Fertilization Following ejaculation into the vagina, sperm live approximately 48 to 72 hours Refers to the union of an ovum (egg) and a spermatozoan (sperm) which results in a zygote Occurs in the ampulla (outer one-third) of the fallopian tube following ovulation Pre-embryonic stage This stage encompasses the first 14 days after conception When the zygote implants in the decidua approxiamtely 8 to 10 days after fertilization, the structure is referred to as an EMBRYO After implantation, the embryo undergoes rapid growth and differentiation
PLACENTA Begins to function by the 4th week of gestation; by the 14th week it is complete and independently functioning organ It transmits nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes wastes and carbon dioxide by diffusion Considered to be the endocrine organ of the placenta which produces the following hormones: Estrogen (primary estriol) Progesterone Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Human placental lactogen Estrogen (primary estriol) It stimulates the growth of uterine muscle (myometium) and glandular epithelium (endometrium) and induces the synthesis of receptors for progesterone
Progesterone Promotes thickening and increased viscosity of cervical mucus (the mucous plug) to protect the fetus against invading the bacteria Decreases motility of oviducts and uterus It stimulates growth of glandular breast tissue (acini cells) in preparation for lactation Maintains uterine lining for implantation and relaxes uterine smooth muscle HCG Is secreted by trophoblast cells of the blastocyst (early product of conception) and the placenta (after the second gestational month). It is partly responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum Is detected in the urine and plasma (by day 8 ) and the first indicator of a positive pregnancy Levels may be monitored later in the pregnancy to determine fetal well being Human placental lactogen Levels increase after 20 weeks of gestation It is a growthlike substance that stimuates maternal metabolism It facilitates glucose transport across the placenta It also stimulates breast development to prepare for lactation
MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES
DIZYGOTIC (fraternal) multiple pregnancy Involves two or more ova fertilized by separate sperm Fetuses have separate placentas, amnions, and chorions and may be the same or different sex MONOZYGOTIC (identical) multiple pregnancy Developes from a single fertilized ovum Fetuses share a common placenta and chorion bt have separate amnions, they are the same sex and same genotype