From Maxwells Equations to Modern Communication Antenna Marvels:

An Amazing Journey of Novel Designs Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Professor & Past Chairman Electrical Engineering Department U of California Los Angeles (UCLA) U.S.A.

email: rahmat@ee.ucla.edu http://www.ee.ucla.edu/antlab

YRS-UCLA-07

Potential Approaches for Miniaturization

High Dielectric Constant Double Negative Material Low Profile using EBG Folding Antenna Structure Structure Profiling, Fractal, etc. Incorporation of Switches Hybridizations of Above Stored Energy Utilization Many aspects of these will be also touched upon in this talk.

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Dual Band Patch Measured Results: Pixel Approach

0.0 5.0

|S11| (dB)

10.0

15.0
MoM Model FDTD Model Measured Prototype

20.0 1.0

2.0

3.0 Frequency (GHz)

4.0

5.0

Measured results agree with MoM and FDTD simulations

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PSO/FDTD in Broadband Patch Antenna Design: Parameter Approach

L Ls ws Ps w

E-Shape Antenna

L/2

xf

31% bandwidth Measurement Results

0

Convergence
50

Average fitness at the current iteration gbest up to the current iteration

48 -5

Wide Band Design Dual-frequency Design

Return Loss (dB)

46

Fitness Value

-10

44

Antenna II

-15

42

-20 40

38

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

-25 1.4

1.6

1.8

Antenna I
2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

The N Iteration

th

Frequency (GHz)

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Keyboard Influence Investigation

Measurement Results

No keyboard

900

1200

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MIMO Arrays Design and System Testing

Directional

Omnidirectional

Array Configurations

UCLA True MIMO Testbed

Testing of designed

(David Brown and Michael Fitz)

antennas in real system environment capacity as a function of antenna characteristics and array topology
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Evaluation of system

UCLA Miniature MIMO Arrays

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Tri-Band PIFA
0 -5 Reflection coefficient (dB)

PIFA 2 PIFA 1

-10 -15 -20

2.45GHz 5.25GHz

5.75GHz

-25 Measured Calculated -30 2 3 4 f (GHz) 5 6 7

Slot

Tri-band PIFA using J-shaped and quarter wavelength slots.

Calculated and measured reflection coefficient of the tri-band PIFA.

Adding a quarter wavelength slot generates the third resonant frequency. Although, the small PIFA couples with the quarter wavelength slot, these two higher frequency bands can be brought as closely as desired.
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Fractal Antennas and MIMO

Properties of Fractal Antennas that potentially benefit antenna design: Space filling property to miniaturize wire and patch antennas Self-similarity to design multiband antennas
Space filling ability Self-similarity

UCLA

Packaging 4 fractal elements in the same space as 3 standards

MIMO

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Reconfigurable Antennas: Patch Antennas

Patch

Slot Switch

Ground Plane

LHCP/RHCP diversity

(2) (1)

Dual frequency operation

Dual band CP performance

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Reconfigurable Dual-Frequency Dual-CP Antenna for Wireless Communications

0 -2 -4 -6

Measurement

Return Loss (dB)

-8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18

Simulation

Switch - off

Switch - on

Operational Mechanism: Current Flow Feed Point

Switch off, Mesurement Switch off, Simulation Switch on, Mesurement Switch on, Simulation 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4

-20 3.6

Frequency (GHz)

x Switch-off, LHCP x is /2 ahead Switch-on, RHCP -y is /2 ahead

330 30
330

0 30

300

60

300

60

270

-30dB -20dB

-10dB 0dB 90
270 -30dB

0dB -20dB -10dB 90

MEMS switches can be used for low loss operations.

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240

120

240

120

210

150 180 f=4 38GHz LHCP =0(deg)

210

150 180 f=4.38GHz,LHCP,=90(deg)

f=4.38GHz, LHCP, =0

f=4.38GHz, LHCP, =90

Meta-Materials
( Beyond the nature; none existing in the nature)

Double Negative Materials (Left-handed)

<0 <0

Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures (EBG) 2000s

Artificial complex ground planes

Microwave

1960s & 2000s Optics

PBG Passive Filters Components

Soft & Hard

QRP phase = 90 FSS

AMC phase = 0

EBG - Antenna

1990s

1940s

1995s

YRS-UCLA-07 1970s

Wire antennas near PEC and PMC/EBG surfaces S11

Vertical wire antenna

Low profile

PEC
Horizontal wire antenna

PEC PMC

Vertical wire antenna Horizontal wire antenna

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PMC/EBG

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Very Low Profile Electric Antenna (< /30) Various Antennas on Artificial Complex Ground Plane

Patch element

Patch array

Bent monopole

Low profile curl

CP dipole

Surface wave antenna

Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antennas-I:

Patch Antenna on the High Dielectric and Thick Substrate
Higher Dielectric Constant Substrates:
z

space waves
y x

Smaller Elements MMIC Fabrication

surface waves

Narrower Bandwidths Enhance Surface Waves

eff=10.20

diffraction

Thicker Substrates:

Wider Bandwidths Enhance more the Surface Waves

High dielectric and thick substrate increases the surface waves and causes pattern degradation from the diffraction/scattering of the substrates modes at the finite substrates edges.
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Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antennas-II:

Performance of the Patch Antenna on the Thin/Thick High Dielectric Substrate
Thin Substrate (t=0.0320, BW=1.4%)
35.0
Z 0 5 60 0 -5 -10 90 90 X,Y 60

eff=10.20
y (cm)

30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0

E-plane
30

30

H-plane

30 30 Substrate

5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 x (cm)

120 150 150

120

180

|E| dB

Return Loss S11

0.0

20.0

40.0 E (dB)

60.0

80.0

Thick Substrate (t=0.0590, BW=4.3%)

40.0
Z

5.0

35.0
10.0

30.0 25.0
60

30

0 5

E-plane
30 0 -5 -10 X,Y 90 60

H-plane

|S11| (dB)

15.0

y (cm)

20.0 15.0
90

20.0

10.0
conventional thin substrate conventional thick substrate PBG substrate effective dielectric substrate

5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 x (cm)

120 150 150

120

25.0

180

30.0 1.0

1.5

2.0 frequency (GHz)

2.5

3.0

|E| dB

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20.0

40.0 E (dB)

60.0

80.0

Pattern bifurcation!

Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antennas-III:

EBG and Effective Dielectric in Suppressing the Surface Waves (TMz) EBG
40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0
y (cm)

EBG Substrate
Z 0 5 60 0 -5 -10 90 90 X,Y 60

E-plane
30

30

H-plane

20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 x (cm)

r=0.45a, a/0=0.35 r a

120 150 150

120

180

|E| dB
20.0 40.0 E (dB) 60.0 80.0

Thick Substrate (t=0.0590, BW=4.3%) High Performance Radiation Pattern with improved Bandwidth

No Pattern bifurcation!
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Universities must be considered as vital players in creating new and visionary concepts for future missions.
ucla antenna lab

UCLA Antenna Laboratory in co-operation with other institutions is advancing miniaturized antenna design concepts and developments for modern communications applications.

We look forward to working with you for novel designs.

Towards Miniaturization
YRS-UCLA-07