International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) - volume4Issue4 April 2013

Title: Bidirectional flow of Green Power, using ZigBee in the last mile network of Smart Grid.
Tapas Chakrabarti,
Assistant Professor of Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Abstract - Now-a-days Smart Grid is becoming a key element of energy strategies. Several definitions are coming in different literature but the overall meaning of these different definitions are same. Smart Grid is an intelligent monitoring, control and self healing of an electrical system with the help of information (data) communication in between the end user or generating station and control room. This Smart Grid (SG) Technology can be utilized to provide the diversified generation of electricity from different non-conventional Green energy sources and allows transporting the energy to the conventional Grid SubStation from the scattered macro generating points (Consumers area) in the system. The main and ultimate goal of the Smart Grid Technology is to reduce the generation of electrical energy from the conventional fossil fuel which is also going to be depleted within a short time, and to increase the scope of non conventional energy from solar panels, wind mill etc. The generation of non conventional green energy will reduce the Carbon di-oxide (CO2) from the environment. It also helps to reduce the production of Green house gasses. In this paper, we propose the network architecture of last mile network of Smart Grid consisting of ZigBee devices with the standard of IEEE 802.15.4. This network will help in the flow of electrical power bi-directionally, in between consumers area and conventional distribution grid substation. As a result green power can be transmitted to distribution grid station from consumer premises too. Keywords- Change Over Switch (C/O). Full Function Device (FFD), Power Line Communication(PLC), Reduced Function Device(RFD), Smart Grid (SG), ZigBee, ZigBee Coordinator Device(ZCD), ZigBee End Device(ZED), ZigBee Routing Device(ZRD).

which are all inter connected and framed the grid. The grid stations are connected with the different generating stations and also with the distribution system. The grid station connected with the transmission is called TRANSMISSION GRID SUB-STATION and the consumer connection concerned grid stations are called DISTRIBUTION GRID SUB-STATION. In the conventional system the flow of power is unidirectional, that is power will flow from generating station to grid substation to distribution grid substation to the consumers premises. The traditional power grids are generally used to carry power from a few central generators to a large number of users or customers, shown in Fig.2. In contrast, the SG uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create an automated and distributed advanced energy delivery network [1].

I.

INTRODUCTION
Fig.1. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S.A, Conceptual Model for SG [2] [4]

The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity [1] and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network shown in fig.1. The term grid is used for conventional electrical power system that consists of the following operations: electrical power generation, transmission, distribution, and as well as controlling the system. Normally the Grid stations are called POWER GRID SUBSTATION, whichever it is concerned with transmission or distribution. The electricity generating stations will generate the electrical power, and these power from different generating station will reach in a certain point,

II.

SMART GRID

A smart grid (SG), also called smart electrical/power grid, intelligent grid, is an enhancement of the 20th century power grid. By utilizing modern information technologies and the Communication technology, the SG is capable of delivering power in more efficient ways and

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) - volume4Issue4 April 2013
responding to wide ranging conditions and events. Broadly Metering, could be seen as first milestone toward a smart grid. For second type wireless smart Grid operation typical example is Home

Area Network (HAN) in conjunction with intelligent metering infrastructure [1]. In Smart Metering all the Data are transmitted periodically from the users end to the Metering Center (MC). The NIST has specified the SG domain wise action, which has been stated in Table.1. III. Zig-Bee in HAN

Fig. 2- Block diagram of conventional unidirectional electrical power network.

ZigBee technology of ZigBee Alliance started with a low cost wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications with low data rate, low power consumption. IEEE 802.15.4 committee started working on a low data rate standard a short while later. The Zig-Bee Alliance and the IEEE decided to join forces and Zig-Bee is commercial name of this technology and follows the standard IEEE 802.15.4.[5] [6] The ZigBees solutions are provided in consumer electronics employing ZigBee chip with radios and microcontrollers between 60 kB and 256 kB flash memory. ZigBee operates in the industrial scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868MHz in Europe, 915MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4GHz in most worldwide. There are 16 channels in 2.4GHz band, with each channel requiring 5MHz of bandwidth and provides data rate up to 250kbit/s, 40 kbit/s for the 915MHz and 20kbit/s for 868MHz [5][7][8]. For Smart Metering, the appliances used in the users premises should be connected with a network which is called Home Area Network (HAN). In this network one ZigBee device can transmit the information to the Smart Meter in wireless system using IEEE standard 802.15.4 in the ISM band of 2.4 GHz. ZigBee looks like a Bluetooth and it operates with two numbers of AA Batteries [5]. The operational range of ZigBee is 10-75 meter without power amplifier and the data rate is 250 kbps at 2.4 GHz frequency. A ZigBee system consists of several components, out of these the most basic is the ZigBee device which can be full function device (FFD) or reduced function device (RFD) following a master slave configuration [5] [7]. ZigBee device can be of further three different types namely, ZigBee Coordinator device (ZCD), ZigBee Router device (ZRD) and ZigBee end device (ZED). ZCD is responsible for controlling, initiating and maintaining all the neighboring devices on the network while ZED communicates with the ZigBee Coordinator or personal area Network (PAN) coordinator. The network can be extended through the use of ZRD. In Tree topology ZRD moves data and controls messages through the network by using a hierarchical routing strategy. In last point of network application ZED will be connected to smart meter to collect

stated, the SG could respond to events that occur anywhere in the grid, such as power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, and adopt the corresponding strategies. In Smart Grid Technology the flow of electricity and flow of information are to be bidirectional. In networks, where electricity and information flow bi-directionally, communications play a major role. A SG consists of three subsystems: (i). the smart energy subsystem, (ii). the smart information subsystem and (iii) the smart communication subsystem. The s m a r t e n e r g y s u bs ys t e m is responsible for advanced electricity generation, delivery and consumption. The smart information subsystem i s r e s p on si bl e for advanced information, metering, monitoring, and management in the context of the SG. The smart communication subsystem is responsible for communication connectivity and information Transmission among systems, devices and applications in the context of the SG [2]. In the question of transportation of different information, the communication is made with wire and without wire, which is wireless communication. In the case of wired communication the most popular technology is Power Line Communication (PLC) [3] and for wireless communication it is Wi-max [1] based mesh network in Smart Grid (SG) Technology for long distance and high data rate communications. In the SG, a large amount of data, such as the information from smart meters, sensors, and phasor measurement units (PMUs), will be generated and sent to the control system [2]. The Zig-Bee based network for small distance coverage in the smart grid, especially for the end terminals situated in the consumers premises, are very effective. Automated metering is also known as Smart

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) - volume4Issue4 April 2013
the data while ZCD be connected to the data connector unit (DCU). Then the DCU will carry all the data to the control and processing center by Wi-Fi, GPRS etc. [5] [7]. IV. ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ZigBee is best described by referring to the 7layers of the OSI model for layered communication systems. The Z i g B e e - Alliance specifies the bottom three layers (Physical, Data Link, and Network), as well as Application Programming Interface (API) that allows end developers the ability to design custom applications that use the services provided by the lower la yers. It should be noted that the ZigBee Alliance chooses to use an already existing data link and physical layers specification [8]. Each ZigBee device has its unique MAC address assigned by its manufacturer. However, sending data via ZigBee network is performed using 16-bit ZigBee addresses [5] [9]. The MAC sub layer provides two services: the MAC data service and the MAC management service. The MAC data service enables the transmission and reception of MAC protocol data units (MPDU) across the PHY data service [5]. It is shown in fig.3. star topology. In peer to peer topology any device can communicate with any other device as long as they are in the range of one another. This topology can be ad-hoc, self organizing and self healing. Cluster Tree Network: Cluster tree network is a special case of a peer to peer network in which most devices are FFDs and RFD may connect to a cluster tree network as a leave node at the end of a branch. Any of the FFD can acts as a coordinator and provides synchronization services to other devices and coordinators, however only one of these coordinators, is the PAN coordinator [5]. The different topology models are shown in fig.4.

Figure 4: Topology Models [5] VI. Proposed model of Network Architecture

Fig. 3- : IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee stack standard

Fig.3- : IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee stack standard.

V.

Network Topologies of ZigBee:

ZigBee supports Star topology, Peer to Peer topology and Cluster Tree topology. Star Topology: In star topology the communication is established between devices and a single central controller which is here called Personal Area Network (PAN) coordinator. The PAN coordinator may be feed from the main power whereas, the devices will most likely be battery powered. Peer to Peer Topology or Mesh: In peer to peer topology there is also one PAN coordinator, in contrast to

In this study we propose one network architecture model to transport the power bidirectional in between the distribution substation and the consumer premises, keeping the view in mind that at the users premises is connected with solar panels to produce green power from solar light. In a society, numbers of multistoried buildings which are situated within the range of 80-100 Meter, considered here as a users premises in this study. The production of green power is unstable. Hence the conventional Power may be used during shortfall of solar green power and when surplus solar power will be generated at the consumers area, and that power may be transmitted to the distribution grid substation. In this field we developed the communication architecture to transport the information from the consumers area to the control room SG Server (Figure-5). In this Proposed SG Network we have considered the network in three parts as (i).HAN (ii).PAN & (iii). PLC Network; shown in figure-5. In first part of the fig.5 we have considered the HAN in the individual houses, where all the appliances are connected with the wireless technology, using Zig-Bee devices, to analyze the load. In that premises the solar panels are also installed to generate the solar green power.

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) - volume4Issue4 April 2013
The appliances connected devices are called ZigBee End Device (ZED). These ZEDs are connected to the Zig-Bee Control Device (ZCD) through the Zig-Bee Router Device (ZRD). This ZCD is situated in the individual residential area. In second part, these ZCDs of number of residences in a locality are connected through the ZRD to a local control center of that area. These ZCDs are Reduced Function Devices (RFD) which is connected to local control network and in Part-B, the conventional electrical power connection is shown. In figure-7, it is developed from the figure-6 that the consumer premises, point 1, and distribution grid, as point-4, is interconnected and both the end is also connected with point-3, the SG server control. While the demand is more than the produced green power at the point-1, the server will instruct the two change-over switches situated at consumer area and distribution grid station for inward flow and for
ZED

ZRD

ZED

Smart Server/ Grid station SubStation

ZED

FFD/ LCC

ZRD

ZRD RFD ZED

ZED

Power Line Communication (PLC) Network:: Part-3

Personal Area Network (PAN): Part-2

Home Area Network (HAN): Part-1

ZED

1. 2. 3.

PLC = Power Line Communication FFD = Full Function Device LCC = Local Control Center

4. ZRD= ZigBee Router Device 5. RFD= Reduced Function Device 6. ZED = ZigBee End Device

Fig.5- Block Diagram of Proposed Network Architecture

Center, the Full Function Device (FFD). This network is called as Personal Area Network (PAN). The first and second part is connected by wireless communication, using Zig-Bee devices maintaining IEEE 802.15.4 standard. In third part of the fig.5shown that, from the FFD situated at local control center, the network connection is extended to the Smart Grid Sub-station using the existing power line. This technology is well known as PLC [3]. The complete network followed the cluster tree network topology. These three part communication (figure-5) network will supervise the consumer premises, in connection of demand of load and the produced green power from the solar cell. In figure-6, it is illustrated in a block diagram dividing in two parts as Part-A & Part-B. In Part-A, the SG communication

surplus production of green solar power will be outward from Point-1. Both the change-over switch control will be done using intelligent smart system for the above purpose, taking the data from the SG server. In this regard, the figure-8, described the flowchart of this system.

Fig.6- Proposed Block diagram circuit of the network

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) - volume4Issue4 April 2013
Station as a part of smart grid concept. The smart grid server will control the flow of power on the basis of demand and the production of solar green power at consumers area. This network will support the system to carry both way communication of information which may help to transmit the nonconventional green power energy from the user
Domain Customer Market
Fig.7- Proposed Power control Block-diagram

Actors in the Domain The end users of electricity. May also generate, store and manage the use of energy The operators and participants in electricity markets The organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities The managers of the movement of electricity The generators of electricity in bulk quantities. May also store energy for later distribution The carriers of bulk electricity over long distances. May also store and generate electricity The distributors of electricity to and from customers. May also store and generate electricity.

Service Providers Operation Bulk Generation Transmission Distribution

end to the grid station.

ABLE I: Domain and Actors in the NIST SG Conceptual Model [2]

REFERENCES
1. Palak P. Parikh, Student Member, IEEE, Mitalkumar. G. Kanabar, Student Member, IEEE, Tarlochan S. Sidhu, Fellow, IEEE, Opportunities and Challenges of Wireless Communication Technologies for Smart Grid Applications 978-1-4244-65514/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE Xi Fang, Student Member, IEEE, Satyajayant Misra, Member, IEEE, Guoliang Xue, Fellow, IEEE, and Dejun Yang, Student Member, IEEE SmartGrid the New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey, IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 14, NO. 4, FOURTH QUARTER 2012. Abdelfatteh Haidine, Bamidele Adebisi, Albert Treytl, Hans Pille, Bahram Honary, Alexander Portnoy, High-Speed Narrowband PLC in Smart Grid Landscape State-of-the-art, 2011 IEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its applications. National Institute of Standards a nd Technology. NIST framework and roadmap for smart grid interoperability standards, in website www.nist.gov/public_affairs / releases/upload/ smartgrid_interoperability_final.pdf Sinem Coleri Ergen, ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 SummarySeptember10 , 2004 Prativa P.Saraswala Research Scholar at V.T. Patel Dept. of Electronics & Comm. Engg.Charusat Changa, A Survey on Routing Protocols in ZigBee Network International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013 Oradee Musikanon and Wachira Chongburee, ZigBee Propagations and Performance Analysis in Last Mile Network in International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012. ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Specification v1.0, 2004. Wongsavan Chantharat and Chaiyod Pirak King Mongkuts University of Technology North Bangkok Image Transmission over ZigBee Network with Transmit Diversity 2011 International Conference on Circuits, System and Simulation IPCSIT vol.7 (2011 (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore.

2.

3. Fig.8Algorithm for Green Power & conventional power flow depending on the instantaneous load.

4.

5. TABLE I: Domain and Actors in the NIST SG Conceptual Model [2] 6.

VII. Conclusion The proposed network architecture is for power transportation in between the Power Distribution Grid SubStation and the consumer residential home area with the help of SG communication. This network is capable of early fault detection and maintaining of appropriate load sharing of the system using transportation of information from HAN to Smart Control Room Server to Power Distribution Grid Sub-

7.

8. 9.

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