02 System Rsm970-Ibis Rev3

RSM 970 S Training
RSM 970S SYSTEM PRESENTATION
Air Systems Division
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All information contained in this document remains the sole and exclusive property of the THALES Air System and shall not be disclosed in whole or in part by the recipient to third persons without the prior written consent of Thales Air System as the originator.
RSM 970 S Training
RSM 970S SYSTEM
Syllabus
SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES STANDARD CONFIGURATION KEY FEATURES

System RSM 970S/IBIS Rev3 02/2010
FUNCTIONAL PRESENTATION MAINTENANCE
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PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
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PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADARS Interrogators on the ground generate 1030MHz RF pulse modulated messages to aircraft. These interrogation messages are known as INTERROGATION MODES. The transponders carried on these aircraft detect the messages and answer by sending back 1090MHZ RF pulse modulated messages known as REPLIES. Receivers on the ground look for these RF signals and process them for analysis by external equipment (extractors, processors and display console).
Aircraft Transponder
INTERROGATION: Request for identification (1030MHz) or altitude REPLY: identification or altitude (1090MHz)
SSR Radar
Tracks and/or plots
Frame pulse detection Range measurement Azimuth measurement Altitude decoding Identification decoding
ATCC
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PURPOSE
PRINCIPLES
The RSM970S SECONDARY RADAR is designed to locate and identify aircraft. Unlike a primary radar, it requires the active participation of aircraft which must be fitted with a specific equipment : a TRANSPONDER. This secondary surveillance radar (SSR) interrogates aircraft by means of RF pulse trains forming INTERROGATION MODES.
t
P1
0.8s
P3
0.8s
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SSR INTERROGATION MODES
PRINCIPLES
P1 Mode 1 P1 Mode 2 P1 Mode 3 / A P1 Mode C

t = 3s
P3
t = 5s
P3
t = 8s
P3
t = 21s
P3
1,2,3 A,C 3=A
Military modes Civilian modes
A = Identification mode C = Flight Level mode
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PRINCIPLES
Aircraft transponders interpret these questions and in turn, send out replies. Replies are built with framing pulses encapsulating pulsed bits making data words. These words are known as CODES.
SSR REPLIES
20.3s
1.45s 0.45s
F1
C1
A1
C2
A2
C4
A4
B1
D1
B2
D2
B4
D4
F2
F1 / F2 - 2 FRAMING PULSES (Bracket Pair) X Pulse (Usually absent) From 0 up to 12 Data pulses (Reply Code ) If pulse present ==> bit = 1
If pulse absent ==> bit = 0
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MODE S SECONDARY RADAR - INTERROGATION MODES
PRINCIPLES
All Call interrogation mode - AC AC surveillance for SSR aircraft only: P1 - P3 - P4 Short 0.8s (P4S). AC surveillance for SSR and MODE S aircraft: P1 - P3 - P4 Long 1.6s (P4L). Note: P4L is not used in practice at the moment.
8s for identification
2s P3 P4
P1
21s for altitude
0.8s
0.8s
0.8s 1.6s
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MODE S SECONDARY RADAR - INTERROGATION MODES
PRINCIPLES
All Call and Roll Call interrogation mode AC / RC

Acquisition, surveillance and data link for MODE S aircraft.
2s 2.75s
P1
P2
P6
P6 (56 bits) = 16.25s P6 (112 bits) = 30.25s

0.8s 0.8s 1.25s 0.5s 56 or 112 bits, 0.25 s each 0.5s
UF
Note: P2 inhibits the SSR transponders

P6
Sync phase 1st data bit reversal
0.25s
last data bit Guard interval
UF
Note: UF message (Uplink Format) is encoded with DPSK modulation

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MODE S INTERROGATION FORMAT
PRINCIPLES
FORMAT NO. (UF) 0 1, 2 and 3 4 5 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 11 12, 13, 14 and 15 16

MESSAGE LENGTH Short (56 bits) Short (56 bits) Short (56 bits) Short (56 bits) Long(112 bits) Long (112 bits) Long (112 bits) Long (112 bits)
MODE S INTERROGATION REQUEST Short air-air surveillance (ACAS) Not defined Surveillance, altitude request Surveillance, identify request Not defined Mode S-only all-call Not defined Long air-air surveillance (ACAS) Not defined Comm-A, altitude request (SLM *) Comm-A, identify request (SLM) Not defined Comm-C (ELM **)
17, 18 and 19 20 21 22 and 23 24 (2-bit field)
* SLM: Standard Length Message ** ELM: Extended Length Message
transmitted by the radar

Refer to ICAO Annex 10
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MODE S SECONDARY RADAR MODE S REPLY
PRINCIPLES
Preamble 8s 4.5s
0.5s 0.5s 0.5s
0.5s 0.5s 0.5s
Data block 56s or 112s with 1 bit = 1s
DF example
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 N -1 Bit N
DF
8s
9s
Note: DF message (Downlink Format) is encoded with pulse modulation

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MODE S REPLY FORMAT
PRINCIPLES
FORMAT NO. (DF) 0 1, 2 and 3 4 5 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 11 12, 13, 14 and 15 16

MESSAGE LENGTH Short (56 bits) Short (56 bits) Short (56 bits) Short (56 bits) Long (112 bits) Long (112 bits) Long (112 bits) Long (112 bits)
MODE S INTERROGATION Short air-air surveillance (ACAS) Not defined Surveillance, altitude reply Surveillance, identify reply Not defined Mode S-all-call reply Not defined Long air-air surveillance (ACAS) Not defined Comm-B, altitude reply (SLM *) Comm-B, identify reply (SLM) Not defined Comm-D (ELM **)
17, 18 and 19 20 21 22 and 23 24 (2-bit field)
* SLM: Standard Length Message ** ELM: Extended Length Message
processed by the radar
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PRINCIPLES
MODE S SECONDARY RADAR Example of interrogation & reply format
UF11
AC INTERROGATION MODE P1 - P2 - P6UF11 From THALES radar what is your specific 24 bit S Mode address ?
S MODE ADRESS REPLY Preambule - DF11 Hi THALES radar, my specific 24 bits S Mode address is
DF11
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TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS
Transponder triggered via a sidelobe
PRINCIPLES
Antenna axis
Main lobe Secoundary or sidelobe

Reply received via a sidelobe
Antenna radiation pattern

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TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS Secondary surveillance radars use highly directive antennas. The radiation pattern of such antennas is characterised by : a very narrow major beam width, low-amplitude secondary lobes. The use of such a system results in two possibilities : the transponder of an aircraft answers to a question emanating from the antenna via one of its secondary lobes , a reply is picked up by the antenna via one of its secondary lobes. In both cases, the antenna axis does not correspond to the direction of the aircraft so that there would be a major positioning error.
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PRINCIPLES
When two aircrafts cross each other, their replies overlap. This results in mixing of the pulses, making them not easily usable by the extractors.
B A
pulses from A
pulses from B
Garbling with overlapping

pulses from A pulses from B
Garbling with RF mixing
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PRINCIPLES
Likewise, when a reply is reflected by an obstacle, it reaches the receiver with a delay with respect to the direct reply.
direct path
Multipath trajectories caused by a reflection in the elevation beam

reflected path
direct pulses
Reflector (ground) reflected pulses
garbling
Multipath phenomena are a limitation to Mode S implementation

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TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS These risks may be lessened by use of the following means : on interrogation (ISLS and IISLS processes), the aircraft transponder detects interrogation via a side lobe but doesn't reply. Mode S: ISLS is implemented during Selective calls IISLS is not implemented during Selective calls on reception (RSLS process), the secondary radar receiver detects and eliminates signals received through the side lobes, Mode S : RSLS is only used between and to cancel replies from the secondary lobes.
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ISLS PROCESS in SSR
PRINCIPLES
ISLS = Interrogation with Side Lobe Suppression
aircraft in a sidelobe Looking to their amplitudes, P1& P3 are less than P2 the transponder is NOT triggered
P1 P2 P3
aircraft in axis of main lobe
2s
P1
P2
P3
control channel
2s
Looking to their amplitudes, P1 & P3 are much greater than P2 the transponder is triggered channel main lobe
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ISLS PROCESS in SSR At interrogation, the interrogator transmits : pulses P1 and P3 on the channel and 2 s after P1 the pulse P2 on the channel. The energy radiated by the main lobe of the channel is greater than the energy radiated by the channel and the energy radiated by the channel is greater than the energy radiated by the channel sidelobes. When the transponder is in the main lobe of the channel (antenna axis), it receives pulse P1 at a level upper than for the pulse P2 + K1 dB level and replies to interrogations when P1 P2 + K1 dB. Note: 0 dB K1 +10 dB If the level of P2 exceeds the level of P1, meaning that the interrogation has been transmitted via a secondary lobe, the transponder does not reply.
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ISLS PROCESS in Mode S
PRINCIPLES
All Call interrogation mode - AC

CHANNEL P1 P3 P4
Identical to ISLS process in SSR
CHANNEL
P2
All Call and Roll Call interrogation mode AC / RC

Interrogation through the main lobe Interrogation through a sidelobe lobe
CHANNEL CHANNEL
P1 P2 P6
P5
CHANNEL CHANNEL
P1
P2
P6
P5
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IISLS PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
IISLS = Improved Interrogation with Side Lobe Suppression
TRANSMISSION BY THE INTERROGATOR

direct path aircraft outside the main lobe
reflected path
P1
P3
P1cont P2
reflecting obstacle
P1cont is attenuated with respect to P2
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IISLS PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
IISLS = Improved Interrogation with Side Lobe Suppression
RECEPTION BY THE TRANSPONDER

direct path aircraft outside the main lobe
reflected path
reflecting obstacle
P1+ P1cont P2 P3 P1cont P2
P1 variable position according to the delay due to the reflection P3
Reception via the main lobe
Reception outside the main lobe
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IISLS PROCESS When the aircraft is in the main lobe, pulses P1cont and P1 will arrive at the same time with a resulting level greater than P2 ; the transponder then replies to the interrogation. Further, the transponder does not answer to interrogations which do not strictly correspond to SSR standards. When the transponder rejects an interrogation due to interrogation via a secondary lobe or not complying with standards, it is self inhibited for 35 s. Any other interrogation arriving during this period (in particular the reflected ones) will receive no reply. The IISLS is implemented on A/C interrogations only, not in mode S operation for it has a tendency to block the transponders.
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RSLS PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
RSLS = Reception with Side Lobe Suppression

aircraft in a sidelobe aircraft in axis of main lobe Looking to their amplitudes, pulses received via are greater than pulses received via channel sidelobe. The reply is NOT DECODED

Looking to their amplitudes, pulses received via channel main lobe are greater than pulses received via . The reply is DECODED
control channel
channel
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RSLS PROCESS The antenna used with the equipment features and channels , each having a different directivity pattern. The channel has almost the same gain in all directions ; it is at least equal to the gain of the secondary lobes of the sum pattern . The main lobe of the channel has a gain greater than that of the channel. The receiver compares the amplitude V of the signals received via the and channels. If V > V : the signal is from the main lobe and is to be taken into account. If V < V : the signal is from a secondary lobe; the receiver flags the corresponding signal for the extractor equipment.
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RSLS PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
Secondary lobe suppression

antenna axis pattern
pattern
+10 dB K1 0 dB
reception angle with V > V
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RSLS PROCESS The RSM970S attributes a coefficient K1 (operational parameter adjusted from 0 up to + 10 dB) to the channel in order to make sure that the gain of this channel is higher than that of any secondary lobe of the channel. In addition, the gain of the channel is reduced in the main lobe direction. the gain of the channel is maximum on the antenna axis, the gain of the channel is minimum on the antenna axis. Mode S : RSLS is activated on A/C interrogations (presence of P2 on channel) and on A/C/S All call interrogations (presence on P5).
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MONOPULSE PROCESS
Antenna axis
PRINCIPLES
antenna rotation
c
left-hand side lobe
b a
right-hand side lobe

Pulses received from aircraft in :

position a position b position c
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MONOPULSE PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
Antenna radiation patterns

Antenna axis
channel

transmission & reception lobes reception lobe
channel
channel
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Angle error measurement The monopulse technique provides a means to measure the angle error for each pulse of the reply, this providing a better accuracy for azimuth position and an accurate way to discriminate garbled pulses.
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MONOPULSE PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
Angle error measurement

A A1

A2
Amplitude as a function of the OBA
OBA =0 0 = 180
angle error voltage =
A2 A1
cos =
V cos V
with = to phase shift

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Angle error measurement Every pulse is received via the pattern with an amplitude A1 and via the pattern with an amplitude A2. The amplitude ratio A2/A1, represents the pointing error, i.e. the angle between the antenna axis and the reception azimuth (Off Boresight Angle). To get the angle error voltage, the RSM970S calculates the following ratio : Vangle error = 2
and the sign = cos where = phase shift between and signals ( 0 for LH sidelobe and 180 for RH sidelobe)
The azimuth accuracy is maximum along the antenna axis and the function f ( V angle error ) is proportional to the pointing error in the region of the main lobe.
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MONOPULSE PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
Main lobe refinement during reception
+10 dB
channel
K2
-10 dB channel
OBA variable according to K2
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Main lobe refinement during reception The difference in amplitude of the pulses received on both channels is maximum when the reply comes from a transponder located on the antenna axis. RSM970S attributes a factor K2 (operational parameter), from -10 dB up to +10 dB, to the amplitude of the channel, in order to adjust the beamwidth of the main lobe. Note: -10 dB K2 +10 dB With Mode S operation, K2 is used to increase the number of interesting pulses on channel.
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MONOPULSE PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
Angle error measurement

=0 A (dB)
and curves represent Sum and Difference radiation patterns near the antenna radiation axis.
/ curve represent / ratio variation

as a function of the OBA.

OBA (mV)
+ 1000
0
( )
3.2
Example (in analog) of OBA computed by MDR with: K1 = +10 dB K2 = -10 dB
( )
- 1000
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TVBC (TIME VARIABLE BASE CLIPPING)
Log variation of TVBC law severity
PRINCIPLES
noise 1 0
Time / range
TVBC validation
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TVBC (TIME VARIABLE BASE CLIPPING) The RSM970S equipment includes a system which eliminates the replies whose levels are too low in the nearby zone. This system works by validating pulses only if they exceed a threshold voltage varying with time. Non mode S radar : TVBC is applied on log pulses only Mode S radar : TVBC is applied on both log pulses and log pulses In the basic version, these laws decrease by 6 dB per range octave, corresponding to propagation losses in space (1/R2). The choice of different laws permits an accurate adjustment of the TVBC efficiency according to the environmental conditions. The equipment also allows these laws to be modified in range and to be selected as a function of azimuth. Several laws are fully programmable on site by the operator.
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INTERROGATION SEQUENCING
PRINCIPLES
SSR Interrogations
SSR AC
SSR AC
SSR AC
SSR AC
SSR AC
SSR AC
SSR AC
SSR AC
SSR AC
Mode A
Mode C
Mode A
Mode C
P1 P3
P1 P3
P1 P3
P1 P3
Keys: AC = All-Call RC = Roll-Call
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INTERROGATION SEQUENCING
PRINCIPLES
Mode S Interrogations
Interrogations
RC1
P1 P2 P6
Listening windows
RC3 RC4
P1 P2 P6
RC2
P1 P2 P6
Reply to RC4
Reply to RC1
Reply to RC2
Reply to RC3
P1 P2
P6
2.5 ms AC
5 ms RC AC RC AC RC AC RC
Mode S-only all-call

P1 P2 P6 UF11
Mode A
P1 P3 8S P4S
Mode S-only all-call

P1 P2 P6 UF11
Keys: AC = All-Call Mode C

P1 P3 P4S 21S
RC = Roll-Call
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ALL-CALL LOCKOUT PROTOCOL
PRINCIPLES
ENTERING MODE S AIRCRAFT
LOCKED-OUT MODE S AIRCRAFT
18s
MODE A/C AIRCRAFT
Acquisition
Lock-out command
No AC reply
A/C reply
AC
RC
AC
RC
Example 2 scans to acquire, RC. + 2 scans before locking (to do not lock onto a reflection) (the number of scans before locking is an operational parameter)
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ALL CALL LOCKOUT Purpose : To reduce the number of fruit for a given station (replies corresponding to interrogations generated by another station). Principle : A radar station can lock the aircraft transponders so that they will not answer later All call interrogations emanating from this station. The aircraft transponder recognises the II (Interrogator Identifier) or SI (Surveillance Identifier) code allocated to the station. The transponder will remain locked for a standard time (18 sec). Mode S all-call replies are made or not made to a Mode S radar station according to: - the II (Interrogator Identifier) - or SI (Surveillance Identifier) code allocated to the station. II/SI code definition The II/SI code is a site dependent parameter: Interrogator Identifier (II code from "0" to "15"; the "0" value is to be avoided following ICAO recommendations ), Surveillance Identifier (SI code from "1" to "63" ). CAUTION the II / SI code is assigned by the local authority it must not be modified by the operator
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Mode S radar station main features
PRINCIPLES
surveillance of SSR-only and Mode S equipped aircraft via all-call interrogations, acquisition of Mode S aircraft via Mode S all-call interrogations, surveillance of acquired Mode S aircraft via roll-call interrogations, data transmission/reception to/from acquired Mode S aircraft using roll-call interrogations, message broadcast to all Mode S aircraft, messages broadcast from Mode S aircraft, surveillance data link between Mode S stations (surveillance network).
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Reply processing
The Mode S radar station processes SSR or Mode S replies:
PRINCIPLES
processing of SSR reply received from any aircraft: detection of the transponder frame pulses, range measurement, azimuth measurement by monopulse processing, altitude report by decoding the "C" code reply, identification by decoding the "A" code reply, processing of Mode S reply received from Mode S transponder: detection of Mode S reply preamble and data block, range measurement, azimuth measurement by monopulse processing, identification by decoding the aircraft address from all-call reply, flight parameters (at least "A" code and Flight Level or "C" code) and messages by decoding Mode S roll-call replies.
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Surveillance protocols
PRINCIPLES
The Mode S radar station can request surveillance data from a Mode S transponder via a surveillance or Comm-A interrogation. The transponder having recognised its address sends the required data to the radar station via a surveillance or Comm-B reply as required. The Comm-B reply enables enhanced surveillance.
The "surveillance, altitude" reply and the "Comm-B, altitude" reply contain : altitude: code C (by 50- or 25-feet steps) requested at each antenna scan, flight status: alert condition when identity code A has been changed by the pilot, SPI (Special Position Indicator) condition, aircraft airborne or on the ground.
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Surveillance protocols
PRINCIPLES
The "surveillance identity" reply and the "Comm-B identity" reply contain : identity: code 3/A (same as SSR) requested by the station in the first roll-call interrogation following aircraft acquisition (done again if OBA is not correct), flight status: same data as above. In surveillance or Comm-A interrogations made during roll-call periods: aircraft altitude is required every antenna scan, aircraft identity is required at acquisition (any change being indicated in flight status), on periodic request, at least every 18 s. Once aircraft have been acquired, one interrogation (altitude request) is performed per aircraft and per antenna scan.
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Air-air surveillance (ACAS) protocol
PRINCIPLES
An Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) can request surveillance data from a Mode S transponder via an air-air surveillance interrogation. The transponder having recognised its address sends the required data to the ACAS via an air-air surveillance reply,
this reply being fruit for the radar station.
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REGISTER ALLOCATION
Register No. 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
16 16 16 16 16 16 16
PRINCIPLES
Assignment Not valid Unassigned Linked Comm-B, segment 2 Linked Comm-B, segment 3 Linked Comm-B, segment 4 Extended squitter airbone position Extended squitter surface position Extended squitter status Extended squitter identification and type Extended squitter airbone velocity Extended squitter event-driven information Air/air information 1 (aircraft state) Air/air information 2 (aircraft intent)
Minimum update rate N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.2 s 0.2 s 1.0 s 15.0 s 0.2 s variable 1.0 s 1.0 s To be determided To be determided < 4.0 s 5.0 s 5.0 s 5.0 s 5.0 s 15.0 s 15.0 s 15.0 s 15.0 s 15.0 s N/A
07 16 08 09 0A 0B
16 16 16 16
0C 16 0D -0E
16 16
Reserved for air/air state information Reserved for ACAS Data link capability report
0F 10
16
16 16 16
11 -16 17
16
Reserved for extension to data link capability report Common usage GICB capability report Mode S specific servic es capability report Aircraft identification Aircraft registration number Antenna positions Reserved for antenna position Reserved for aircraft parameters Aircraft type Unassigned
18 16-1F 16 20 16 21 22 23 24 25
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16 16 16 16 16
26 16-2F 16
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REGISTER ALLOCATION
Register No. 30 16 31 16-3F 16 40 16 41 16 42 16 43 16 44 16 45 16 46 16 47 16 48 16 49 16-4F 16 50 16 51 16
PRINCIPLES
Assignment ACAS active resolution advisory Unassigned Aircraft intention Next w ay-point identifier Next w ay-point position Next w ay-point information Meteorological routine air report Meteorological hazard report Reserved for flight management system Mode 1 Reserved for flight management system Mode 2 VHF channel report Unassigned Track and turn report Position report coarse Position report fine Air-referenced state vector Way-point 1 Way-point 2 Way-point 3 Unassigned Quasi-static parameter monitoring Heading and speed report Extended squitter emergency/priority status Reserved for e xtended squitter Unassigned Reserved for Mode S BITE Unassigned Reserved for military use Unassigned
Minimum update rate
N/A 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 0.5 s 1.0 s 1.0 s To be determided To be determided 5.0 s N/A 1.0 s 0.5 s 0.5 s 0.5 s 5.0 s 5.0 s 5.0 s N/A 0.5 s 1.0 s 1.0 s N/A N/A N/A To be determined N/A
52 16 53 16 54 16 55 16 56 16 47 16-5E 16 5F16 60 16 61 16 62 16-6F 16 70 16-E0 16 E1 16-E2 16 E3 16-F0 16 F1 16 F2 16-FF 16

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REGISTER BDS 20 - AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION (Call Sign)
FIELD 1 2 3 4 BDS Code 2 0 5 6 7 8 9 MSB 10 11 CHARACTER 1 12 13 14 15 MSB 16 17 CHARACTER 2 18 19 20 21 MSB 22 23 CHARACTER 3 24 25 26 27 MSB 28 29 CHARACTER 4 30 31 32 FIELD 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 MSB CHARACTER 5
PRINCIPLES
MSB CHARACTER 6
MSB CHARACTER 7
MSB CHARACTER 8
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UPLINK FORMAT
56 bits
PRINCIPLES
(ACAS) Short Air-Air Surveillance (ACAS) Long Air-Air Surveillance Mode S Only All-Call
UF 00 UF 16 UF 11
00000 10000 01011
-3-3-
RL : 1 RL : 1
- 4 --- 4 ---
AQ : 1 AQ : 1 CL :3
--------- 18 ------------------ 18 -------------16 --MU :56
AP : 24 AP : 24
PR : 4
IC : 4
IP : 24
Surveillance Altitude Request Surveillance Identity Request
UF 04 UF 05
00100 00101
PC : 3 PC : 3
RR : 5 RR : 5
DI : 3 DI : 3
SD : 16 SD : 16
AP : 24 AP : 24
Comm -A Altitude Request Comm -A Identity Request Comm -C (Extended Length Message)
UF 20 UF 21
10100 10101
PC : 3 PC : 3 RC : 2
RR : 5 RR : 5 NC : 4
DI : 3 DI : 3
SD : 16 SD : 16 MC :80
MA :56 MA :56
AP : 24 AP : 24 AP : 24
UF 24
11
112 bits
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DOWNLINK FORMAT
56 bits
PRINCIPLES
(ACAS) (ACAS)
Short Air-Air Surveillance Long Air-Air Surveillance
DF=00 DF=16
00000 10000
VS : 1 VS : 1
--- 7 ------- 7 -----
RI : 4 RI : 4
-- 2 --- 2 --
AC : 13 AC : 13
AP : 24 MU :56 AP : 24
All - Call Reply
DF=11
01011
CA : 3
AA : 24
IP : 24
Surveillance , Altitude Surveillance , Identity
DF=04 DF=05
00100 00101
FS : 3 FS : 3
DR : 5 DR : 5
UM : 6 UM : 6
AC : 13 ID : 13
AP : 24 AP : 24
Comm -B , Altitude
DF=20 DF=21
10100 10101
FS : 3 FS : 3
DR : 5 DR : 5
UM : 6 UM : 6
AC : 13 ID : 13
MB : 56 MB : 56
AP : 24 AP : 24
Comm -B , Identity
Comm -D ( Extended Length Message ) DF=24
11 --1-- KE : 1
ND : 4
MD : 80
AP : 24
112 bits
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SURVEILLANCE CLUSTER NETWORK (SCN)
PRINCIPLES
43
SURVEILLANCE CLUSTER NETWORK (SCN) Issue Usually, a radar has overlapping area with other radars. If the stations are not coordinated, they must be allocated different II codes and operate with the multisite allcall lockout protocol active. As only sixteen II codes are available, it may be impossible to assign a unique II code to each radar station. SCN purpose To overcome this problem, the operation with SI codes (64 codes are available) will be possible when aircraft will be equipped with SI codes transponders. The SCN makes it possible to coordinate Mode S radar stations surveillance activity in overlapping areas via a ground network. SCN advantages The group of radar stations then uses the same II code forming a cluster. Radar stations in a cluster exchange track information to allow an aircraft acquisition directly in rollcall transaction. Another advantage obtained with the SCN is that radar stations can send additional information to an adjacent station having missed aircraft detection.
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Network aided / Standalone modes
PRINCIPLES
Within a cluster, a Mode S station can operate according to two modes:
the network aided mode: the connection between the station and the SCN is enabled and the station performs the surveillance co-ordination mission, the standalone mode: the connection between the station and the SCN is disabled and the station does not perform the surveillance co-ordination mission.
The Mode S station operates with a Radar Parameter Set (RPS) identified by its name, selected among up to sixteen RPSs depending on the Network aided or Standalone mode of operation.
44
RPS features The RPS describes the following parameter values: II/SI code to be used by the radar, coverage map name (surveillance, track initialisation, intermittent lockout, lockout), scheduling parameters: AC/RC operational pattern, all-call staggering maximum deviation, I/R map selector (power attenuation, ISLS/IISLS, TVBC). Two I/R maps are programmed and one is selected.
In the network aided mode, the selection of the RPS to be applied is made according to a predefined policy (site dependent parameter) depending on the cluster state.
In the stand-alone mode, the Mode S station operates with a RPS corresponding to this mode.
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SCN Centralised approach:
PRINCIPLES
A cluster controller is responsible for maintaining the overall coherency: - the cluster controller knows the coverage maps of each radar, - it informs a radar when an aircraft is entering the radar coverage, - it centralises all SCN data exchanged between the radars belonging to the cluster.
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SCN Distributed approach:
Radars are able to co-ordinate themselves:
PRINCIPLES
- all radar stations are interconnected via the network and directly exchange SCN data, - each radar knows the coverage limits of the adjacent zones, - a radar informs the adjacent one when an aircraft is entering its coverage.
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MAIN OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS
AIRCRAFT
Mode S transponder
SSR, INTERMODE AND MODE S INTERROGATION S SSR REPLIES MODE S REPLIES SSR REPLIES
PRINCIPLES
AIRCRAFT
SSR-only transponder
SSR AND INTERMODE INTERROGATIONS
MODE S All-call/Roll-call interrogation scheduling and generation RADAR
. Video pulse reply generation . Pulse analysis and validation . Identif ication of pulses relevant to SSR and Mode S
Mode S reply processing: . Reply preamble and data block detection . Range measurement . Azimuth measurement . Aircraft address decoding . Flight parameter decoding
Mode S and SSR plot combination
SSR reply processing: . Frame pulse detection . Range measurement . Azimuth measurement . Altitude report decoding . Identification decoding
Surveillance coordination messages
SSR/ Mode S tracks and/or plots
SCN
ATC
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CONFIGURATION
STANDARD CONFIGURATION
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SITE MONITOR
CONFIGURATION
- RSM 970 S CIRIUS ARCHITECTURE
JTA
ROTARY JOINT Optical encoder 1 Optical encoder 2
EA 2000
DRIVE MECHANISM
Mains (3,N,G)
TRC channel 1
RFUC
TRC channel 2 AE 2000

POWER SUPPLY CABINET Mains to other equipment
MDRP MDR
MDRP
MDR
AA 2000 STX 2000

ANTENNA CONTROL CABINET INDICATOR RADAR INFORMATION SYSTEM (BIS) SITE DEPENDENT PARAMETERS TOOLS LOCAL TERMINAL TRANSMITTER
STX 2000
TRANSMITTER
MMXC
MMXC
IBIS
DPC PC - 1
DPC PC - 2
SDPT
NTPS 1
SWITCH 1 SWITCH SUP SWITCH 2
NTPS 2
LTM
MODEM
DACF
TOM cabinet
ATCC pLINES / MODEMS ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT RCMS Technical STM
MODEM
SCN
GDLP
* * OPTIONAL
REMOTE Room CONTROL MONITORING SYSTEM
SWITCH VIDEO
SUPERVISOR TERMINAL
49
PRESENTATION OF THE EQUIPMENT The RSM970S carries out the functions of a dual interrogator / receiver and signal and data processing equipment. The dual architecture of the RSM970S includes two separated I/R channels. This design makes easy maintenance on one channel while the second channel remains operational. The RSM970S equipment is composed of two I/R channels including each: - inside the TRC (Transmitter Receiver Cabinet) one STX 2000 transmitter, one MDRP receiver/processor, the RFUC, interface function between the two I/R channels and the antenna, is common to the both channels. -inside the TOM (Tracking Output and Miscellaneous) cabinet one DPC PC data processor associated with I/O Ethernet LAN, one NTPS providing the Time Stamping Function unit (option). ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT The RSM970S uses AS 909 secondary antenna via the rotary joint JTA. The radar station includes : two I / R channels, one IBIS local maintenance display, one AA 2000 antenna control cabinet which controls the antenna drive mechanism EA 2000, one AE 2000 power distribution cabinet, a Remote Control and Monitoring System for operating the station from a distance. The two azimuth encoders, located in the rotary joint, transmit the angular position of the antenna in digital form.
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RSM970S CABINET ARRANGEMENT
CONFIGURATION
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RSM970S CABINET ARRANGEMENT
CONFIGURATION
AE 2000
TOM Cabinet
TRC Cabinet
TRC Cabinet
TOM Cabinet
AA 2000
Front view
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Rear view
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TRC CABINET
ID 1 MDRP 1 1 1 RFUC
CONFIGURATION
FAN UNIT 1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 1
RFUC
LOMB
ID 2
Front view
MDRP 2
2 2
Rear view
FAN UNIT 2 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 2
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TOM CABINET
NTPS 1 DPC PC 1
Optical encoder 1
+5V +15V
CONFIGURATION
PLINES 1
SW 1
SW Sup
IBIS PC
Optical encoder 2
Front view
RCMS PC
+5V
+15V
Rear view
SW Video
SW 2
NTPS 2 DPC PC 2 PLINES 2
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KEY FEATURES
KEY FEATURES
54
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS RF characteristics Radar frequencies: Interrogation frequency Reception frequency Maximum antenna gain Antenna azimuth beam width Transmitted peak power VSWR Isolation between channels RF change over switching time: < 100 ms System start-up : 3.2 : 2570 W
: 1030 MHz 10 KHz : 1090 MHz 3 MHz : 27 dBi
: < 1.5 (cabinet output) : 70 Db
System response time (time between the start-up command and the sending of a plot on a surveillance line): 4.5 minutes Initial aircraft acquisition: at least 99 % of aircraft present in the surveillance coverage of the system within 10 antenna scans after the first plot has been output on the surveillance link Control and Monitoring System time synchronisation: from GPS receiver time information with a minimum precision of 1 s Radar processing time stamping accuracy < 2 ms System time performance when not synchronised on external signal: drift 20 ms per month Control and monitoring On-line fault reporting time : < 2 s after the fault is detected
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FUNCTIONAL PRESENTATION
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+5V +15V
AERIAL SUB-SYSTEM AS 909
, , RF SIGNALS TO/FROM RFUC
+5V +15V
MMXC 1
MMXC 2
JTA
TRC CABINET
AERIAL SUBSYSTEM
EA2000P
AA2000NGB
Rotation
56
TO MMXC
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AS909 - PATTERN DISTRIBUTION AMPLITUDE

dB
- 10
CHANNEL CHANNEL
- 15
- 20
- 25
CHANNEL
- 30
- 35
For diagram, the rear column receives half the total power, and front column 18 is fed with a 180 phase signal.
- 40 - 42
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Column number
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
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INTERROGATION / RECEPTION
FROM RFUC RFUC
MDR Test signal ANALOG VIDEO GENERATION POWER SUPPLY 5 V, + 15 V FROM TRC CABINET (DCS)
Transmitter SUM HPA
Transmitter CONTROL HPA
LOCAL OSCILLATOR GENERATION TO STX 2000 VIA LOMB L.O.
Log Log Log f ( / )
VIDEO PROCESSING
Log
Transmitter Interface Driver
BIT
MMXC
BIT TRIGGER
BIT REPORTS
RSLS QRSLS CONTROLS
Log , Log and f ( / )
TO/FROM MMXC
STX2000 TRANSMITTER
MDR RECEIVER
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RFUC

1 1
2 2
MDRP 1
MDRP 2
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PROCESSING MAIN FUNCTIONS
Azimuth data from Optical Encoder To/From RFUC
To/From STX 2000
To/From MDR
RFUC Controls BIT Status
Synchronisation BIT Status
Interrogation Controls
Videos
Controls Synchronisation BIT Status
Fan, DCS Status + DC Supply From TRC Transmission inhibition control Monitoring messages To/From oMMXC
MMXC
From AA 2000
NTPS
Time message BITE
AC/RC Sequencing RC transactions Mode S replies SSR Replies BIT Status ( Ethernet GIGABIT )
Maintenance / Log / Pulses presence videos LAN Switch Video To IBIS
DPC - PC
Plots + Monitoring messages To/From oDPC/MRP
MRP
LAN Switch Supervisor Data Link messages BITE Ops parameters
Reply reports, tracks, Coverage maps
To IBIS
Tracks/plots
Operator controls Operational parameters To/From SDPT/CBP Operator controls Maintenance data
To/From RCMS
MRC
PLines
ATCC
(PSR)
(SCN)
(GDLP)
(LU)
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PROCESSING MAIN FUNCTIONS
MMXC 1
MMXC 2
DPC-PC 1 NTPS 1
DPC-PC 2 NTPS 2
LAN Switch 1
LAN Switch 2
GIGABIT Ethernet
PLines 1
PLines 2
I/O Ethernet LAN
Serial lines
Modem
Modem
To/From users
To/From users
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BITE and Remote Control Monitoring System (RCMS)

CHANNEL 1 TRC 1 BIT Status Optical encoders CHANNEL 2 TRC 2 BIT Status
STX 2000-1 MDR 1
BIT Status Controls
MMXC 1 Gigabit DPC PC 1
RFUC Status
RFUC
RFUC Status
MMXC 2 Gigabit DPC PC 2
BIT Status Controls
STX 2000-2 MDR 2
SWITCH SUP
STM
EA 2000
Supervisor Ethernet LAN

MODEM
AA 2000
DACF IBIS AE 2000 SDPT / LTM MODEM
62
BITE FUNCTIONS The following functions are performed at the level of the BITE of each equipment: failure, to Acquisition of digital and analogue statuses, Processing of this information to check the correct operation or, in the event of a determine the faulty unit, Management of front panel indicators (local reports), Continuous monitoring of the configuration status, Management of controls from / to remote control function,
The following data are exchanged with the DRU : Correct operation statuses, In case of a failure, a code corresponding to the faulty function, Command and acknowledgement of remote control orders. Any equipment status or parameter requested by the operator.
The DACF unit interfaces ancillary units such as mains and antenna control cabinets, air conditioning system, UPS, safety devices using opto-couplers and relays.
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BUILT-IN TEST (BIT)
Built-in test is based on: -internal test -external test
test integrated in equipment itself, implementation of a Long Loop Test (LLT) with the use of a Mode S Site Monitor.
INTERNAL TEST to: locally detect failure,

transmit information to the remote control and monitoring function in order to advise the maintenance team and give information to isolate the faulty LRU(s). detect critical failures of I/R channel equipment in order to control I/R channel hot switchover.
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BIT RESULT CENTRALIZATION Except for the I/R channel part, BIT results are directly transmitted to the remote control and monitoring function. For I/R channel equipment local BIT reports are transmitted to a central BIT device which performs: acquisition of local BIT reports, filtering, to eliminate false failures and to output failure codes, analysis, to eliminate derived failure codes (which are only failure consequences) and elaborate source failure diagnosis (failure origin), LRU diagnosis, to identify potential failed LRUs, updating of I/R channel status and state, data formatting and transmission to the remote control and monitoring function, channel hot switchover control. OPERABILITY STATUS The operability status of a function or equipment (example : transmitter) is get from failure code presence or absence: CORRECT if the function is operating correctly, no failure code is present, WARNING if the central BIT has detected a failure with no impact on the system capabilities, performance or safety. A warning failure code is present, ALARM if the central BIT has detected a failure with an impact on the system capabilities, performance or safety. An alarm failure code is present.
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RCMS Equipment
The RCMS allows the operator to perform locally and remotely: monitoring, control management facilities for events related to monitoring and control. Due to its important role, the RCMS is also monitored. The RCMS is based on two main equipment: one I/O Data Acquisition and Control Function unit (DACF), two personal computers, each one associated with a printer: a Local Terminal Monitor (LTM), a Supervisor Terminal Monitor (STM). Note: The Data Regrouping Unit (DRU) software is installed on the LTM. RCMS can be disconnected from the radar without impact on radar services provided to the ATC centre.
64
All information is transmitted to / from the DRU via a Supervision Ethernet network carrying the following information:
Correct operation codes, In case of a failure, code corresponding to the faulty function, Command and acknowledgement of remote control orders, Any equipment status or parameter requested from the local or remote computer.
The RCMS data link is separated from the radar data links. In case of failure of radar data links, the monitoring of the radar system and of the radar data distribution is still possible. RCMS provides its functions : at station level for system optimisation and preventive/ corrective maintenance, at Central Maintenance Room level for the remote system control and monitoring The corresponding control and monitoring consoles are provided with a multi-function keyboard and a mouse.
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RCMS DISPLAY
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RCMS Monitoring A synopsis of the station is displayed in the form of a block diagram. The selection of any part of the system is possible using the mouse. Pull out menus allow for presentation of more detailed information. The console provides: - a graphic coloured status indication for equipment elements, showing particularly faults and unavailability, - pull out menus showing functions and monitored parameters where appropriate, displaying their current values, - system status codes.
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SITE DEPENDENT PARAMETERS
Site dependent parameters provide radar operation adjustment to site conditions and offer reserved values to adapt radar operations to user requirements. These operational parameters: are initially set at installation (and logged in the installation manual), must be re-programmed after some maintenance actions (spares programmed with default values), must be changed if the site conditions change. These parameters are used in: I/R channel equipment (one set per channel), Mode S site monitor (one set per SMS channel). As the LLT is processed by an I/R channel with SMS participation and the SMS has its own processing device, LLT parameters are defined on both SMS and I/R channels with SDPT/CBP & SMSP software running on a PC.
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SDPT/CBP OPERATING MODE SDPT/CBP can be used in "disconnected" or "connected" operating modes : disconnected to display and change parameters from SDPT/CBP internal files without I/R channel operation disruption, connected to: pick-up files from I/R channel to display and change parameters as in disconnected mode, transfer files from SDPT/CBP to I/R channel for parameter application, change and apply a few parameters in a direct access way. The SDPT/CBP integrates safety functions to: check correct data exchange between the SDPT/CBP and the I/R channel, perform configuration management through: file revision identification, comparison of files from different I/R channels.
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AE 2000 ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
D A C F
D A C F
AE 2000R
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AE 2000R
DACF Unit
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IBIS Maintenance Display Monitor
68
The IBIS (Indicator Radar and Information System - BIS) display console function is provided for maintenance purpose, by mainly displaying information extracted at different points of the radar chain so that: fault isolation is easier, radar performance can be checked. The mains following different types of data are displayed from the MDRP: a Log video and pulse/presence video from channel 1 or channel 2, a maintenance video from channel 1 or channel 2: - OBA diagram, - power diagram. With the maintenance video, IBIS enables the display of radar adjustment patterns. These videos are distributed to IBIS display via the Video LAN. The mains following different types of data are displayed from the DPC PC via the Supervision LAN: plots and tracks with associated information. In addition, the following data are displayed: system controlling data; IBIS configuration, display definition, maps, etc.., statistics on the flow of the data transmitted on the line (tracks and plots number), bearing and range measurement via vectors between different points (geographical, track, etc..). IBIS MMI offers facilities to adapt the display:data selection, data filtering, radar image re centre and resize, The different categories of data are all able to be displayed simultaneously
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SITE MONITOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
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SITE MONITOR PRINCIPLE The SMS is built with a transponder. Depending on the ICAO level of the built-in transponder, the SMS is known as SMS-1 for level 1 and SMS-3 for level 3. The SMS is a completely doubled equipment (SMS chanel 1 and chanel 2). For the radar, the SMS is seen as two single Site Monitors, each with its own independent parameters (codes, range, level, etc.). PURPOSE: to perform the long loop test (LLT) of the station, using pre-defined interrogation sequences for: confirming the correct global operation of the radar (detection, lockout, Site Monitor state etc.), testing "NON BITED" radar components including parts of the I/R redundant channels, to collect SMS BIT results to be checked by the operator to confirm LLT status according to SMS status, to update LLT global status according to LLT1 and LLT2 statuses.
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I/R CHANNEL SWITCHOVER
For high availability purpose, the radar station includes a dual I/R channel with automatic switchover in case of failure declaration
hot switchover
Channel switchover may also be performed: manually for maintenance purpose automatically for test purpose
cold switchover preset cold switchover
The switchover process is the same but NOT the initiating conditions.
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HOT SWITCHOVER Hot switchover takes place in case of failure declaration, the failure being detected by any channel. Hot switchover is initiated by the "to load" channel. COLD SWITCHOVER Cold switchover is initiated by a manual action: in remote mode by a RCMS control (remote position), in local mode by a SDPT/CBP or RCMS control (local position). Cold switchover may be used whatever the I/R channel state (operational or maintenance). It enables the operator to change the configuration state. PRESET COLD SWITCHOVER The BIT performed on the "to load" channel is less extensive than the one applied to the "to antenna channel because radar global operation cannot be checked by LLT. Moreover, the switchover function is only exhaustively checked during its operation. Consequently, a complete check on the radar operation requires an automatically-triggered cold switchover to be periodically performed, that is the preset cold switchover. It is to be programmed on each channel via operational parameters (miscellaneous operational parameters): first preset cold switchover date, preset cold switchover period, preset cold switchover authorisation (for activation or deactivation).
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MAINTENANE
MAINTENANCE
71
MAINTENANCE FUNCTION The maintenance function enables the operator to: monitor the operational status of the system thanks to the BIT integrated in radar equipment and thanks to the SMS external test equipment, monitor radar performance by using radar data sampling and display, control system or equipment states and modes, adjust radar operational parameters to site dependent conditions. The maintenance function is ensured by means of: RCMS, maintenance facilities: radar maintenance display (IBIS), SMS ("long loop test"), SDPT/CBP tool.
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Thank you for your attention
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02 System Rsm970-Ibis Rev3

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02 System Rsm970-Ibis Rev3

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RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM PRESENTATION

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES STANDARD CONFIGURATION KEY FEATURES

FUNCTIONAL PRESENTATION MAINTENANCE

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

System RSM 970S/IBIS Rev3 02/2010

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

P1 Mode 1 P1 Mode 2 P1 Mode 3 / A P1 Mode C

1,2,3 A,C 3=A

Military modes Civilian modes

A = Identification mode C = Flight Level mode

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

System RSM 970S/IBIS Rev3 02/2010

If pulse absent ==> bit = 0

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

21s for altitude

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

All Call and Roll Call interrogation mode AC / RC

P6 (56 bits) = 16.25s P6 (112 bits) = 30.25s

Note: P2 inhibits the SSR transponders

Sync phase 1st data bit reversal

last data bit Guard interval

Note: UF message (Uplink Format) is encoded with DPSK modulation

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

FORMAT NO. (UF) 0 1, 2 and 3 4 5 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 11 12, 13, 14 and 15 16

17, 18 and 19 20 21 22 and 23 24 (2-bit field)

* SLM: Standard Length Message ** ELM: Extended Length Message

transmitted by the radar

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

0.5s 0.5s 0.5s

0.5s 0.5s 0.5s

Data block 56s or 112s with 1 bit = 1s

System RSM 970S/IBIS Rev3 02/2010

Note: DF message (Downlink Format) is encoded with pulse modulation

Air Systems Division

RSM 970 S Training

RSM 970S SYSTEM

FORMAT NO. (DF) 0 1, 2 and 3 4 5 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 11 12, 13, 14 and 15 16

17, 18 and 19 20 21 22 and 23 24 (2-bit field)