ARBE2100

Construction Technology 2
Commonwealth of Australia
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ARBE2100 Week 2
Derren Lowe 2010

ARBE2100 Construction Technology 2

Week 2: Structural Principles 2 + Grounding Buildings
How buildings are placed on the ground and their requirements for stability.

ARBE2100 Week 2

ARBE2100 Construction Technology 2

Grounding Buildings
Selected Readings and references used in this lecture: Salvadori, M. L. a. M. (1992). Why buildings fall down : how structures fail. New York: W.W. Norton. Salvadori, M. (1980). Why buildings stand up : the strength of architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cooper, H. B. a. J. (1996-). UME. Point Lookout, Qld: University of Melbourne. Ching, F., Building Construction Illustrated Mike Riley & Chris Howard, Construction Technology 1 House Construction 2002

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Excavation
Erecting a building or structure generally involves the preparation and disturbance of the ground surface. The building may intersect the site with a few columns as point loads or bear more uniformly across a prepared site excavated and prepared to support the new loads.

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Excavation
When sites are excavated the top soil is removed. In practice, there is an infinite variety of soil compositions; However, these can be broadly categorised into five generic types in addition to solid rock, although these can be further subdivided into a large number of specific descriptions. Since the properties of soils depend upon the size of the particles from which they are comprised, the system of classification often used is based upon particle type and size.

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Soil Classications
Students can access Australian Standards from within the library database system:

www.newcastle.edu.au/service/library/database/auststand.html

An engineer will design the structural system based on the soil classification.

This information will typically be contained within their drawings - the builder will refer to them when construction the footing system.

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Excavation
The stability and integrity of any structure depends upon its ability to transfer loads to the ground which supports it. The function of foundations is to ensure the effective and safe transfer of such loadings, acting upon the supporting ground while preventing overstressing of the soil. The nature of the structure, its foundations and the soil onto which they bear dictate the ways in which this function is achieved. It is inevitable that in the period shortly after the construction of a building some consolidation of the soil takes place.

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Cut + Fill
Cutting and excavating a site produces fill. Fill is also sometimes brought on to site to provide a higher level for the slab or provide a better bearing or working surface for the excavation. Ideally, and to minimise handling, cost and time, fill is taken and re-used from cut on another part of the site and if not used for building then perhaps integrated into landscaping or other earthworks You may have seen signs in your travels stating clean fill wanted or otherwise. To purchase fill could be from $30 - $50 / tonne.

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Geotechnical Investigations
On some sites due to the classication or suspicion of difcult ground conditions (for example a history of mines subsidence or erosion), a Geotechnical Report and investigation is carried out. These investigations are sometimes requested by authorities and at other times by structural engineers not condent of local ground conditions when designing a buildings footings and structural system. Geotechs cost is dependant entirely on the scope of work and the amount of investigation required but usually start at from around $800 and upwards.

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Setting Out
Prior and during excavation of a site, particular attention must be paid to the location of existing and neighbouring services such as water, gas, electricity or other potential sources of damage. Sometimes, elements and hidden items appear that can inuence the sequence and progress of a project. For example, the unearthing of a reservoir, contamination, archaeological nds or any number of unforseen nds. Even with a plan of existing services that may be provided by authorities, the location of these items may not always reect what is documented and they may be difcult to locate.

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Services Penetrations
Once a concrete slab is positioned, it prevents ease of access to the ground below Penetrations for services therefore need to be placed prior to avoid expensive and complicated retro-tting, that apart from being expensive and time consuming, may inuence the structural integrity of the slab. These penetrations are normally temporarily capped for nishing and connection at a later date in the construction process. It is good practice to record and photograph these lines prior to any concealment or covering by concrete. A free draining gravel is typically used as a surrounding medium for any service lines below ground to evenly distribute any loads and remove pressure on these service lines.

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Steel Reinforcing
Whilst not looking pretty surface rust on steel reinforcement can provide for better adhesion between the steel reinforcing and the concrete. In some applications, the reinforcement can, like normal structural steel, be hot dip galvanised to further increase longevity of the steel though this is rare.

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