International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (IJM) Volume

e 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)

ISSN 0976-6502 (Print) ISSN 0976-6510 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), pp. 103-110 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijm.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 6.9071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJM
IAEME

A STUDY ON ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES

C.MURALI KUMARAN1 and Dr.M.SIVASUBRAMANIAN2
1

Research Scholar, Assistant Professor cum Liaison Officer, Business Administration Wing, Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University. 2 Research Guide, Professor Business Administration, Business Administration Wing, Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University.

ABSTRACT Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is a term that encompasses anything positive and constructive those employees do, of their own volition, which supports co-workers and benefits the company. Typically, employees who frequently engage in OCB may not always be the top performers, but they are the ones who are known to go the extra mile or go above and beyond the minimum efforts required to do a merely satisfactory job. This study set to test the relationship between organisational citizenship behaviour and organisational commitment. The study concludes that there was a moderate level of citizenship behaviour was found among the employees and low level of organisational commitment was found among the employees. The study also concludes that there is a significant relationship between citizenship behavior and organisational commitment. INTRODUCTION Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is a term that encompasses anything positive and constructive those employees do, of their own volition, which supports co-workers and benefits the company. Typically, employees who frequently engage in OCB may not always be the top performers (though they could be, as task performance is related to OCB), but they are the ones who are known to go the extra mile or go above and beyond the minimum efforts required to do a merely satisfactory job. Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) has garnered much academic attention since its conception. It is perceived to be something intangible; OCB is not always formally recognised or rewarded, and concepts like helpfulness or friendliness are also difficult to quantify. Yet OCB has been shown to have a considerable positive impact at the organisational level, enhancing organisational effectiveness from 18 to 38% across different dimensions of measurement (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine & Bachrach, 2000; Ehrhart, 2004). Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) has undergone subtle definitional revisions since the term was coined in the late 1980s, but the construct remains the same at its core. OCB refers to
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)

anything that employees choose to do, spontaneously and of their own accord, which often lies outside of their specified contractual obligations. In other words, it is discretionary. OCB may not always be directly and formally recognised or rewarded by the company, through salary increments or promotions for example, though of course OCB may be reflected in favourable supervisor and co-worker ratings, or better performance appraisals. In this way it can facilitate future reward gain indirectly. Finally, and critically, OCB must promote the effective functioning of the organisation (Organ, 1988, p. 4). OCB has been shown to have a positive impact on employee performance and wellbeing, and this in turn has noticeable flow-on effects on the organisation. The effects on employee performance are threefold. Firstly, workers who engage in OCB tend to receive better performance ratings by their managers (Podsakoff et al., 2009). This could be because employees who engage in OCB are simply liked more and perceived more favourably (this has become known as the halo effect), or it may be due to more work-related reasons such as the managers belief that OCB plays a significant role in the organisations overall success, or perception of OCB as a form of employee commitment due to its voluntary nature (Organ et al., 2006).Regardless of the reason, the second effect is that a better performance rating is linked to gaining rewards(Podsakoff et al., 2009) such as pay increments, bonuses, promotions or work-related benefits. Thirdly, because these employees have better performance ratings and receive greater rewards, when the company is downsizing e.g. during an economic recession, these employees will have a lower chance of being made redundant (Organ et al, 2006). Citizenship behaviours come in many distinct shapes and forms. Traditionally thought of as the worker who goes above and beyond the minimum requirements, it can also be the employee who takes the initiative and always offers to lend a hand; the knowledgeable, helpful and cooperative colleague; the senior staff member who is able to roll with the punches; or the friendly, approachable manager who shows the new employees around the office and introduces them to other staff. All of these types of OCB should be actively encouraged employees support the organisation through enhancing each others performance and wellbeing, and this is reflected in reduced costs and increased profitability at the organisational level. In fact no organization can succeed without the employees commitment and attempt since the committed employees devote more time and attention to their work. This study sets out to test whether the relationship between Organisational Commitment and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) found among the employees. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Early research efforts on employee characteristics focused on two main causes of OCBs. The first of these is a general affective morale factor, which Organ and Ryan (1995) view as underlying employee satisfaction, organizational commitment, perceptions of fairness, and perceptions of leader supportiveness. These variables have been the most frequently investigated antecedents of OCB, and all of them have significant relationships with citizenship behaviours of roughly comparable strength (ranging from .23 to .31). Thus, those variables comprising employee morale do appear to be important determinants of citizenship behaviours. These findings raise the question of whether there are other variables that comprise employee morale (e.g., trust, more specific forms of satisfaction, etc.) whose effects may also be important to examine. In addition to morale, Organ and Ryan (1995: 794) argue that various dispositional factors, such as agreeableness, conscientiousness, positive affectivity, and negative affectivity, predispose people to certain orientations vis--vis coworkers and managers. And those orientations might well increase the likelihood of receiving treatment that they would recognize as satisfying, supportive, fair, and worthy of commitment. Thus, these dispositional variables could be seen as indirect contributors of OCBs, rather than direct causes.
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)

Organ and Ryan (1995) found that although the correlation between conscientiousness and altruism was significant (r 5 .22) when all available data were included, this relationship became nonsignificant (r 5 .04) when studies with self-rated OCBs were excluded from the analysis. Similarly, the correlation between positive affectivity and altruism dropped from .15 (significant) to .08 (non-significant) when this bias was controlled. The same really cannot be said for the relationship between conscientiousness and generalized compliance. Indeed, although this relationship was weaker when common method variance was controlled for, it was still significant. Role perceptions also have been found to have significant relationships with at least some of the organizational citizenship behavior dimensions, although the size of these relationships is not very substantial. Both role ambiguity and role conflict are significantly negatively related to altruism, courtesy, and sportsmanship but not to conscientiousness and civic virtue. However, since both role ambiguity and role conflict are known to be related to employee satisfaction, and satisfaction is related to organizational citizenship behaviours, it is likely that at least a portion of the relationship between ambiguity and conflict and OCBs is mediated by satisfaction. McLean Parks (1993) Generally speaking, demographic variables (e.g., organizational tenure and employee gender) have not been found to be related to OCBs. The finding that gender is not related to citizenship behaviours is somewhat surprising, given that He argued that males are more likely to engage in conscientious behavior than females, because this type of behavior suggests an exchange orientation or an emphasis on quid pro quo, frequently associated with a male preference for equity over equality. Thus, even though the existing empirical evidence has not been very supportive of the hypothesized effects of gender on citizenship behavior, additional evidence is needed before this issue can be resolved conclusively. Morrison (1994), has stated employees have a broad conception of performance that includes OCBs when they value organizational rewards, and believe that their leader administers them contingent upon good performance, they engage in citizenship behavior as a means of obtaining rewards. This line of reasoning is consistent with who found that employees often view OCBs as an expected part of their job. Karambayya (1990). She found that employees in high performing work units exhibited more citizenship behaviours than employees in low performing work units. Unfortunately, although these results were promising, they were far from conclusive because unit performance was measured subjectively rather than objectively. In addition, the data were obtained from raters in 12 different organizations, raising the possibility that different raters used different criteria in their evaluations of organizational success. Anna-Lena (2005) This study investigates the potential antecedents of organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) in a retail setting. Much remains unknown about the factors affecting OCBs in retail settings. Several characteristics of retail jobs, as compared with other organizational behavior contexts, suggest the need to examine antecedents of OCBs. Job attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) are proposed as direct predictors of OCBs. Leadership support, professional development, and empowerment are posited as indirect predictors of OCBs and direct predictors of job attitudes. The possible moderating impacts of employee demographics and job types on the modelled relationships are also examined. The research hypotheses are tested using data collected from 211 frontline employees who work in a retail setting. The employees have customercontact roles in the upscale food and grocery retailer that participated in the study. The pattern of results is more complex than hypothesized. Job attitudes are related to OCBs but the mediating role of job attitudes is not supported. The relationships between leadership support, professional development, and empowerment, and OCBs and job attitudes differ systematically. Evidence of how employee demographics can alter the modeled relationships is also presented. The findings have significant implications for the theory and practice of managing frontline employees. Limitations of the study are discussed and a program of further research is sketched.
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) Ayesha Noor (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior becomes one of the important factors that enhance the organizational effectiveness. The main purpose of this study was to explore the importance of OCB of universities teachers of Pakistan as the outcome of organizational commitment. In this study the impact of training & development opportunities, work-life policies and empowerment practices on organizational commitment has also been analyzed. The data was collected from 160 universities teachers of Pakistan through questionnaires. The result of 134 respondents reveals that training & development opportunities, work-life policies and empowerment practices have significant positive relationship with organizational commitment and also organizational commitment impacts positively in enhancing the organizational citizenship behavior of the teachers and implications that can help universities of Pakistan in augmenting the OCB of teachers have also been discussed. Today organizations are facing the fierce competition due to the flow of intense awareness and knowledge. In order to cosset the competitive advantage the organizations have to make pace with the increasing change and for this high commitment from employees are needed (Lok and Crawford, 2001). Organizational commitment is significantly associated with the organizational citizenship behavior as its construct. (Gautam, Dick, Wagner, Upadhyay & Davis, 2004). According to Wilson &Western (2000) Training and development plans of individuals can be supportive for the organizational objectives if there is a clear sense of direction. The teachers who are empowered participate in decision making that affect the learning and teaching. If there is empowered work environments then it assist in improving the quality of work life, teacher leadership and professionalism. From 30 years the concept of organizational commitment is evolving. (Putterill & Rohrer, 1995).Organizational commitment of the employees get positively influences if there are opportunities to work challenging tasks.(Chew & Chan, 2007).According to Parish, Cadwallader & Busch (2008) Employees commit more positively to the change occurring at workplace only when they judge the role autonomy. Depending upon the level of attachment of an individual the consequences of commitment varies accordingly (OReilly & Chatman, 1986). Previous studies reveals that organizational commitment is very beneficial for the organization as it reduces the absenteeism rate and turn over ratio and enhances the organization productivity.(Jernigan, Beggs & Kohut,2002).Organizational commitment is very important because it is linked with absenteeism, work effort and turnover. (Joiner & Bakalis, 2006).According to Boon & Arumugam (2006) culture of the organization and management practices should be scrutinize in order to sustain high level of organizational commitment, because high commitment is examined as the essential component of employee relations. (McCabe & Garavan, 2008).It is the goal of the organization to estimate the commitment level of their employees and probe the ways to increase the commitment (Liu, 2006). An individual having the organizational commitment shows loyalty and intention to stay with the organization and shows personal interest towards the employment. (Brewer, 1996).An employee who is highly committed to the organization contributes to the organization performance. (Freund & Carmeli, 2003).Support should be provided for enhancing the commitment to the organization. (Aube, Rousseau & Morin, 2007). For retaining the employees the organizations should enhance the organizational commitment. (Stallworth, 2004).Extra- role behaviors are the results of the organizational commitment. (Foote, Seipel, Johnson & Duffy, 2005).Results of previous researches shows that commitment is the predictive of organizational citizenship behavior because it significantly impacts OCB. (Liu, 2008). http://ciitlahore.edu.pk/pl/abrc/Proceedings/All%20papers/Examining%20Organizational%20Citizenship %20Behavior Jehad Mohammad (2011). This study is designed to measure the two dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour (i.e., OCBI and OCBO) and to examine how these organisational citizenship behaviours are related to the two facets of job satisfaction (intrinsic and extrinsic). To achieve the research objectives, the survey method is employed. Findings of this study reveal that both extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction are very important in predicting citizenship behaviour. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013) OBJECTIVES 1. To study the demographic profile of the respondents. 2. To access the level of job commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour of the respondents. 3. To study the relationship between demographic variables, organisational commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour. METHODOLOGY Descriptive research design was adopted for the present study. The universe of the present study is the employees of Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli. The researcher adopted simple random sampling for selecting the 120 sample for the study. The researcher used interview schedule as a tool for collecting data. The interview schedule consisted of three sections. 1. Personal details, 2. Organisational Commitment and 3. Citizenship Behaviour. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools like mean, standard deviation, t-test, coefficient of correlation and ANOVA. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
S.no 1. Variable Age Particulars Below 30 30 40 Above 40 Male Female Married Unmarried Widow 2 and Below 3 -4 5 and Above Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Graduation Diploma Professionals Worker Level Supervisor Level Executive Level Up to 5 6-10 11 & above Below 10000 10001-15000 15001-20000 20001-25000 Above 25000 Very High High Moderate Low Very Low High Moderate Low Very Low Frequency 13 74 33 90 30 102 12 6 90 26 4 14 54 16 9 20 7 75 17 28 22 42 56 89 7 9 7 8 5 14 44 39 18 26 34 38 22 Percentage 10.8 61.7 27.5 75.0 25.0 85.0 10.0 5.0 75.0 21.7 3.3 11.7 45.0 13.3 7.5 16.7 5.8 62.5 14.2 23.3 18.3 35.0 46.7 74.2 5.8 7.5 5.8 6.7 4.2 11.7 36.7 32.5 15.0 21.7 28.3 31.7 18.3

2. 3.

Gender Marital Status

4.

No. of Dependent

5.

Educational Qualification

6.

Designation

7.

Years of Experience

8.

Monthly Income

9.

Citizenship Behaviour

10.

Organisational Commitment

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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)

The above table shows that 61.7 percent of the respondents belong to the age group between 30-40 years and majority of the respondents were male. The findings also show that majority of the respondents were married and majority of them had 2 dependents. High percent of the respondents (45 percent) were educated up to secondary level and 62.5 of the respondents were at workers level. The findings also shows that less than half of the respondents were having an experience above 11 years and majority of the respondents were earning an income below Rs.10000. The findings revealed that 36.7 percent of the respondents had a moderate level of citizenship behaviour, 32.5 percent of the respondents had low level of citizenship behaviour, 15 percent of them had very low level of citizenship behaviour, 11.7 percent of them had high level of citizenship behaviour and only 4.2 percent of them had very high level of citizenship behaviour. From this it can be concluded that moderate level of citizenship behaviour was found among the respondents. The findings related to organisational commitment revealed that 31.7 percent of the respondents had low level of organisational commitment, 28.3 percent of the respondents had moderate level of organisational commitment, 21.7 percent of the respondents had high level of organisational commitment and 18.3 percent of them had very low level of organisational commitment. DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR
S.no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Variables Age and Citizenship Behaviour Gender and Citizenship Behaviour Marital Status and Citizenship Behaviour Educational Qualification and Citizenship Behaviour Designation and Citizenship Behaviour Experience and Citizenship Behaviour Monthly Income and Citizenship Behaviour Statistical Tool Correlation t-test ANOVA ANOVA ANOVA Correlation Correlation Value r = 0.381 p<0.01 t = 3.128 p<0.01 F = 5.866 P<0.01 F = 0.644 P>0.05 F = 2.940 P<0.05 r = 0.268 P<0.01 r = 0.026 P>0.05 Significance Significant Significant Significant Not- Significant Significant Significant Not-Significant

The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant relationship between age and level of citizenship behaviour of the respondents at 0.01 level. It is interpreted that higher the age, higher is the level of citizenship behaviour. The t-test value shows that there is a significant difference in the level of citizenship behaviour among male and female at 0.01 level. The mean value shows that female (117) had better citizenship behaviour compared to male (104) respondents. The ANOVA value shows that there is a significant difference in the level of citizenship behaviour among married, unmarried and divorced respondents at0.01 level. The mean value shows that unmarried (124) had better citizenship behaviour compared to married (107) and widow (93). The ANOVA value shows that there is no significant difference in the level of citizenship behaviour among the levels of education of the respondents at 0.05 level. The ANOVA value shows that there is a significant difference in the level of citizenship behaviour among the different levels of job at 0.05 level. The mean value shows that worker and executive level had better citizenship behaviour compared to supervisory level. The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant relationship between organisational citizenship behaviour and experience of the respondents at 0.01 level. It is interpreted that higher the experience of the employee, higher is the citizenship behaviour. The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is no significant relationship between monthly income and citizenship behaviour at 0.05 level.
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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT

S.no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Variables Age and Organisational Commitment Gender and Organisational Commitment Marital Status and Organisational Commitment Educational Qualification and Organisational Commitment Designation and Organisational Commitment Experience and Organisational Commitment Monthly Income and Organisational Commitment Statistical Tool Correlation t-test ANOVA ANOVA ANOVA Correlation Correlation Value r = 0.271 p<0.01 t = 2.798 p<0.01 F = 3.673 P<0.01 F = 1.124 P>0.05 F = 0.970 P>0.05 r = 0.156 P>0.05 r = 0.039 P>0.05 Significance Significant Significant Significant NotSignificant NotSignificant NotSignificant NotSignificant

The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant relationship between age and level of organisational commitment of the respondents at 0.01 level. It is interpreted that higher the age, higher is the level of organisational commitment. The t-test value shows that there is a significant difference in the level of organisational commitment among male and female at 0.01 level. The mean value shows that female (36) had better organisational commitment compared to male (33) respondents. The ANOVA value shows that there is a significant difference in the level of organisational commitment among married, unmarried and divorced respondents at0.01 level. The mean value shows that unmarried (36) had better organisational commitment compared to others. The ANOVA value shows that there is no significant difference in the level of organisational commitment among the levels of education of the respondents at 0.05 level. The ANOVA value shows that there is no significant difference in the level of organisational commitment among the different levels of job at 0.05 level. The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is no significant relationship between organisational commitment and experience of the respondents at 0.01 level. The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is no significant relationship between monthly income and organisational commitment at 0.05 level. CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT Variables S.no 1. Citizenship Behavior and Organisational Commitment Statistical Tool Correlation Value r = 0.533 p<0.01 Significance Significant

The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant relationship between Citizenship Behavior and Organisational Commitment at 0.01 level. It is interpreted that higher the organisational commitment, higher is the level of citizenship behaviour and vice versa. CONCLUSION The study concludes that there was a moderate level of citizenship behaviour was found among the employees and low level of organisational commitment was found among the employees. The study also concludes that there is a significant relationship between citizenship behavior and organisational commitment. It is concluded that demographic variables like age, gender and marital status influences the level of citizenship behavior and organisational commitment of the employees.
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REFERENCE 1. Anna-Lena (2005). A study of organizational citizenship behaviors in a retail setting. Journal of Business Research 58 (2005) 151 159 2. Ayesha Noor (2009). Examining organizational citizenship behavior as the outcome of Organizational commitment: a study of universities teachers of Pakistan. Proceedings 2nd CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan November 14, 2009 3. Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57, 61-94 4. Jehad Mohammad (2011). Job Satisfaction and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour: An Empirical Study at Higher Learning Institutions. Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, 149165, July 2011 5. Karambayya, R. 1990.Contexts for organizational citizenship behavior: Do high performing and satisfying units have better citizens. York University working paper. 6. Morrison, E. W. 1994. Role denitions and organizational citizenship behavior: The importance of the employees perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 15431567 7. Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. 1995. A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48: 775802. 8. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. USA: D.C. Heath and Company 9. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. USA: Sage Publications, Inc 10. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141. doi: 10.1037/a0013079 11. Dr.Jayshree Suresh and Kavitha Sethuraman, Effective Leadership, International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 44 - 47, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510. 12. Dr.Davinder Sharma, Indian Managers in Multinational Companies and Their Commitments, International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 141 - 155, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510.

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