EXP NO : 1 Study of Riveted Joints INTRODUCTION : Riveted joints are universally used in various engineering structures such as bridges,

ships, aircrafts, boilers and cranes etc., In case or riveting, the holes are made in the plates which are to be connected and rivets are inserted into the holes of the plates. The rivets are generally made of steel. The rivets are hammered for permanent fastenings. Recently, however welding has replaced the latter consumes more manual and labour input. TERMINOLOGY : PITCH (P) : The distance between the centers of adjacent rivets measured on a row. BACK PITCH OR TRANSVERSE PITCH (P): The distance between two adjacent in the same plot. It varies from 0.5 to 2.5 times the rivet diameter. DIAGONAL PITCH(Pd) : The distance between the centers of rivet and nearest edge of the plate. GUAGE LINE : The line of the rivets parallel to the direction of stress is called gauge line. GAUGE DISTANCE : The distance between two consecutive rivets is the gauge distance. REPEATING SECTION : A group of rivets whose pattern repeats itself along the length of the joint is referred to as repeating section. NOMINAL DIAMETER : The diameter of the cold rivet measured before driving is referred as nominal diameter. EDGE DISTANCE : The distance of the edge of the member or the cover plates from extreme rivet hole is edge distance. TYPES OF RIVETED JOINTS : The two types of joints are : Lap joint Butt joint

LAP JOINT : When the ends of the plate overlap each other, the joint is known as lap joint. The lap joints are classified as : Single riveted lap joint Double riveted lap joint Triple riveted lap joint

In case of the lap joints, if the joint is made by only one row of rivets used for connecting two plates, it is known as the single riveted lap joint. A joint with two rows of rivets used for the connection is known as double riveted lap joint, whereas a joint with three rows of rivets used for connecting two plates is known as triple riveted lap joint. BUTT JOINT : In case of butt joint, the edges of the two plates to be joined together butt against each other and a cover plate is placed either on one side or on both the sides of the two main plates. In case of the butt joint atleast two rows of rivets on each side of the joint are required. The butt joints are classified as Single riveted butt joint Double riveted butt joint Triple riveted butt joint

In case of a single riveted butt joint, one row of rivets is used on each side of the joint. Hence in the total, there are two rows of rivets used on each side of the joint and hence in total, three or four rows of rivets are in a double riveted butt joint. In case of a triple riveted butt joint, three rows of rivets are used on each side of the joint. In addition to the above, the following are also the types of riveted joints : Chain riveted joints Zig-zag riveted joints Diamond riveted joints

CHAIN RIVETED JOINTS : A chain riveted joint is that in which every rivet of a row is opposite to other rivet of the other row.

ZIG-ZAG RIVETED JOINTS : A zig-zag riveted joints is that in which the spacing of the rivets is staggered in such a way that every rivet is in the middles of two rivets of the opposite row. ADVANTAGES : Riveted joint is the only method of making permanent connections of alloys like aluminium for which so far there is no reliable method of power welding. Riveted Joints damp the vibration of structures.

DISADVANTAGES : More material is required due to large weight of rivets. 3.5%-4% of the weight of the structure is riveted joint while that of welded joint is 1%-1.5% of the structure. Higher labour input (layout, punching ar drilling holes) Riveting process is more complicated and less productive than welding.

EXP. No. 2 STUDY OF TYPICAL WING STRUCTURE WING STRUCTURE : A wing is a surface used to produce lift and therefore flight, for travel in the air or another gaseous medium. The wing shape is usually an airfoil. The first use of the word was for the foremost limbs of birds, but has been extended to include the wings of insects, bats and pterosaurs and also man-made devices. A wing is a device for generating lift. Its aerodynamic quality, expressed as a Lift-to-drag ratio, can be up to 60 on some gliders. This means that a significantly smaller thrust force can be applied to propel the wing through the air in order to obtain a specified lift. Uses : A common use of wings is in flight, using forward motion to create vertical lift, but wings are also used to produce down force, as in racecars. A sail boat moves by using sails and a keel like vertical wings to produce lift (in the horizontal plane). Terms related to aircraft wings Leading edge: the front edge of the wing Trailing edge: the back edge of the wing

Span: distance from wing tip to wing tip Chord: distance from wing leading edge to wing trailing edge, usually measured parallel to the long axis of the fuselage Aspect ratio: ratio of span to standard mean chord Aerofoil (or Airfoil in US English): the shape of the top and bottom surfaces when viewed as cross sections cut from leading edge to trailing edge. Sweep angle: the angle between the perpendicular to the design centerline of the wing in the wing plane, and either the leading edge or chord line. Twist: gradual change of the airfoil (aerodynamic twist) and/or angle of incidence of the wing cross-sections (geometrical twist) along the span.

Design features : Aero plane wings may feature some of the following:

A rounded (rarely sharp) leading edge cross-section A sharp trailing edge cross-section Leading-edge devices such as slats, slots, or extensions Trailing-edge devices such as flaps Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to provide roll control Spoilers on the upper surface to disrupt lift and additional roll control Vortex generators to help prevent flow separation Wing fences to keep flow attached to the wing Dihedral or a positive wing angle to the horizontal. This gives inherent stability in roll. Anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, has a destabilizing effect Folding wings allow more aircraft to be carried in the confined space of the hangar of an aircraft carrier.

Wing types : Swept wings are wings that are bent back at an angle, instead of sticking straight out from the fuselage. Forward-swept wings are bent forward, the reverse of a traditional swept wing. Forward swept wings have been used in some two seat gliders, and in the experimental X-29 and Sukhoi Su-47.

Elliptical wings (technically wings with an elliptical lift distribution) are theoretically optimum for efficiency at subsonic speeds. A good example of this wing type can be seen on the British Super marine Spitfire World War II fighter aircraft. Delta wings have reasonable performance at subsonic and supersonic speeds and are good at high angles of attack. For examples see the F-102, F-106, B58, Avro Vulcan and Concorde. Wave riders are efficient supersonic wings that take advantage of shock waves. For an example, see the XB-70. Rogelio wings are two partial cone sections arranged with the apexes together and the convex side up. One of the simplest wings to construct using cloth or other membrane material and a frame. Variable geometry wings (or Swing-wings) are able to move in flight to give the benefits of dihedral and delta wing. Although they were originally proposed by German aerodynamicists during the 1940s, they are now only found on military aircraft such as the Grumman F-14, Panavia Tornado, General Dynamics F-111, B-1 Lancer, Tupelo Tu-160, MiG-23 and Sukhoi Su24.

Closed wings are optimally loaded closed lifting surfaces with higher aerodynamic efficiency than planar wings having the same aspect-ratios. Other no planar wing systems display an aerodynamic efficiency intermediate between closed wings and planar wings. Closed wings include annular wings, box planes, and joined wings. Oblique wing Flying wing Blended wing body

Science of wings : The science of wings is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics. In order for a wing to produce lift it has to be at a positive angle to the airflow. In that case a low pressure region is generated on the upper surface of the wing which draws the air above the wing downwards towards what would otherwise be a void after the wing had passed. On the underside of the wing a high pressure region forms accelerating the air there downwards out of the path of the oncoming wing. The pressure difference between these two regions produces an upwards force on the wing, called lift. The pressure differences, the acceleration of the air and the lift on the wing are intrinsically one mechanism. It is therefore possible to derive the value of one by calculating another. For example lift can be calculated by reference to the pressure differences or by calculating the energy used to accelerate the air. Both approaches will result in the same answer if done correctly. Debates over which mathematical approach is the more convenient can be wrongly perceived as differences of opinion about the principles of flight and often create unnecessary confusion in the mind of the layman. A common misconception is that it is the shape of the wing that is essential to generate lift by having a longer path on the top rather than the underside. This is not the case, thin flat wings can produce lift efficiently and aircraft with cambered wings can fly inverted as long as the nose of the aircraft is pointed high enough so as to present the wing at a positive angle of attack to the airflow. The common aerofoil shape of wings is due to a large number of factors many of them not at all related to aerodynamic issues, for example wings need strength and thus need to be thick enough to contain structural members. They also need room to contain items such as fuel, control mechanisms and retracted undercarriage. The primary aerodynamic input to the wings cross sectional shape is the need to keep the air flowing smoothly over the entire surface for the most efficient operation. In particular, there is a requirement to prevent the low-pressure gradient that accelerates the air down the back of the wing becoming too great and effectively sucking the air off the surface of the wing. If this happens the wing surface from that point backwards becomes substantially ineffective.

The shape chosen by the designer is a compromise dependent upon the intended operational ranges of airspeed, angles of attack and wing loadings. Usually aircraft wings have devices, such as flaps, which allow the pilot to modify shape and surface area of the wing to be able to change its operating characteristics in flight. The science of wings applies in other areas beyond conventional fixed-wing aircraft, including:

Helicopters which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch or angle to provide a directional force The space shuttle which uses its wings only for lift during its descent Some racing cars, especially Formula One cars, which use upside-down wings to give cars greater adhesion at high speeds over 100mph. Sailing boats which use sails as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water.

Structures with the same purpose as wings, but designed to operate in liquid media, are generally called fins or hydroplanes, with hydrodynamics as the governing science. Applications arise in craft such as hydrofoils and submarines. Sailing boats use both fins and wings.

Ex. No. 3 STUDY OF TYPICAL FUSELAGE STRUCTURE FUSELAGE : The fuselage is essential tubular structure with the forward ends formed as cones. The cross section of the fuselage vary considerably along the longitudinal axis at some places the cross section may Circular, elliptical, rectangular or at of irregular cross sections made up of compound curves, depending oil the mutual configuration. A circular elliptical cross section is preferred for pressurized cabin areas of civil transport aircraft. Even here some of extended skins have double curvature such as at the front end cockpit region and rear end. The external skins are made sheets suitably formed to follow tile aerodynamic shape by rolling or stretch forming. They are secured to the

longitudinal and transverse supporting structure by riveting the longerons are of' relatively heavy sections compared to the stringers. Both longerons and stringers are made LIP of rolled or extruded sections, suitably formed to follow the skin Contours by forming by pressing brakes or stretch forming process. Bulkheads are major load carrying member of fuselage. They extend through out the cross section of the fuselage. They are built up structures, comprising of fuselage and web Cutouts are provided in the webs for aircraft system Installation such as power plant control rods, pipelines, electric boom etc. In high performance military aircraft some of the ma or bulkheads are machined in one piece from heavy aluminum alloy forgings. Pressure bulkheads are provided in pressurized aircraft at the forward and rear ends of the pressurized cabin or cockpit. The pressure bulkheads have leak proof sealed webs and flanges. Frames are relatively light structural elements generally made Lip of rolled or stretched formed sheet or extruded sections. The fuselage longitudinal sectional members (Longerons and stringers) pass through Cut outs in the frames and all attached by welds to the webs of the frame Tile longitudinal member however terminate at tile forward and rear faces of the major bulk heads. The fuselage should be designed to satisfy two major criteria. 1. Protect the passenger in tile event of crash and 2. It should be as light as possible. TYPES OF FUSELAGE: In general, fuselages are classified into three principle types, depending, upon the method by which stresses are transmitted to the structure. The three types according to the classification are truss, semi-monocoque and rnonocoque.

A truss is an assemblage of members forming a rigid frame work, which may consist of bars, beams, rods, tubes, wires etc... The truss type 75 fuselage may be sub classified as a part truss or warren truss. The primary Structure of both warren and part trusses are the four longerons. The spaces between the bulkheads are called bays. In the original part truss, the longerons were connected with rigid vertical and lateral members called struts, but the diagonal members were made of strong steel wire and were designed to carry tension only. In the part truss, the diagonal members are rigid and can carry either tension or compression.

In warren truss, the longerons are connected with only diagonal members. Normally all members in the truss are capable of carrying both tension and compression. When the load is acting in one direction compression loads are carried to all other members as a tension loads.

EXP. No. 4 STUDY OF WELDED JOINTS INTRODUCTION: Welding is the process of joining similar metals by the application of heat. It can be done with or without the application of pressure or filter metal called electrode. If the pressure is used for joining the 2 parts the process is known as forge welding. Whereas if the 2 parts are joined without any pressure, but if

separate weld metal is used it is called fusion welding. The joints so formed are known as welding joints. TYPES OF WELDED JOINT : The welded joints are classified according to the method of joining or Butt, Lap, Strapped and corner jointed. The important types of welded joints are 1. Butt weld joint 2. Fillet weld joint or lap weld joint 3. Plug or slot weld joint. BUTT WELD JOINT : It is a joint in which the edges of two member butt (tough) against each other. The two members are jointed together by the welding. This equation is also used to calculate the strength of the Butt weld joint. The following types of butt weld joints are mostly used. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Square Butt weld joint Single V-Butt weld Single U-Butt weld Double V-Butt weld Double U-Butt weld T Butt weld

FILLET WELD JOINT LAP JOINT : It is a joint in which the two members overlap or meet each other at about 90 and the two members are joined together by welding. It is of approximately triangular cross corner joints. The fillet weld may be subjected to a load P as shown in above figure. It is clear in case of shear stress, while in fig it is assumed to a combination of normal and shear stress. However, it is a general practice to design for both the cases, assuming the failure to occur at the throat by shearing.

EXP NO : 5 DESIGN OF CAM WITH UNIFORM MOTION WITH KNIFE EDGED FOLLOWER Aim : To design a cam profile with knife edged follower with uniform motion for the given specifications using software.

Given Conditions: Stroke Rise angle Dwell angle Fall angle Dwell angle = = = 120 = 120 = 60 60 mm Knife Edge Follower Uniform Motion 60 70 mm

Minimum radius of the cam = Follower Type Motion Type Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Procedure: = =

1. The type of follower and the motion for cam motion is noted 2. The stroke length or the lift value is been noted 3. The motion diagram for the motion of the cam is drawn 4. The angles of rise, fall and dwell are noted 5. The lift values of motion diagram is shifted to cam profile diagram 6. The software is used for drawing the diagram as per the specification

Commands Used in Software : Line motion diagram Spline Circle To connect the motion diagram points To draw the stroke and lift angle lines in

To draw the minimum radius of the cam

Point Dimension required Print Vertical Align

To mark points on intersection of Lines To note the dimensions and change as

To print the drawn profile To align the points vertically

Horizontal Align Linear Step Sketch

To align the points horizontally To repeat the same sketch for instances

Result: Thus the cam profile of the cam with Knife edged follower with uniform motion is drawn as per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 6 DESIGN OF CAM WITH SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION WITH KNIFE EDGED FOLLOWER Aim : To design a cam profile with knife edged follower with simple harmonic motion for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Stroke Rise angle Dwell angle Fall angle Dwell angle = = = 180 = 60 = 60 70 mm Knife Edge Follower Simple Harmonic Motion 60 90 mm

Minimum radius of the cam = Follower Type Motion Type Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Procedure: = =

1. The type of follower and the motion for cam motion is noted 2. The stroke length or the lift value is been noted 3. The motion diagram for the motion of the cam is drawn 4. The angles of rise, fall and dwell are noted 5. The lift values of motion diagram is shifted to cam profile diagram 6. The software is used for drawing the diagram as per the specification

Commands Used in Software : Line motion diagram Spline Circle Point Dimension required Print Vertical Align Horizontal Align Linear Step Sketch To print the drawn profile To align the points vertically To connect the motion diagram points To draw the stroke and lift angle lines in

To draw the minimum radius of the cam To mark points on intersection of Lines To note the dimensions and change as

To align the points horizontally To repeat the same sketch for instances

Result: Thus the cam profile of the cam with Knife edged follower with simple harmonic motion is drawn as per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 7 DESIGN OF CAM WITH UNIFORM MOTION WITH ROLLER FOLLOWER

Aim : To design a cam profile with roller follower with uniform motion for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Stroke Rise angle Dwell angle Fall angle Dwell angle = = = 90 = 90 = 90 80 mm Roller Follower Uniform Motion 15 mm 90 70 mm

Minimum radius of the cam = Follower Type Motion Type Roller diameter Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Procedure: = = =

1. The type of follower and the motion for cam motion is noted 2. The stroke length or the lift value is been noted 3. The motion diagram for the motion of the cam is drawn 4. The angles of rise, fall and dwell are noted 5. The lift values of motion diagram is shifted to cam profile diagram 6. The software is used for drawing the diagram as per the specification

Commands Used in Software :

Line motion diagram Spline Circle Point Dimension required Print Vertical Align

To draw the stroke and lift angle lines in

To connect the motion diagram points

To draw the minimum radius of the cam To mark points on intersection of Lines To note the dimensions and change as

To print the drawn profile To align the points vertically

Horizontal Align Linear Step Sketch

To align the points horizontally To repeat the same sketch for instances

Result: Thus the cam profile of the cam with roller follower with uniform motion is drawn as per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 8 DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR Aim : To design a Spur Gear for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Power Transmitted Speed of Pinion Velocity Ratio Module Youngs Modulus = = = = = 20 kW 1400 rpm 4 4

2.15 x 105 N/mm2 0.3 177.3 x 103 N mm

Width to Center Distance () = Twisting Moment (Mt) COMPONE NT PINION =

Crushing Stress (in N/mm2) 950

GEAR

500

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1. Theoretical Center Distance

2. No of Teeth in Pinion & Gear

3. Pitch Circle Diameter of Pinion and Gear

4. Actual Center Distance

5. Face Width

6. Other Parameters

7. Tip Circle Diameter

8. Root Circle Diameter

RESULT: Thus the Spur Gear is drawn as per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 9 DESIGN OF PISTON ROD Aim : To design a Piston Rod for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Bore Diameter Stroke Length Length of Piston Pressure Factor of Safety Crushing Stress Slenderness Ratio () = = = = 200 mm 400 rpm

750 mm 1 N/mm2 = = = 5 330 N/mm2 1 / 7500

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1. Force acting on the piston

2. Critical Load

3. Radius of Gyration

4. Diameter of the Piston Rod

RESULT: Thus the Piston Rod is drawn as per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 10 DESIGN OF LAP JOINT Aim : To make a welded Joint for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Width of the plate Thickness of the plate Tensile Stress Shear Stress = = = = 90 mm 15 mm 70 N/mm2 55 N/mm2

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1. Force acting on the Plate

2. Overall Length of the weld

RESULT: Thus the welded joint is made per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 11 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINT IN RECTANGULAR PLATE Aim : To make a welded Joint in a rectangular plate for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Width of the plate Thickness of the plate Loading Shear Stress = = = = 100 mm 150 mm 25 kN at 500 mm 70 N/mm2

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1. Shear Stress acting on the Plate

2. Height of the weld

RESULT: Thus the welded joint in a rectangular plate is made per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 12 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINT IN CIRCULAR ROD Aim : To make a welded Joint in a rectangular plate for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Diameter of the rod Loading Tensile Stress = = = 50 mm 10 kN at 200 mm 94 N/mm2

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1. Tensile Stress acting on the Plate

2. Height of the weld

RESULT: Thus the welded joint in a Circular Rod is made per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 13 DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINTS - 1 Aim : To make a Riveted Joint for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Width of the Specimen Thickness of the Specimen Tensile Stress Shear Stress Crushing Stress = = = = = 200 mm 12 mm 80 MPa 65 MPa 160 MPa

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1.Diameter of the Riveted Hole

2.Number of Rivets

3.Dimensions

RESULT: Thus the riveted joint is made per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 14 DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINTS - 2 Aim : To make a Riveted Joint for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Width of the Specimen Thickness of the Specimen Tensile Stress Shear Stress Crushing Stress = = = = = 200 mm 10 mm 112 MPa 84 MPa 200 MPa

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1.Diameter of the Riveted Hole

2.Number of Rivets

3.Dimensions

RESULT: Thus the riveted joint is made per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 15 DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINTS - 3 Aim : To make a Riveted Joint for the given specifications using software. Given Conditions: Width of the Specimen Thickness of the Specimen = = 350 mm 23 mm

Tensile Stress Shear Stress Crushing Stress

= = =

90 MPa 60 MPa 180 MPa

Software Used: SolidWorks2010 Design Procedure: 1.Diameter of the Riveted Hole

2.Number of Rivets

3.Dimensions

RESULT: Thus the riveted joint is made per the specification using Solid works 2010.

EXP NO : 16 DESIGN OF FUSELAGE STRUCTURE

AIM: To draw the 2D diagram of a fuselage structure using the Software Software Used: SolidWorks2010 FUSELAGE The fuselage is essential tubular structure with the forward ends formed as cones. The cross section of the fuselage vary considerably along the longitudinal axis at some places the cross section may Circular, elliptical, rectangular or at of irregular cross sections made up of compound curves, depending oil the mutual configuration. A circular elliptical cross section is preferred for pressurized cabin areas of civil transport aircraft. RESULT: Thus the fuselage is drawn in 2D using Solidworks

EXP NO : 17 DESIGN OF WING STRUCTURE

AIM: To draw the 2D diagram of a WING structure using the Software Software Used: SolidWorks2010 WING STRUCTURE A wing is a surface used to produce lift and therefore flight, for travel in the air or another gaseous medium. The wing shape is usually an airfoil. The first use of the word was for the foremost limbs of birds, but has been extended to include the wings of insects, bats and pterosaurs and also man-made devices. A wing is a device for generating lift. Its aerodynamic quality, expressed as a Lift-to-drag ratio, can be up to 60 on some gliders. This means that a significantly smaller thrust force can be applied to propel the wing through the air in order to obtain a specified lift.

RESULT: Thus the WING of the aircraft is drawn in 2D using Solidworks

EXP NO : 18 DESIGN OF LANDING GEAR

AIM: To draw the 2D diagram of a Landing Gear using the Software Software Used: SolidWorks2010 LANDING GEAR A rigid landing gear is commonly found in helicopters & sailplanes. This gear is rigidly mounted to the aircraft with no specific component to cushion the ground contact other than through the flexing of the landing or air structure when rubber shock cord is used. The landing gear struts are usually made of steel tubing mounted in such a manner that a stretching action is applied to highly rubber cord. When landing shock acquires, the cord is stretched, thus storing the impact energy of landing. The stored energy is gradually to the aircraft during the landing roll. RESULT: Thus the Landing Gear of the aircraft is drawn in 2D using Solidworks