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Power System Stability Controls

Bonneville Power Administration Transmission Planning, Technology Innovation July 2007

Slide 1

BPA Team
Transmission Planning Transmission Operations Engineering and Design Remedial Action Schemes Technology Innovation Office Consultants to be identified
Slide 2

Power System Controls

Voltage Stability Controls Transient Stability Controls Oscillation Damping Controls Power Flow Controls
Slide 3

Controllability
Can we take control actions to affect the dynamic behavior of interest ? Do we have:
appropriate devices located in right places in the grid and adequately sized ?

What investments can be made to achieve a required level of controllability ?

Slide 4

Observability
Can wide-area measurements greatly improve the quality of control decisions ? What signals to measure and where to place control RTUs ?
Do these locations have high-speed data communications ?

Slide 5

Practical Control Considerations

Critical requirement for wide-area controls: Availability of dedicated high-speed data communications (e.g. redundant fiber-optic)
Control-grade RTUs are available
Existing Phasor Measurement Unit infrastructure is not controlgrade

The control deployment is likely to be incremental Control algorithm must be simple and robust
Slide 6

Voltage Stability Controls

Slide 7

Voltage Stability Controls

Primary Voltage Control:
Fast response to voltage disturbances Includes generator Automatic Voltage Regulators, fast reactive insertion, Static Var Compensators, etc

Secondary Voltage Control:

Slower control loop managing reactive resources (shunts, generators, LTCs) to optimize voltage profile and to ensure adequate reactive reserves.

Emergency Controls:
Load shedding, line opening, etc.
Slide 8

Voltage Stability Controls

Controllability is good.
BPA has a large number of reactive compensators installed on the system. BPA has a secondary voltage control implemented through AGC

Need to identify opportunities of better controlling already available reactive resources in response to voltage stability risks
Slide 9

Voltage Stability Controls

Primary: response-based controls for fast reactive switching:
Fast reactive switching of 500-kV shunt capacitor banks in Portland / Salem area Coordination of fast reactive switching in Southern Oregon / Northern California

Secondary: Reactive power management

Management of reactive resources (shunts, generators) and ULTCs to ensure adequate reactive reserves

Emergency: Load Shedding schemes

Slide 10

Voltage Stability Controls

Study the benefits of the proposed control actions Set control performance requirements Develop control algorithm:
Study various control approaches: local, centralized, coordinated, hierarchical, etc. Determine input signals for controls. Develop control logic Develop control models for power system studies

Develop control implementation plan, develop design requirements for a control system, prepare PRD Design, implement, test, validate, certify, maintain controls
Slide 11

Oscillation Damping Controls

Slide 12

Oscillation Damping Solutions

Operational
Observe, analyze, take actions

Planning
Improved modeling Design damping controllers Performance requirements
Slide 13

Oscillation Damping Controls

Phase I: Controllability assessment:
Generator excitation controls Generator prime mover controls Energy storage Wind Farms High-Voltage DC system Power flow controls UPFC, TCSC, etc Shunt reactive compensation SVC, STATCOM, etc Load controls
Slide 14

Oscillation Damping Controls

Phase II: Observability assessment:
Local measurements Wide-area measurements, optimal locations

Phase III: Control Algorithm design and prototyping

Slide 15

Power Flow Controls

Slide 16

Power Flow Controls

Controllability is very low.
PDCI is capable of fast direct control of power Phase-shifters are used in other parts of the system for power flow control

Research opportunities for direct control of power flow

Slide 17

Summary for FY 2008

Voltage Stability Controls Specific projects identified for primary voltage controls Focus is on controls for fast reactive switching Develop control and communications PRD for capital funding request in FY 2009 Oscillation Damping Controls Phase I: evaluate controllability of North South inter-area oscillations
Slide 18