Vīradaņɖa, (12) Arimantra, (13)
Māņikyarāja, (14) Puşkara, (15) Asamañjasa, (16) Premapura, (17) Bhānurāja, (18)
Mānasimha, (20) Hanumān, (21) Śambhu, (22) Mahāsena, (23) Suratha, (24)
Rudradatta, (25) Hemaratha, (26) Chitrāngada, (27) Chandrasena, (28) Vatsarāja, (29)
Dhŗşţadyumna, (30) Uttama, (31) Sunīka, (32) Subāhu, (33) Suratha, (34) Bharata, (35)
Sātyaki, (36) Śatrujita, (37) Vikrama, (38) Sahadeva, (39) Vīradeva, (4) Vasudeva, (41)
Vāsudeva (king in 551 AD)-his 2 branches started kingdoms. One branch ended with
last king of Delhi-Pŗthvīrāja-3 killed in 1192 AD. The other branch had Vīra Gogādeva
who fought with Mahmud Gazanavi in desert.
Delhi-Ajmer branch- (42) Sāmanta, (43) Naradeva or Nŗpa, (44) Vigraharāja-1, (45)
Chandrarāja-1, (46) Gopendra-rāja or Gopendraka, (47) Durlabha-rāja, (48) Govinda-
rāja or Guvaka-1-in time of Pratihāra king Nāgabhaţţa-2. (49) Chandra-rāja-2 (843-868
AD), (50) Govinda-rāja or Guvaka-2 (868-893 AD), (51) Chandana- Govinda-rāja (893-
918 AD), (52) Vākpati-rāja-1 (Vappayarai) (918-943 AD), (53 A) Vindhya-rāja-very short
period followed by his brother. (53 B) Simha- rāja. He had 4 sons-Vigraha-rāja-2,
Durlabha-rāja-2, Chandra-rāja, Govinda-rāja. (54A) Vigraha-rāja-2 (from 973 AD)-He had
defeated Mūlarāja of Gujrat and made Āśāpurā temple in Bhŗgu-kacchha. He had sent
army in 997 AD to help Lahore king against Subuktagin. (54B) Durlabha-rāja-2 (998
AD), (55) Govinda-rāja-3 (999 AD), (56A) Vākpati-rāja-2 (999-1018 AD), (56B) Vīrya-rāja
(1018-1038), (56C) Chāmuņɖa-rāja (1038-1063 AD)-these 2 were brothers of 56A. (57A)
Simhala-eldest son of 56C. (57B) Durlabha-rāja-3 (1063-1079 AD)-son of 56C. (57C)
Vigraharāja-3 (1079-1098 AD)-brother of 57B. (58) Pŗthvīrāja-1 (1098-1105 AD), (59)
Ajaya- rāja (Ajayadeva or Salhana)-(1105-1132 AD)-built Ajmer. (6) Arņorāja (Analdeva,
Anna, Anaka)-(1132-1151 AD), (61A) Jagadeva (1151 AD)- He had killed his father
Arņorāja for which he was killed by his brother Vigraharāja-4 (61B) Vigraharāja-4
(Viśāladeva)-(1151-1167 AD)-he had defeated Chālukyas. (61C) Someśvaradeva (1169-

18
1177 AD)-Brother of 61B, as Pŗthvīrāja-2-son of 61A had no son. (62A) Apara-Gāngeya
or Amara-Gāngeya-son of 61B. (62B) Pŗthvīrāja-2-son of 61A. He defeated 61A and died
issueless in 1169 AD. (62C) Pŗthvīrāja-3 (1177-1192 AD)-last Hindu king of Delhi. He
defeated Mohammad Ghori in 1191, but was defeated in 1192 AD due to Jayachanda of
Kannauj.
(8) Sādhya-yuga- (before 29,100 BC)-Chronology from 61,902 BC has been
indicaed in Purāņas which was start of the first day of Brahmā. It was after Ice age in
69,200 BC. Civilization was primitive in Satya-yuga and the institution of yajña
developed in Tretā (57102 BC) as per mahābhārata after glacial floods in 58,100 BC. Pt.
Dinanath Shastri Chulet in his Veda-kala-Nirnaya (Indore, 1925) has indicated that
many sūktas of veda and Śatapatha Brāhmaņa etc. are of that period on basis of
calculation of nutation (chyuti) of earth axis. He has used the linear scale of Hansen
formula which calculates the inclination of earth axis in current era which is declining
for about 6000 years. But it has been wrongly assumed that it was always declining. It
was never more than 260, but its values upto 540 has been taken. Summary is also
given in his introduction to Śatapatha Brāhmaņa (5 vols, Nag Publishers, Delhi) and
Report of Calender Committee, Indore, 1931.
Gradual development in satya-yuga is in dark, but we get many names and references
in Veda and Purāņas. Last verse of Puruşa-sūkta (yajurveda 31/16) tells that in era
before devas, Sādhyas existed who worshipped yajña through yajña itself. Here, the
verb-yaj-has been translated as worship. But, in Gītā (3/10,15), yajña has defined as
production of desired objects in cycles and we are to take only the residue so that yajña
continues for ever. Thus, it means that there are chains of production cycles-one yajña
is foundation of next yajña. That means that product of one process is raw material of
another. The civilization has been called Maņijā-as it had started excavation of minerals
(maņi) and using them for industrial chain of production. Brahmāņɖa purāņa (1/2/6) etc
indicate that devas in that era were using Vimānas. Thus, Pt. Madhusudan Ojha has
concluded in Jagadguru Vaibhavam (Rajasthani Granthagar, Jodhpur) that it had
developed up to the current level of technology. The Devas were called Yāma (Vāyu
purāņa (chapter 31 etc). Leading men were Sādhyas like Brāhmaņas of Vedic era.
Siddhi- means accomplishment of any process or technology. Now, only limited
meaning of siddhi as yogic technique is taken. A person having siddhi is Siddha and
there tribe is Sādhya who researched into methods and technologies of various
sciences.
The ruling classes were called Mahārājika (like Kśatriyas) of 120 types-for prorecting
against Barbaras-later on called Asuras. Persons in trade were Ābhāsvara (like Vaiśyas)
of 64 types. Persons expert in technology (śilpa) were Tuşita (like śūdras) of 36 types.
This civiilization prospered due to yajña which maintains the population from local
resourses and man remains in harmony with surroundings and natural cycles of time.
This is the quality of India told by all Greek writers like Megasthenes, Solin, Arian,
Plutarch etc. that India is self sufficient in everything, so it is the only country whose
people never had to migrate, nor any race came from outside. Same applies to other 2
lokas of Devas (Yāma then)-China (people were called Mahāna = Han) and Ŗşīka
(Russia)-called Aparājitā-dik (un-conquered). Zenda-Avesta also tells that in ancient
times there were 15 zones on earth, of which India was the best and self-sufficient.
The Barbaras, did not try to manage their needs locally and always attacked. Mostly the
Maņijā could protect themselves. But as in modern era, disputes arose due to
alternative theories of world and there were internal and external wars. 10 types of
theories of that era are mentioned in Nāsadīya-sūkta of Ŗgveda (10/129/1-7). These
have been explained in Daśavāda Rahasya and separate books on each vāda by Pt.
Madhusudan Ojha. He has added 2 more theories to complete the science of that
period indicated in Vedas-Vijñāna Itivŗtta Vāda (Successive development) and
Siddhānta-vāda (conclusion). It may be noted that Jaina āgamas also are divided into
12 angas, and they also include Siddhas in 5 daily Namokars. These 12vādas are
named as-
(1)Sat-Asat Vāda-Sat means anything which can be seen or perceived. Asat are
beyond perception due to very small size, large distance, formless or without light.

19
There are 3 types of theories-world is from Sat, from asat, or both sat-asat. Their
combination is in 7 vimarśa (consideration) at several places in Vedas. Thus, there are
7x 3 =21 types of theories. This is the first verse of Vedas (Atharva-veda-which was
unique Veda-later on divided into 3 more) which means-The world is pervaded by 3
sevens. Verbal logic of Jainas also starts with asti (yes), nāsti (no), syāt (may be) and
makes their combinations, called sapta-bhangī nyāya (=7 fold logic). A praise of Kŗşņa
in Bhāgavata purāņa (10/2/26) indicates 3-satyas and 7 other satyas-
Satyavratam satya-param tri-satyam, sayasya-yonim nihitam-cha satye,
Satyasya-satyam ŗta-satya netram, satyātmakam tvām śaraņam prapadye.
(2) Rajo-Vāda-Raja means dust particles. motion, riches, lokas. All lokas (cosmic
strucrures) like galaxies, stars, planets are moving in space like dust particles.
Explaination of their creation, decay and motion is rajo-vāda.
(3) Vyoma-vāda-Source of all visible creation is vacant space which is called Vyoma
(Vi+om), i.e. it was even without any sound (Om). The creation is by 3 guņas of Prakŗti.
(4) Apara-vāda-Para = Ātmā (conscious being). It is called Chetanā as it causes chiti
=arrangement. Apara (or Aparā) = Prakŗti. It is base of creation like Mātŗ (mother), so
all objects are called matter. Thus creation is by inanimate matter and conscious being-
called Para-Apara-vāda or Apara-vāda in short.
(5) Āvaraņa-Vāda-Each created object is in a boundary called āvaraņa. Its creation is
called Vayun. Combination of particles and objects is vayana (weaving) and their link is
vayo-nādha (weaving). The creation is study of these relations.
(6) Ambho-vāda- Root form of universe is homogenous matter called ‘rasa’ (Taittirīya
Upanişad 2/7/2) or ‘Ap’. When there is vibration in it, it becomes ‘Ambha’, with waves it
is ‘Salila’. Blocks of body are ‘Drapsah’ (drops). As it emerges from source ‘rasa’, it is
called ‘Skanda’ (separated, fallen). Expanse of Ap is samudra (ocean) whose forms in
universe, galaxy and solar system are Nabhasvān, Sarasvān, and Arņava. Parent form
of these structures (Āditya = which starts, ādi = initial) are Aryamā, Varuņa, and Mitra.
The 3 zones (Dhāma) are upper-Svayambhū = universe, middle is Parameşţhī =
Galaxy, and lower is Saura (Solar sytem). Combined sourse of Rasa Is Parama- Dhāma.
(7)Amŗta-Mŗtyu-Vāda-Source form rasa is Amŗta (permanent) and the creation from
that is transient. It is released from ocean of rasa, so it is called Muchyu which has
become Mŗtyu indirectly (Gopatha Brāhmaņa, pūrva 1/7). All the created forms are
Kśara or Mŗtyu and root source is Amŗta-both are embedded within each other. Some
aspects of all bodies is changing, some aspect is constant.
(8) Ahorātra-Vāda-Creation of forms from the formless is called day (ahar) of Brahmā
and the reverse process is called night (rātri). Two opposite processes are always
running-creation and decay. These are called sambhūti and asambhūti, or sañchara and
prati-sañchara. Each cycle has two opposite parts-expansion-contraction, udgrābha-
nigrābha, avasarpiņī-utsarpiņī etc.
(9) Daiva-vāda-Devas are levels of Prāņa localized at each place. Their spread is Asura
which is dark and formless. Centre of energy or is sun, 33 levels of energy in 33 zones
(dhāma) are 33 devatā. There are 3 asuras in each zone-Bala (interaction among
parts), Vŗtra (curling force), namuchi (boundary surface). Creation is only from devas,
not from Asuras which are 3 times more. Thus created universe is only one fourth.
(10) Samśaya-Vāda- Actual situation of creation is always uncertain, as even devas
did not exist then. Thus, there are many alternate theories. None is perfect as logic has
a limit beyond which it is not valid. Thus, there is always siome doubt as to what theory
will apply to what extent.
(11) Vijñāna-Itivŗtta-vāda-Sequence of change (Itivŗtta) is not arbitrary, it is decided
by rules of science (Vijñāna). Man also can create by following rules of science. Science
of change is explained in Purāņas (=purā+navati), i.e. how old becomes new. Itihāsa
(history) is merely sequence of change-not the reason.
(12) Siddhānta-Vāda-This is combination and unification of all models, which has been
described in Brahma-siddhānta by Pt. Madhusudan Ojha. This is the purpose of Vedas
to see unity is diversity. Finally that was codified in Brahma-sūtra of Veda-Vyāsa, who
showed that many diverse theories in different names are actually descriptions of the
same Brahma.

20
(9) Brahma-yuga-(a) 2 parts-This was from Svāyambhuva Manu (29100 BC) to
Kaśyapa (17,500 BC). This was in two parts-one started after glacial floods which has
been called Dāha-kāla, i.e. period of intense heat from sun. After gradual revival, there
was unification of theories that had developed in earlier era. This continued up to the
glacial ice age in 20,000 BC. After Svāyambhuva, 5 more Manus came who led the
mankind. After ice age, Kaśyapa revived the institute of Brahmā and was head of
Deva, Asura and Mānava-all. Like Manus of earlier age, there were Sāvarņi (similar)
Manus in his period. Brahmā was also called Parameşţhī, which is name of Jaina-
tīrthankaras of this period. In each halves-there were 24 tīrthankaras. Bhāgavata
purāņa, part 5 indicates that the 7 dvīpa and intervening oceans in earth of solar
system (planetary system up to Uranus) was measured by Priyavrata, elder son of
Svāyambhuva. Then Dhruva (son of younger brother of Priyavrata) was the great king
after whose death Dhruva-samvatsara started. These and some ŗşis might have been
tīrthankaras. Jain tradition counts only kings among ŗşis as tīrthankaras who could
guide the society.
(b) Asura era-After Kaśyapa, Asuras were supreme for 3600 years or 10 yugas as
stated in many purāņas (e.g. Brahmāņɖa 2/3/72/69-93, Vāyu 98/51-91). Their
supremacy was cahallenged by incarmations of Vişņu who were prime strength of
Devas. He had developed Chakra weapon which was superior to asura weapons.
Hiraņākśa was killed by Varāha and his brother Hiraņyakaśipu by Nara-simha
incarnations. But Asura supremacy continued. It is stated that Asuras followed the
same Vedas learnt from Kaśyapa, but interpreted different meanings of same word-da.
Thus Asura tradition also regarded king as form of Vişņu and Hiraņyakaśipu wanted to
be worshipped as such. Deva kings always regarded themselves as servant to Vişņu.
Finally, Vāmana incarnation took the kingdom of 3 lokas fom Bali, grandson of
Hiraņyakaśipu for Indra. Bali had promised 3 steps of land as part of his yajña, which
was as per Vedas. Vāmana interpreted it as 3 steps of sun on earth-where 1 step is
motion of sun from equator to 240 north (Tropic of Cancer). Thus, land up to 720 north
latitude (in polar circle) was taken over by Indra. That was in Indian hemisphere only-
with India, China and Russia as 3 lokas. It was not merely promise of king Bali. Devas
were sufficiently powerful to challenge Asuras, who feared blood-bath and agreed to
leave Deva part of the world. Some Asuras thought that they could have won in war
and continued wars.
(c) Joint mining- Kūrma incarnation explained that the fight is for property only and if
it is not produced, then there is nothing to fight for. Asuras agreed for co-operationg
inproduction of mineral wealth, which had been widely surveyed during time of king
Pŗthu. Asuras were experts in mining, so they agreed to excavate in prime mineral area
of Chhotanagpur plateau. It has a rod shaped hill in north-south direction called
Mandāra at whose north tip lies Vāsuki-nātha. Vasuki nāga was the prime man to co-
ordinate the work. Nāga were engaged in sea trade and sea lanes are called Nāga-vīthi.
The asuras who came from Africa have titles related to minerals-Muņɖā = iron ore
(Mura= iron ore, murrum), Khalko = Chalcopyrite (copper ore), Xalko = copper,
Hembram = mercury (Hg symbol), Oram = gold (Aurum in Greek), Hansada = location
of minerals, Kerketta = locating on map (karkaţa = compass), Kiskū = blast furnace,
This is unit of heat in Vaimānika rahasya. The excavation was called samudra-
manthana. Expanse of earth’s crust is ocean and excavation is its churning. It is stated
that Asuras worked in hotter part of Vāsuki Nāga near his mouth, i.e. hotter pit or
mouth of mine.
Devas were experts in refining minute quantity of metal from ores of gold and silver.
So they worked at Zimbabwe, whose gold is famous as Jāmbūnada svarņa. That was
south of Ketumāla, i.e. mountain chain of north Africa. That Jambū river has been stated
to flow from Meru mountain, so Sri Vinaya Jha has taken Mount Kilimanjaro as Meru in
his model for rain forcast. Silver was refined in Mexico, due to which it was called
mākśika in Sanskrit.
(d) Deva supremacy- Finally, Kārttikeya militarily defeated Asuras. It is stated that he
destroyed Krauñcha mountain or continent (north America in shape of Heron bird) by
śakti (missile) and then captured it. Actual capture needs naval power in Pacific ocean.

21
Army of Kārttikeya was called Mayūra (pea-cock), so men of his navy are still called
Maori and surprisingly, their language remains the same from Hawai to Newzealand
and Philippine to Pagos islands-separated by 15000 kms of ocean. There is no other
explanation. Pt. Venugopal Sharma of Māņɖyā (Karnataka) has explained all inscriptions
of Mexico and Peru as per Kannada script, a branch of Brāhmī which was followed by
Kārttikeya, but Pacific region retained short script for military use. Kārttikeya had 6
centers of army in India called his 6 mothers in Taittirīya Samhitā (4/4/5/10) and
Taittirīya Brāhmaņa (3/1/4/4)-Dulā (Orissa, Bengal), Abhrayantī (Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra), Nitatni (Tamilnadu, Karmataka), Meghayantī (Rajsthan, Gujrat, where
Meghani, Meghawal titles exist), Chupuņīkā (Chopra) in Punjab, Varşayantī (Asam)
where rains start. Kārttikeya was called Bāhuleya, i.e son of mother Bahulā who is
called sister of Jagannātha’s mother. Vāmana was named Vişņu, and Kārttikeya was
also in time of king Bali. He had started a new calendar in 15,800 BC in which year
started with sun in Dhanişţhā from rains. For military purposes, Kārttikeya formed a
shorthand of Brāhmī as Tamil, where first 4 letters in each consonant group are
merged. Discrete objects are Brahma, merging is Subrahma. So Tamil is Subrahma and
Kārttikeya is Subrahmaņya. For writing ancient texts, a separate grantha-script is used
in Tamil. From his time, India was free of foreign attack or for 15000 years as noted by
Megasthenes and others. It has been omitted with protest by editors but re-stressed by
Louis Jacolliot (1837-1890 AD) in his book- Nine Unknown Men-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Unknown_Men
(d) Some Jainas-Vena was father of Pŗthu and has been called a jaina. Sūktas of both
are in Ŗgveda. Śukra was named Venus on name of Vena. He might have been a
Tīrthankara. Jainas continue the Deva practice for eating in day time only called Go-
charī by Munis. Chara means to move or to eat. In both senses Asuras were
Niśācharas-who ate and moved in night. Muslims in that tradition eat only at night in
Roza, exactly opposite to Jain practice.
(e) Current traditions-Ratha-yātrā had started as victory celebration which was at
beginning of year in rains. Till today, it is observed at start of Āşāɖha month from which
rains started at start of Vikrama era. In earlier calendar, year started with Māgha
month, so ratha-yātrā at Māgha śukla saptamī also is done. Vāmana had taken hold of
3 lokas on Bhādra śukla 12, so periods of kings are still countedfrom that day only in
Orissa, called Anka system. There is alternate counting in which numbers with 0, 6 at
unit place are dropped. Thus, there are 3 types of ruling period of kings-normal years,
anka of two types. Sahasra is used in 2 meanings-aproximate. When it means 1000, the
years are actually days.
(f) Asura Veda-Asuras also read the same Veda and did yajña by Vedic methods as by
king Bali. Even in austerity like a Muni, they were ahaead of Devas. Hiraņyakaśipu and
his brother Hiraņyākśa did more tapa than Devas, so they were victorious. Still, there
were 2 main branches of Vedic views discussed in detail by Pt. Madhusudan Ojha in
Indra-Vijaya. Supporters of Indra considered the zone lighted by Sun as svarga and
radiation as start of creation. There are different zones of Indra-svarga-zones from
earth to Uranus orbit are svargas of 17-25 ahargana. North pole of ecliptic is Nāka
svarga around which axis of earth rotates in 26,000 years. As the great axis
(Kuņţha=pole), it is Vaikuņţha. The entire region of solar system for 33 dhāmas is
location of Devas as prāņa (average energy of each zone). Bright and dark regions of
Saturn are zones of Dharma and Yama. 3 main rings of Saturn are Vaitaraņī river with
shepherd satellites as dogs mentioned in Atharva-veda (entire18 kāņɖa, especially
18/2/48). 3 zones of rings are 3 levels of svarga called Udanvatī, Pīlumati, and Pradyau.
All 33 dhāmas or outer part is Śivaloka.
Asuras take the inert matter spread in galaxy as the source. That space is mostly filled
with molecules of Ethyl alcohol (Ŗgveda 1/154/4-5) found by modern astronomy also
(Life Itself - F H C Crick - Simon & Schuster, Newyork,1982 etc). That spread of
dispersed matter is ocean of Varuņa, so its matter is Vāruņī (alcohol). On earth, nearer
zone of sun is Mitra (friend) and farther is Varuņa (Arab). Galaxy has been called Janah-
loka in purāņas, and Jannat in Koran. Vişņu purāņa (2/7/12,20) tells that souls remain

22
there till kalpa (qayamat in Koran). Both these are alternate models, starting from
different points.
(g) Super human Veda-Vedic mantras are seen by human (puruşa) ŗşis only, but they
are considered Apauruşeya (super human in the following senses-(1) Ŗşis were beyond
individuality and had consciousness of world, or God. (2) Mantra is seeing unity of 3
world systems-ādhidaivika, ādhibhautika, ādhyātmika, and not individual theory of any
man or system. (3) It is average of all individual thoughts and thus free from bias. Ŗşis
means link or rassi (rope) in Hindi. Is link between world (God) realization and ordinary
humans. That person is called Rasul in Koran. It is also link between 3 world system or
5 types of dynamics or yajña. As primordial form, it is string of 10-35 meter called asat
-prāņa (invisible force) in śatapatha brāhmaņa (6/1/1/1). 40 types of theories about
creation of vedas have been discussed in Upanişad Vijñāna Bhāşya Bhūmikā, vol.1 by
Pt. Motilal Sharma.
(h) Jaina texts- In each age there were texts to explain current knowledge for
explaining different branches of sciences at different levels of study. Veda is universal al
time knowledge which is same for 3 worlds. Jaina text is separate for each time,
subject, context, language and teaching level. To know real meaning, its science needs
to be understood. Then any expression in language needs verbal logic, which is
essence of Bauddha philosophy. But it is limited to only 2 options -yes and no. It does
not have statistical view of Anekānta Vāda. But it does not mean that Jaina theory had
different measures of length, time, mass etc. No country or society can run if different
people have different units-nobody will understand each other.
(10) Vaivasvata yuga-It started in 13,902 BC after supremacy of Devas was well
established. There were 14 main Indras who ruled for about 100 years each and were
called Śatakratu =100 yajñas, each year is a yajña, because main yajña agriculture and
related yajña are in cycle of a year. Overall, they ruled for 10 yugas or 3600 years, till
glacial floods in time of Vaivasvata Yama. Vivasvān (sun) started his calendar starting
with Chaitra month when sun enters meşa sign and of yuga system of 12,000 divya
years. In historic sense, divya year is solar year. For astronomy, it means 360 solar
years. Parallel Vedānga jyotişa also remained. His son was the last Manu called
Vaivasvata Manu whose descendants were called. In astronomy, it is 7 th out of 14
manvantaras.
After glacial floods in about 10000 BC, Matsya was in 9533 BC, when Prabhava
samvatsara was in both systems of 60 years Jovian cycle. It was same after 5100 years
when Rāma was born (Vişņu dharmottar purāņa 82/7,8). The seeds preserved by
Matsya were used by Ŗşabhadeva Jī (about 9,500 BC). As he started the Vedic
civilization of Svāyambhuva Manu, he is called his descendant-though there is gap of
20,000 years between them. Like, Vişņu, he managed the people, like Śiva, he gave the
lost knowledge, and like Brahmā, he created grains by revamping agriculture-so he has
been called incarnation of all the three- Vişņu, Śiva, Brahmā, He had re-started Brāhmī-
script in new form in name of his daughter. So, Jain texts say that he started Asi-masi-
kŗşi (i.e. sword, ink, cultivation). As starter of cultivation or carrying burden of people,
he has been called Vŗşabha (or, Ŗşabha)-meaning bull. Images of Śiva in human form
depict him only. Though, Kūrma purāņa, chapter 10 and other tells about 28 human
Śivas. Defintely, the Śivas who killed Jalandhara Daitya or destroyed yajña of Dakśa-
were in human forms and different on each occasion. After him, his son Bharata
continue to feed the world, so he was called Bharata and the country itself was named
Bhārata. Earlier, it was called Aja-nābha-varşa. None of the sons of Bharata ruled after
him, he chose another successor.
About 1000 years after Ikśvāku, in line of Vaivasvata Manu became king on Meşa-
sankrānti day on 1-11-8576 BC. He was about 5326 years after and could have been
descendant only-but called son. From him, Sūrya-vamśa (solar clan) rule started. After
that, almost all kings of this are described till Rāma (4433-4262 BC) and most of them
were world emperors. Only in 6777 BC, king Bāhu was killed in attack by Dionysus.
Important names till start of Kali (3102 BC) are available.
There was important incarnation of Paraśurāma (about 6330-6176 BC) who destroyed
kings 21 times, i.e. there were 21 republics whose period of 120 years is indicated by

23
Greeks. He was in 19th Tretā and after his death Kalamba samvat (Kollam) started in
6176 BC which is still used in Kerala. There were many important kings who had
become sanyāsī later on. Many among them could be Jaina Tīrthankaras, but their
sanyāsa name only is known. After sūktas of Ŗşabhadeva Jī, there are almost no sūktas
of any other ŗşi. Thus, Veda was almost in final shape after revival by Ŗşabhadeva Jī,
who is called11th Veda-Vyāsa. There were many centres of Vedas set up by kings,
called Veda-parişads.
(11) Kaliyuga-The civilization started by Ŗşabhadeva Jī, was destroyed in
Mahābhārata war. After that King Yudhişţhira became king on 17-12-3139 BC, from
which his Yudhişţhira śaka started. After 5 days on 22-12-3139 BC, Bhīşma expired on
start of north motion of sun, after lying on bed of arrows for 58 days. Some time after
that, King Parīkśita was born which is an important landmark date in history. After 36
years of rule, Kņşņa expired at age of 125 years on 17-2-3102 BC. Then Dwārakā was
drowned in sea and its people brought to Mathura where Vajranābha was made king.
Parīkśita was made king of Hastināpura. Vijaya samvatsara running since kali start
ended and at start of Jaya samvatsara, Pāņɖavas went to Himālaya for abhyudaya. So
that is called Jayābhyudaya-śaka. After death of Yudhişţhira in Kali year 25, (3076 BC),
Laukika era started. After that, saptarşi cycle of 2700 years ended at end of Andhra
rule. There was mass disorder after death of 165 lakhs persons in mahābhārata war.
One standard of guiding the society was needed, for which Neminātha Jī, became 22nd
Tīrthankara. He has not been mentioned by this name in Vedic texts, but it is assumed
that the name Arişţanemi indicates him. He has been called cousine of Kņşņa in Jain
texts. We are not sure about his pre-sanyāsa name. His records in India have been lost,
but in list of Nepal kings, it is indicated that had gone there and Kirāta king of Nepal-
probably Pushka who became king in 3137 BC became his disciple. After that, the kings
were called Gopāla vamśa who were kings before Kirātas. Neminātha Jī himself was
from gopāla family. As the country was blessed by him (called Nemuni = Nemi-muni), it
was named Nepal. Earlier name was Guhyaka deśa. In India most records are destroyed
but his name may be linked with these-(1) Nemāļa (Nemāɖa) district of Madhya
Pradesh-now divided into east and west parts. It has famous jyotirlinga of Onkāreśvara-
Māndhātā. Nearby in Ujjaina, his brother Kņşņa and may be he also was taught by
Sāndīpani. (2) There is a Nemāļa in Orissa also near Cuttack which has been old pīţha
since time of Kņşņa where Achyutānanda did sādhanā about 500 years ago.(3) Just
after Kali start, Nimbārka explained Vedānta and lastly, Chaitanya was called Nimāī.
Nimāī is derived from Nemi-nātha or Nimba tree. (4) As repentance of mass murders in
Nāga-yajña, on Dīpāvalī day of Jayābhyudaya-śaka 89, King Janamejaya gave grant of
land to Muni-Vŗndāraka-Kśetra on Tungabhadrā river bank near Śŗngerī in west
Karnataka. Muni word indicates Jaina tradition.
6 generations after Parīkśita, (about 2700 BC, 400 kali years), Hastināpura was
submerged in Gangā in time of King Nichakśu and the capital was shifted to Kauśāmbī,
where Pāņɖava rule remained in name only. That was probably linked with great
climatic upheaval which also dried up Sarasvatī river which ruined west India. In this
situation, only king of Vārāņasī was most powerful to manage the country. The king
was probably named Yudhişţhira, as the Jaina texts take start of Yudhişţhira śaka from
2634 BC which should be the date of his sanyāsa as Pārśvanātha, 23rd Jaina
Tīrthankara, or date of his nirvāņa (death). Like Rāma in earlier era, he thought
sanyāsa as more effective way to revive the society. 4 Bārhadratha kings of Magadha
look like his disciples-(12) Aņuvrata (2648-2584 BC), (13), Dharmanetra (2584-2549
BC), (14) Nirvŗtti (2549-2491 BC), (15) Suvrata (2491-2453 BC),
After mahābhārata war, India was thought as weak and King Parīkśita was killed by
Nāga king Takśaka. In retaliation, his son Janamejaya completely decimated their
empire and stopped only when he was asked to stop genocide by ŗşis led by Āstīka. Two
places in that area are still famous as places of dead persons-Moin-jo-daro = place of
dead, and Harappa = place of bones. But one good effect was that no west Asian
invader tried to look at India for at least 2200 years. Thus, people in India followed
diverse paths of Dharma without any worry or fear. Time of Siddhārtha Buddha is
known accurately-31-3-1886 BC to 27-3-1807 BC. He had gone to learn yoga from

24
Mahāvīra and found it too difficult, so he adopted middle path. Thus must have been at
least 15 years elder to him. Jain tradition tells that he was at the end of Avasarpiņī
which was till 1902 BC. A horoscope of Mahāvīra given at end of astrology book by
Kochhar, indicates his birth time as 11-2-1905 BC. He expired 15 years after Buddha,
i.e. in 1792 BC, Age of 113 years for a yogī like Bhagwān Mahāvīra is not unusual.
Philosophy of Anekānta re-started traditions of democracy in regions near Mahāvīra and
Buddha.-in north Bihar and west U.P.
It is written with pride by Bauddha texts that 4 branches of thought were uprooted by
Siddhārtha Buddha. The names suggest that these are related to 4 main streams of
mathematics mentioned by Bhāskara-1 in his commentary on Āryabhaţīya. These are-
Makkhali Gośāla (Maskari), Pūrana Kassap (Pūraņa), Modgalāyana (Mudgala), Pūtana
(not indicated by Buddha-probably already extinct). Bauddha texts also claim stopping
of surgery and sacrifice of animals for non-violence. But surprisingly, meat was not
prohibited even for Bhikkhus in Bauddha maţhas. Buddha expelled his bother
Devadatta from sangha only because he had demanded that at least Bhikkhus should
abstain from meat. Buddha had been operated By Jīvaka vaidya in stomach due to
excess meat eating. He was prohibited by surgeon not to take meat again, but on offer
by a disciple at Sarnath, he again took and expired.
(12) Revival-In 800 BC, Asura empire rose in Assyria and Babylone. Due to their
pressure, Śakas and other tribes pushed into India. Within India itself, democracies
developed indecision and corruption. King Ajātaśatru of Magadha took advantage of
internal disputes and annexed them. Then, Mahā-Padma-Nanda annexed most
kingdoms in India which marked the end of rules by Sūrya and Chandra vamśa. Revival
of India began with Vişņu incarnarion of Buddha, born to Ajita Brāhmaņa in Kīkaţa
(Magadha) who united 4 kings of India-Paramāra, Pratihāra, Chālukya, Chāhamāna-
under King Śūdraka of Mālavā in 756 BC at Mount Abu. Finally with blessing of
Śākambhariī, Chāhamāna wiped out Asura capital Nineve in 612 BC.
Revival of knowledge started with Jain Muni Kālakāchārya (599-527 BC) of Ujjain
who re-created many lost scriptures of Jaina āgamas. His disciple Kumārila Bhaţţa (557-
493 BC) revived Vedas with a commentary on Mīmānsā darśana. After death of his
revered Guru, he was charged with treachery with jaina Guru by supporting Vedas also,
as if 2 branches of knowledge are aopposed to each other. Kumārila like his guru did
not believe that jaina āgama is opposed to Vedas, but to show his devotion to Guru, he
burnt himself in slow fire of straw in 493 BC at Prayāga, where Śankarāchārya had his
last meating. Finally, Śankarāchārya took help of Kumārila’s disciple Maņɖana Miśra on
west bank of Son river in sal forest area. (Between Bikramaganja and Ara in Bhojpur
district of Bihar).
Politically, it resulted in Śrī-Harşa expelling śakas in 456 BC. He was son of Govinda
Śarmā,who was guru of Śankarāchārya as Govinda-pāda. Kutub-minar a model of Meru
was set up (likely in 456 BC). It has been called Vişņu-dhvaja in iron pillar inscription of
Chandragupta-2. Later on, Megasthenese has called the town Palibothri as set up by
Hercules (Vişņu, sun). This is indicated as pillar of Hercules. This time is alsoindicated
by Moroccon traveler Ibn-Batuta in 13th century. Alexander had seen this India revived
in period of Śankarāchārya and powerful Gupta empire in Magadha. After decay of
Guptas in 82 BC, Paramāra king Vikramāditya of Ujjain expanded his empire till Arab
where he has been praised by poets. His astrologers gave certificate that Jesus was a
great man. His era in 57 BC was followed even in Roman empire under Julius Caesar
when his calendar in 46 BC had to start 7 days late to tally with Pauşa month of
Vikrama era. Vikramāditya ordered re-editing of purāņas under Betāla Bhaţţa at 3
Viśālā towns (Ujjain, Vaishali and Badri-Vishal). After death of Vikramāditya in 17 AD,
India had disintegrated into 18 parts and was ravaged by invasions from all directions.
In 29 AD, his grand-son Śālivāhana, recaptured all parts and expelled Śakas west of
Indus river in 78 AD. In his time Jesus Christ had come to Śrīnagar and his 2 disciples
Francis and Thomas took shelter in Goa and Tamilnadu. This shows that India was then
the safest and best place of shelter and progress. It was not always ravaged by foreign
attacks as shown.

25
Bhojarāja in 10th generation of had gone with army to Balkha (Persia) when he was
requested by Mohammad to help him in starting a new religion. Kālidāsa-3 with him
opposed, but many in his army and Mohyali Brāhmaņas helped Mohammad. Brahma-
spuţa-siddhānta by Brahmagupta in his rule was followed in starting Hizri era in 622 AD
which followed Vikrama era for 11 years. After 632 AD, on death of Prophet
Mohammad, there was no body to enforce extra months and the practice stopped. This
astronomy text has been written under patronage of king of Vyāghrapada gotra of
Mālavā. This was the gotra of Pāņɖavas and their branch Paramāras. Due to close
academic link, the book was translated as Al-Zabar Ul-Miquabala within 15 years in
time of Calif Al-mansur. This is origin of word Algebra.

26
i