Solid Geometry

Solid geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional space or 3D. It call this because there are three dimensions : width, depth height

There are two types of solids, Polyhedra and Non-Polyhedra. A polyhedron is a solid made of flat surfaces. Each surface is a polygon. Examples:

Platonic Solids

Prisms

Pyramids

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But for the Non-Polyhedra , some solids have curved surfaces, or a mix of curved and flat surfaces. Examples:

Sphere

Torus

Cylinder

Cone

So in geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex polyhedron that is regular, in the sense of a regular polygon. Specifically, the faces of a Platonic solid are congruent regular polygons, with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex; thus, all its edges are congruent, as are its vertices and angles. There are exactly five such solids shown below:

Tetrahedron

4 Faces 4 Vertices 6 Edges

Cube

6 Faces 8 Vertices 12 Edges

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Octahedron

8 Faces 6 Vertices 12 Edges

Dodecahedron

12 Faces 20 Vertices 30 Edges

Icosahedron

20 Faces 12 Vertices 30 Edges

The name of each figure is derived from its number of faces : respectively 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20. Why only five platonic solid ? In a nutshell, it is impossible to have more than 5, because any other possibility would violate simple rules about the number of edges, corners and faces you can have together. The rules are: All its faces are congruent convex regular polygons None of its faces intersect except at their edges The same number of faces meet at each of its vertices

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Each Platonic solid can therefore be denoted by a symbol { p, q} where p = the number of edges of each face (or the number of vertices of each face) q = the number of faces meeting at each vertex (or the number of edges meeting at each vertex). The symbol {p, q}, called the Schlfli symbol, gives a combinatorial description of the polyhedron. The Schlfli symbols of the five Platonic solids are given in the table below.

Polyhedron tetrahedron cube octahedron dodecahedro n icosahedron

Vertices Edges 4 8 6 20 12 6 12 12 30 30

Faces 4 6 8 12 20

Schlfli symbol {3, 3} {4, 3} {3, 4} {5, 3} {3, 5}

Vertex configuration 3.3.3 4.4.4 3.3.3.3 5.5.5 3.3.3.3.3

However, to prove the information, we can use the Eulers Formula. It says that any convex polyhedron includes the platonic solid the number of faces plus the number of vertices or corner points minus the number of edges always equals 2 It is written: F + V - E = 2
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After these, the most basic solid shapes, there is a family of shapes whose faces are regular polygons which is one step less uniform than them, known as the Archimedean solids. These bodies are those which may have more than one type of face, but which only have one kind of corner. In geometry an Archimedean solid is a highly symmetric, semi-regular convex polyhedron composed of two or more types of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices. There are 13 Archimedean solids such as:

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Here are the possibilities as to what can appear at a vertex. The notation (3, 4, 3, 4) means each vertex contains a triangle, a square, a triangle, and a square, in that cyclic order.
o o o o o o o o

(3, 4, 3, 4) cuboctahedron (3, 5, 3, 5) icosidodecahedron (3, 6, 6) truncated tetrahedron (4, 6, 6) truncated octahedron (3, 8, 8) truncated cube (5, 6, 6) truncated icosahedron (3, 10, 10) truncated dodecahedron (3, 4, 4, 4) rhombicuboctahedron, sometimes called the small

rhombicuboctahedron
o

(4, 6, 8) truncated cuboctahedron, sometimes called the rhombicuboctahedron

great

(3, 4, 5, 4) rhombicosidodecahedron, sometimes called the small rhombicosidodecahedron

(4, 6, 10) truncated icosidodecahedron, sometimes called the great rhombicosidodecahedron

o o

(3, 3, 3, 3, 4) snub cube, better called the snub cuboctahedron (3, 3, 3, 3, 5) snub dodecahedron, better called the snub

icosidodecahedron

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Kepler-Poinsot solids are subset of

uniform polyhedral, which include 5 regular solids). Traditionally, Kepler-Poinsot

polyhedral (Platonic Solids) , 13 semi-regular polyhedral (Archimedean solids) and 4 regular intersected polyhedral (Kepler-Poinsot which are regular polyhedral. Actually, a polyhedron is regular if the faces are a single kind of regular polygon and the vertices are all the same. The 5 Platonic Solids are the convex regular polyhedrons. If we remove the constraint of convexity it turns out that there are only four more solids that can be added to the list; these are known as the Kepler-Poinsot Polyhedra. solids are formed by stellating or faceting the ordinary dodecahedron and icosahedrons,

Here the examples of the polyhedral:

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However , the Kepler Poinsot also can be known in table below:

Table 1

Symbol {5,5/2} {3,5/2} {5/2,3} {5/2,5}

Polyhedron Great Dodecahedron Great Icosahedron Great Stellated Dodecahedron Small Stellated Dodecahedron

Table 2

Symbol {5,5/2} {3,5/2} {5/2,3} {5/2,5}

vertices 12 12 20 12

edges 30 30 30 30

faces 12 20 12 12

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So, to know better about this geometry solid, here are the net with tabs of the solid. Platonic solids Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedrons

Archimedean solids

Rhombicuboctahedron Truncated cuboctahedron Cubeoctahedron

Kepler-Poinsot

Great dodecahedron

Uniform Polyhedra

Octahemioctahed ron

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BIBLIOGARFI

Solid Geometry

www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/solid-geometry.html

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_geometry www.mathsnet.net/geometry/solid/index.html

platonic solid

mathworld.wolfram.com ... Polyhedra Platonic Solids

www.mathsisfun.com/platonic_solids.html www.korthalsaltes.com/cuadros.php?type=p www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit6/unit6.html

Archimedean mathworld.wolfram.com ... Polyhedra Archimedean Solids scimath.unl.edu/MIM/files/.../Anderson_MATpaper_Final_EDITED.... www.quadibloc.com/math/acsint.htm 2000clicks.com/mathhelp/GeometrySolidPlatonic.aspx

Kepler Point

www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mdyar/ast223/orbits/orb_lect.html

https://kepler-project.org/developers/teams/.../ kepler-extension-points... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeplerPoinsot_polyhedron

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