NON-CONVENTIONAL REFG.

SYSTEM

Submitted to; Er. Anil Sharma

Submitted by; Anmol 2308637 D2

Refrigeration History
Production of liquid air. Six years later he developed a method for In prehistoric times, man found that his game would last during times when food was not available if stored in the coolness of a cave or packed in snow. In China, before the first millennium, ice was harvested and stored. Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans placed large amounts of snow into storage pits dug into the ground and insulated with wood and straw. The ancient Egyptians filled earthen jars with boiled water and put them on their roofs, thus exposing the jars to the nights cool air. In India, evaporative cooling was employed. When a liquid vaporizes rapidly, it expands quickly. The rising molecules of vapor abruptly increase their kinetic energy and this increase is drawn from the immediate surroundings of the vapor. These surroundings are therefore cooled. The intermediate stage in the history of cooling foods was to add chemicals like sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate to water causing the temperature to fall. Cooling wine via this method was recorded in 1550, as were the words "to refrigerate. Cooling drinks came into vogue by 1600 in France. Instead of cooling water at night, people rotated long-necked bottles in water in which saltpeter had been dissolved. This solution could be used to produce very low temperatures and to make ice. By the end of the 17th century, iced liquors and frozen juices were popular in French society. The first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow in 1748. Cullen let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum; he did not, however, use the result to any practical purpose. Ice was first shipped commercially out of Canal Street in New York City to Charleston, South Carolina in 1799. Unfortunately, there was not much ice left when the shipment arrived. New Englanders Frederick Tudor and Nathaniel Wyeth saw the potential for the ice business and revolutionized the industry through their efforts in the first half of the 1800s. Tudor, who became known as the Ice King, focused on shipping ice to tropical climates. He experimented with insulating materials and built icehouses that decreased melting losses from 66 percent to less than 8 percent. Wyeth

devised a method of quickly and cheaply cutting uniform blocks of ice that transformed the ice industry, making it possible to speed handling techniques in storage, transportation and distribution with less waste. In 1805, an American inventor, Oliver Evans, designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. Evans never constructed his machine, but one similar to it was built by an American physician, John Gorrie.In 1842, the American physician John Gorrie, to cool sickrooms in a Florida hospital, designed and built an air-cooling apparatus for treating yellow-fever patients. His basic principle--that of compressing a gas, cooling it by sending it through radiating coils, and then expanding it to lower the temperature further--is the one most often used in refrigerators today. Giving up his medical practice to engage in time-consuming experimentation with ice making, he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration in 1851. Commercial refrigeration is believed to have been initiated by an American businessperson, Alexander C. Twinning, in 1856. Shortly afterward, an Australian, James Harrison, examined the refrigerators used by Gorrie and Twinning and introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries. Ferdinand Carr of France developed a somewhat more complex system in 1859. Unlike earlier compression-compression machines, which used air as a coolant, Carr's equipment contained rapidly expanding ammonia. (Ammonia liquefies at a much lower temperature than water and is thus able to absorb more heat.) Carr's refrigerators were widely used, and vapor compression refrigeration became, and still is, the most widely used method of cooling. However, the cost, size, and complexity of refrigeration systems of the time, coupled with the toxicity of their ammonia coolants, prevented the general use of mechanical refrigerators in the home. Most households used iceboxes that were supplied almost daily with blocks of ice from a local refrigeration plant. Beginning in the 1840s, refrigerated cars were used to transport milk and butter. By 1860, refrigerated transport was limited to mostly seafood and dairy products. The refrigerated railroad car was patented by J.B. Sutherland of Detroit, Michigan in 1867. He designed an insulated car with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity, controlled by the use of hanging flaps that created differences in air temperature. The first refrigerated car to carry fresh fruit was built in 1867 by Parker Earle of Illinois, who shipped strawberries on the Illinois Central Railroad. Each chest contained 100 pounds of ice and 200 quarts of strawberries. It was not until 1949 that a refrigeration system made its way into the trucking industry by way of a roof-mounted cooling device, patented by Fred Jones. Brewing was the first activity in the northern states to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, beginning with an absorption machine used by S. Liebmanns Sons Brewing Company in Brooklyn, New York in

1870. Commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries in the 1870s and by 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with refrigerating machines. Natural ice supply became an industry unto itself. More companies entered the business, prices decreased, and refrigeration using ice became more accessible. By 1879, there were 35 commercial ice plants in America, more than 200 a decade later, and 2,000 by 1909. No pond was safe from scraping for ice production, not even Thoreaus Walden Pond, where 1,000 tons of ice was extracted each day in 1847. However, as time went on, ice, as a refrigeration agent, became a health problem. Says Bern Nagengast, co-author of Heat and Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors (published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers), Good sources were harder and harder to find. By the 1890s, natural ice became a problem because of pollution and sewage dumping. Signs of a problem were first evident in the brewing industry. Soon the meatpacking and dairy industries followed with their complaints. Refrigeration technology provided the solution: ice, mechanically manufactured, giving birth to mechanical refrigeration. Carl (Paul Gottfried) von Linde in 1895 set up a large-scale plant for the separating pure liquid oxygen from liquid air that resulted in widespread industrial conversion to processes utilizing oxygen (e.g., in steel manufacture).

Though meat-packers were slower to adopt refrigeration than the breweries, they ultimately used refrigeration pervasively. By 1914, the machinery installed in almost all American packing plants was the ammonia compression system, which had a refrigeration capacity of well over 90,000 tons/day. Despite the inherent advantages, refrigeration had its problems. Refrigerants like sulfur dioxide and methyl chloride were causing people to die. Ammonia had an equally serious toxic effect if it leaked. Refrigeration engineers searched for acceptable substitutes until the 1920s, when a number of synthetic refrigerants called halocarbons or CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) were developed by Frigidaire. The best known of these substances was patented under the brand name

of Freon. Chemically, Freon was created by the substitution of two chlorine and two fluorine atoms for the four hydrogen atoms in methane (CH4); the result, dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2), is odorless and is toxic only in extremely large doses. Though ice, brewing, and meatpacking industries were refrigerations major beneficiaries, many other industries found refrigeration a boon to their business. In metalworking, for instance, mechanically produced cold helped temper cutlery and tools. Iron production got a boost, as refrigeration removed moisture from the air delivered to blast furnaces, increasing production. Textile mills used refrigeration in mercerizing, bleaching, and dyeing. Oil refineries found it essential, as did the manufacturers of paper, drugs, soap, glue, shoe polish, perfume, celluloid, and photographic materials. Fur and woolen goods storage could beat the moths by using refrigerated warehouses. Refrigeration also helped nurseries and florists, especially to meet seasonal needs since cut flowers could last longer. Moreover, there was the morbid application of preserving human bodies. Hospitality businesses including hotels, restaurants, saloons, and soda fountains, proved to be big markets for ice. In WWI, refrigeration in ammunition factories provided the required strict control of temperatures and humidity. Allied fighting ships held carbondioxide machines to keep ammunition well below temperatures at which high explosives became unstable. In 1973, Prof. James Lovelock reported finding trace amounts of refrigerant gases in the atmosphere. In 1974, Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina predicted that chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant gases would reach the high stratosphere and there damage the protective mantle of the oxygen allotrope, ozone. In 1985 the "ozone hole" over the Antarctic had been discovered and by 1990 Rowland and Molina's prediction was proved correct. The basic components of todays modern vapor-compression refrigeration system are a compressor; a condenser; an expansion device, which can be a valve, a capillary tube, an engine, or a turbine; and an evaporator. The gas coolant is first compressed, usually by a piston, and then pushed through a tube into the condenser. In the condenser, the winding tube containing the vapor is passed through either circulating air or a bath of water, which removes some of the heat energy of the compressed gas. The cooled vapor is passed through an expansion device to an area of much lower pressure; as the vapor expands, it draws the energy of its expansion from its surroundings or the medium in contact with it. Evaporators may directly cool a space by letting the vapor come into contact with

the area to be chilled, or they may act indirectly--i.e. by cooling a secondary medium such as water. In most domestic refrigerators, the coil containing the evaporator directly contacts the air in the food compartment. At the end of the process, the warmed gas is drawn toward the compressor.

Refrigeration Systems
Process Gas Technology possesses patented technology to use the pressure differential in a natural gas pipeline pressure reducing station to produce liquid nitrogen. Process Gas Technology possesses patented technology to use the pressure differential in an industrial gas pipeline pressure reducing station to liquefy a portion of that industrial gas. Process Gas Technology possesses patented technology to use the pressure differential in a plant air pipeline pressure reducing station to liquefy a portion of the air. The air product resulting from this process can be used to enhance combustion or provide cold refrigeration. We can design and build non conventional refrigeration systems to provide refrigeration loads from -50 degrees F to -300 degrees F.

NON-CONVENTIONAL REFRIGRATION (MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION) ABSTRACT :

The objective of this effort is to determine the feasibility of designing, fabricating and testing a sensor cooler, which uses solid materials as the refrigerant. These materials demonstrate the unique property known as the magneto caloric effect, which means that they increase and decrease in temperature when magnetized/demagnetized. This effect has been observed for many years and was used for cooling near absolute zero. Recently, materials are being developed which have sufficient temperature and entropy change to make them useful for a wide range of temperature applications. The proposed effort includes magneto caloric effect material selection, analyses, design and integration of components into a preliminary design. Benefits of this design are lower cost, longer life, lower weight and higher efficiency because it only requires one moving part - the rotating disk on which the magneto caloric material is mounted. The unit uses no gas compressor, no pumps, no working fluid, no valves, and no ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons/hydro chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's/HCFC's). Potential commercial applications include cooling of electronics, super conducting

components used in telecommunications equipment (cell phone base stations), home and commercial refrigerators, heat pumps, air conditioning for homes, offices and automobiles, and virtually any place that refrigeration is needed.

Conventional Refrigeration :

Refrigeration

Vs

Non-conventional

(Magnetic)

In conventional refrigeration system we need a medium for the removal of heat from the refrigerator to the surrounding atmosphere. This medium may be a solid, liquid or a gas. Some of the refrigerants which were used initially are ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), etc. There are some drawbacks in the use of these refrigerants so refrigerants like F-11, F-12, F-22, F-113, etc are being used which are both economical as well as efficient. Minimum temperature that can be obtained by these refrigerants is 0.71oK by boiling liquid helium under the smallest pressure obtainable. Temperatures below this range can be obtained only by the use of Non-Conventional refrigeration system.

Magnetic refrigeration is the method of refrigeration based on MAGNETOCALORIC EFFECT, which is defined as the response of a solid to an applied magnetic field, which is apparent as a change in its temperature. Instead of ozone-depleting refrigerants and energy-consuming compressors found in conventional vapor-cycle refrigerators, this new style of refrigerator uses iron ammonium alum that heats up when exposed to a magnetic field, then cools down when the magnetic field is removed.

NON-CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERATION :
TYPES INCLUDE : 1. 2. 3. Thermo Electric Refrigeration. Acoustic Refrigeration. Magnetic Refrigeration.

MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION: PRINCIPLE:

Magnetic refrigerants heat up when they are subjected to a magnetic field because the second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy - or disorder - of a closed system must increase with time. This is because the electron spins in the atoms of the material are aligned by the magnetic field, which reduces entropy. To compensate for this, the motion of the atoms becomes more random, and the material heats up. In a magnetic refrigerator, this heat would be carried away by water or by air. When themagnetic field is turned off, the electron spins become random again and the temperature of the material falls below that of its surroundings. This allows it to absorb more unwanted heat, and the cycle begins again. Producing very low temperature through the process of adiabatic demagnetization can do refrigeration. The paramagnetic salt is suspended by a thread in a tube containing a low pressure of gaseous helium to provide thermal communication with the surrounding bath of pumped helium. In operation the liquid helium bath is cooled by pumping to the lowest practical pressure, usually achieving a temperature in the neighborhood of 1oK. The temperature of the paramagnetic salt approaches that of the helium bath by conduction through the exchange gas. Next the magnetic field is turned on, causing heating of the salt and a decrease in entropy of the magnetic ions by virtue of their partial alignment in the direction of the applied field. The heat produced is conducted to the surrounding bath of liquid helium so that the temperature again approaches1oK. If the magnetic field is increased slowly the heat can flow out, as it is generated-the magnetization being almost isothermal. Next the exchange gas surrounding the sample is removed by pumping, and now, with the salt thermally isolated, the magnetic field is turned off. The temperature of the sample decreases markedly as a consequence of the adiabatic demagnetization, which allows the magnetic ions to regain some of their entropy at the expense of the lattice energy of the salt. The iron ammonium alum salt, originally in zero field (H=0,S=S1), is magnetized isothermally at the temperature T1, by increasing the magnetic field to H=H1.This magnetization, by orienting the magnetic ions of the salt and thus decreasing their disorder, causes a reduction in entropy from S1 to S2. Now the salt is isothermally isolated from its surroundings and thus when the magnetic field is reduced to zero the process follows the horizontal isentropic line and the temperature falls to 10K.The great decrease in temperature and the close approach zero is a consequence of the peculiar shape of the entropy-temperature relation

WORKING

The process flow diagram for the Magnetic Refrigeration system is show in the figure below. The mixture of water and ethanol serves as the heat transfer fluid for the system. The fluid first passes through the hot heat exchanger, which uses air to transfer heat to the atmosphere. The fluid then passes through the copper plates attached to the non-magnetized cooler Magneto caloric beds and loses heat.

ADVANTAGES :
1. Very low temperatures of the order of 001K can be obtained. 2. Required pressures are obtained without the aid of a compressor. 3. Does not produce toxic gases and chloro-fluoro carbons, thus reducing ozone layer depletion. 4. Efficiency and compactness are increased where as power consumption is reduced. 5. Larger temperature swings that will allow the technology to provide the cooling power required for specific markets, such as home refrigerators, air conditioning, electronics cooling, and fluid chilling can be obtained. 6. The unit runs virtually silent and is vibration free. 7. The magnetic material in the regenerator bed will ever need to be replaced when changing refrigerant to achieve a different temperature range. 8. When a better magnetic material is developed, the refrigerator will not need to be redesigned.

APPLICATIONS:
1. It is used in large-scale refrigeration, food processing, heating& air-conditioning, liquor distilling, grain drying, waste separation and treatment systems. 2. Magnetic refrigerator can be utilized in actual engineering applications, such as cooling sensitive electronics and optical devices on board spacecraft.

THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is the process of pumping heat energy out of an insulated chamber in order to reduce the temperature of the chamber below that of the surrounding air. Thermoelectric refrigeration uses a principle called the "PELTIER" effect to pump heat electronically. The Peltier effect is named after a French scientist who discovered it in 1834. HOW DOES IT WORK? In 1834 Jean Peltier noted that when an electrical current is applied across the junction of two dissimilar metals, heat is removed from one of the metals and transferred to the other. This is the basis of thermoelectric refrigeration. Thermoelectric modules are constructed from a series of tiny metal cubes of dissimilar exotic metals which are physically bonded together and connected electrically. When electrical current passes through the cube junctions, heat is transferred from one metal to the other. Solid-state thermoelectric modules are capable of transferring large quantities of heat when connected to a heat absorbing device on one side

and a heat dissipating device on the other. The Koolatron's internal aluminium cold plate fins absorb heat from the contents, (food and beverages), and the thermoelectric modules transfer it to heat dissipating fins under the control panel. Here, a small fan helps to disperse the heat into the air. The system is totally environmentally friendly and contains no hazardous gases, nor pipes nor coils and no compressor. The only moving part is the small 12-volt fan. Thermoelectric modules are too expensive for normal domestic and commercial applications which run only on regular household current. They are ideally suited to recreational applications because they are lightweight, compact, insensitive to motion or tilting, have no moving parts, and can operate directly from 12-volt batteries. Food and beverages are kept cold and dry. No space is wasted for ice (unless of course you want ice, in which case we can help to preserve it 3 or 4 times longer than a plain cooler)

ADVANTAGES OF THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION

COMPACT SIZE: Very little space is required by the cooling system. The thermoelectric module is the size of a matchbook. LIGHTWEIGHT:A 36 qt. capacity unit weighs only 17 lbs. PORTABLE: Carries with one hand and is unaffected by motion or tilting. LOWER PRICED: 20% to 40% less expensive than compressor or absorption units. LOW BATTERY:Averages approximately 4.5 amps - less than your cars headlights.

DRAW:
BATTERY PROTECTION: Used in combination with the Koolatron "Battery Saver" you can always be assured of having starting power. PERFORMANCE: Koolatron coolers maintain "cool" temperatures in ambients up to 90 degrees F. HEATING OPTION: Koolatrons can be operated in the heating mode for short periods of time. Specialty Heater ONLY versions of our insulated boxes are used by Meals on Wheels, other senior hot meal programs, school hot meal programs and by caterers all across the country. SAFETY: No open flames, propane, or toxic refrigerants used. RELIABILITY: Thermoelectrics have a 40 year proven track record in military, aerospace, laboratory, and now consumer applications. EASY SERVICE: Most parts are easily replaced by the end-user with a screw driver. LOW The only maintenance required with any Koolatron unit is MAINTENANCE: "dusting" and Vacuuming to ensure good heat dissipation periodic.

COMPARISON OF THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION and OTHER METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

THERMOELECTRIC: Cooling is achieved electronically using the "Peltier" effect - heat is pumped. COMPRESSOR : Cooling is achieved by vaporising a refrigerant (such as freon) inside the refrigerator - heat is absorbed by the refrigerant through the principle of the "latent heat of vaporisation" and released outside the refrigerator where the vapour is condensed .

ABSORPTION: Cooling is achieved by vaporising a refrigerant (ammonia gas) inside the refrigerator by "boiling" it out of a water ammonia solution with a heat source (electric or propane). Uses the principle of "latent heat of vaporisation". The vapour is condensed and reabsorbed by the ammonia solution outside the refrigerator. Uses heat energy.

COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF ALL THREE SYSTEMS:

PORTABILITY: Koolatrons are the most portable because they are light enough to carry with one hand and are not affected by motion or tilting. Compressor models are quite heavy and the absorption models must be kept. BATTERY DRAIN: Koolatron coolers have a maximum current drain on 12 volts of 4.5 amps. Compressor portables draw slightly more current when running but may average slightly less depending on thermostatic control settings. Absorption portables draw 6.5 to 7.5 amps when running and may average about 5 amps draw. BATTERY PROTECTION: Consider the "Battery Saver" option as discussed in the previous section. COOLING PERFORMANCE: Compressor systems are potentially the most efficient in hot weather. Some models will perform as a portable freezer and will refrigerate in ambient temperatures of up to 110 degrees F. Koolatron units will refrigerate in sustained ambient temperatures of up to 95 degrees F. If they are kept full, they will refrigerate satisfactorily even if peak daytime temperatures reach 110 degrees F because the contents temperature will lag behind the ambient. The food will be just starting to warm up when the air cools off in the evening which will bring the food temperature back down to normal. Absorption type refrigerators provide almost the same cooling performance as Koolatron portables but are less efficient at high ambients. FREEZING ICE CUBES: Compressor systems will usually make a quantity of small ice cubes except in very hot weather. Gas absorption systems can do the same except in hot weather. Koolatron thermoelectric units do not make ice cubes but can preserve them in a plastic container for 2 - 3 days which is often adequate applications.

SAFETY: Koolatron systems are completely safe because they use no gases or open flames and run on just 12 volts. Compressor systems can leak freon which can be extremely dangerous especially if heated. Absorption systems may use propane which can be extremely dangerous in the event of a leak. RELIABILITY: Koolatrons thermoelectric modules do not wear out or deteriorate with use. They have been used for military and aerospace applications for years because of their reliability and other unique features. Compressors and their motors are both subject to wear and freon-filled coils are subject to leakage and costly repairs. Absorption units are somewhat temperamental and may require expert servicing from time to time. EASE OF SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE: Koolatron units have only one moving part, a small fan (and 12 volt motor) which can easily be replaced with only a screw driver. Most parts are easily replaced by the end-user. Compressor and absorption units both require trained (expensive) mechanics and special service equipment to service them.

Description of the vapor-compression refrigeration system

Figure 1: Vapor compression refrigeration

vapor-compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere. Figure 1 depicts a typical, single-stage vapor-compression system. All such systems have four components: a compressor, a condenser, a Thermal expansion valve (also called a throttle valve), and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated

vapor[2] and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with typically available cooling water or cooling air. That hot vapor is routed through a condenser where it is cooled and condensed into a liquid by flowing through a coil or tubes with cool water or cool air flowing across the coil or tubes. This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the rejected heat is carried away by either the water or the air (whichever may be the case). The condensed liquid refrigerant, in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated liquid, is next routed through an expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant. The auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated. The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture. That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature. The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser. To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated vapor and is routed back into the compressor.

WATER-LITHIUM BROMIDE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

VAPOR

ABSORPTION

In water-lithium bromide vapor absorption refrigeration system, water is used as the refrigerant while lithium bromide (Li Br) is used as the absorbent. Thus in the absorber the lithium bromide absorbent absorbs the water refrigerant and solution of water and lithium bromide is formed. This solution is pumped by the pump to the generator where the solution is heated. The water refrigerant gets vaporized and moves to the condenser where it is heated while lithium bromide flows back to the absorber where it further absorbs water coming from the evaporator.

The water-lithium bromide vapor absorption system is used in a number of air conditioning applications. This system is useful for the applications where the temperature required is more than 32 degree F.

Special Features of Water-Lithium Bromide Solution

Here are some special features of the water and lithium bromide in absorption refrigeration system: 1) As such lithium bromide has great affinity for water vapor, however, when the water-lithium bromide solution is formed, they are not completely soluble with each other under all the operating conditions of the absorption refrigeration system. Hence, when the water-lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system is being designed, the designer must take care that such conditions would not be created where the crystallization and precipitation of lithium bromide would occur. 2) The water used as the refrigerant in the absorption refrigeration system means the operating pressures in the condenser and the evaporator would be very low. Even the difference of pressure between the condenser and the evaporator are very low, and this can be achieved even without installing the expansion valve in the system, since the drop in pressure occurs due to friction in the refrigeration piping and also in the spray nozzles. 3) The capacity of any absorption refrigeration system depends on the ability of the absorbent to absorb the refrigerant, which in turn depends on the concentration of the absorbent. To increase the capacity of the system, the concentration of absorbent should be increased, which would enable absorption of more refrigerant. Some of the most common methods used to change the concentration of the absorbent are: controlling the flow of the steam or hot water to the generator, controlling the flow of water used for condensing in the condenser, and reconcentrating the absorbent leaving the generator and entering the absorber.

Lithium Bromide Conditioner

Absorption

Refrigeration

Chiller

and

Air

Parts of the Water-Lithium Bromide Absorption Refrigeration and their Working

Let us see various parts of the water-lithium bromide absorption refrigeration and their working (please refer the figure above): 1) Evaporator: Water as the refrigerant enters the evaporator at very low pressure and temperature. Since very low pressure is maintained inside the evaporator the water exists in the partial liquid state and partial vapor state. This water refrigerant absorbs the heat from the substance to be chilled and gets fully evaporated. It then enters the absorber. 2) Absorber: In the absorber concentrated solution of lithium bromide is already available. Since water is highly soluble in lithium bromide, solution of water-lithium bromide is formed. This solution is pumped by the pump to the generator. 3) Generator: The heat is supplied to the refrigerant water and absorbent lithium bromide solution in the generator from the steam or hot water. Due to heating water gets vaporized and it moves to the condenser, where it gets cooled. As water refrigerant moves further in the refrigeration piping and though nozzles, it pressure reduces and so also the temperature. This water refrigerant then enters the evaporator where it produces the cooling effect. This cycle is repeated continuously. Lithium bromide on the other hand, leaves the generator and reenters the absorber for absorbing water refrigerant. As seen in the image above, the condenser water is used to cool the water refrigerant in the condenser and the water-Li Br solution in the absorber. Steam is used for heating water-Li Br solution in the generator. To change the capacity of this

water-Li Br absorption refrigeration system the concentration of Li Br can be changed.

Vortex Tube (Non-Conventional)

It is one of the non-conventional type refrigerating systems for the production of refrigeration. The schematic diagram of vortex tube is shown in the Fig.6.9. It consists of nozzle, diaphragm, valve, hot-air side, cold-air side. The nozzles are of converging or diverging or converging-diverging type as per the design. An efficient nozzle is designed to have higher velocity, greater mass flow and minimum inlet losses. Chamber is a portion of nozzle and facilities the tangential entry of high velocity air-stream into hot side. Generally the chambers are not of circular form, but they are gradually converted into spiral form. Hot side is cylindrical in cross section and is of different lengths as per design. Valve obstructs the flow of air through hot side and it also controls the quantity of hot air through vortex tube. Diaphragm is a cylindrical piece of small thickness and having a small hole of specific diameter at the center. Air stream traveling through the core of the hot side is emitted through the diaphragm hole. Cold side is a cylindrical portion through which cold air is passed. Working: Compressed air is passed through the nozzle as shown in Fig.6.9. Here, air expands and acquires high velocity due to particular shape of the nozzle. A vortex flow is created in the chamber and air travels in spiral like motion along the periphery of the hot side. This flow is restricted by the valve. When the pressure of the air near valve is made more than outside by partly closing the valve, a reversed axial flow through the core of the hot side starts from high-pressure region to low-pressure region. During this process, heat transfer takes place between reversed stream and forward stream. Therefore, air stream through the core gets cooled below the inlet temperature of the air in the vortex tube, while air stream in forward direction gets heated up. The cold stream is escaped through the diaphragm hole into the cold side, while hot stream is passed through the opening of the valve. By controlling the opening of the valve, the quantity of the cold air and its temperature can be varied.

Advantages: 1) It uses air as refrigerant, so there is no leakage problem. 2) Vortex tube is simple in design and it avoids control systems. 3) There are no moving parts in vortex tube. 4) It is light in weight and requires less space. 5) Initial cost is low and its working expenses are also less, where compressed air is readily available. 6) Maintenance is simple and no skilled labours are required.

Disadvantages:
Its low COP, limited capacity and only small portion of the compressed air appearing as the cold air limits its wide use in practice.

Applications: 1) Vortex tubes are extremely small and as it produce hot as well as
cold air. It may be of use in industries where both are simultaneously required. 2) It is commonly used for body cooling of the workers in mines.

THERMOACOUSTIC REFRIGERATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Thermoacoustic refrigerator is a device that operates efficiently by using sound waves and non-flammable environmentally friendly gases and that is suitable for handling residential refrigeration needs. The defined target market of the product is the 25-44 yearold married people living in Canada and owning their home. They have $ 53,000 and higher income the number of these consumers in Canada is close to 4 million households. The customers needs in this market segment are efficiency, long life span and warranty, capacity, acceptable price, nice design and color, quietness, respected brand, safety and environmental friendliness. Thermoacoustic refrigerator has the most important features built in our products to satisfy these consumer needs. We will especially be good at offering environmental friendly, well-designed and long lasting products.

The Marketing strategy is to get a foothold in this market by targeting high-end product segment and receive premium payment with our superior products. This strategy will involve avoiding direct competition with the established companies in the lower-end markets and sustaining sufficient profit margin. We are open to cooperation with the existing companies in manufacturing and marketing. This cooperation however should not damage our good quality reputation. Consumers will not only get the quality needs from our products but also selffulfillment through purchase of an elegant and environmentally friendly cooling device. This will be achieved through technological superiority of our products as well as targeted promotion campaigns. Thermoacoustic refrigerators are devices that provide cooling by using sound waves and environmentally friendly inert gases. It is a promising technology that may overcome the environmental problems caused by the current refrigerators. The devices have few or no moving parts and thus do not need any lubricants. The product will be targeted at the high-end customers for whom the price of the product will be secondary issue after the other product features. We aim to satisfy the high quality demand of the consumers while enabling them to purchase an environmentally friendly product. Target customers are 25-44 year-old married couples who own their home and have $ 53,000 and higher income. These approximately account to 4 million households in Canada. We have defined the customers needs as efficiency, long life span and warranty, capacity, acceptable price, nice design and color, quietness, respected brand, safety and environmental friendliness. We will have the most important features build in our product to satisfy these consumer needs. We will especially be good at offering environmental friendly, well-designed and long lasting products. Competition in the market is fierce and mainly covered by five big players. These companies have strong manufacturing and marketing capabilities. Department stores are also important players in the household appliances market. The marketing strategy of the company will be focused at getting a foothold in the high-end products segment. A thermoacoustic refrigerator (TAR) is a refrigerator that uses sound waves in order to provide the cooling. In a TAR, the working fluid is a helium-argon mixture, and the compressor is replaced by a loudspeaker. The advantages of this kind of refrigeration cycle are two-fold.

The helium and argon are inert, environmentally friendly gases, unlike many of the common refrigerants.

The loudspeaker is a simple device that is more durable than a compressor and is the TARs only moving part.

The downside of the TAR is that as of yet these types of refrigerators have failed to achieve efficiencies as high as those as standard refrigeration units. Some researchers contend that the set-up of the TAR is such that it never will be able to attain efficiencies as high as standard refrigeration units. Others believe that there is no reason that a TAR cant achieve efficiencies as high as standard refrigeration units. They attribute the currently lower efficiencies to the peculiar sensitivity of the TAR to input parameters and the relative youth of the field in general. Different Types of TARs There are two types of TARs. The first is known as a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator. The second is a traveling wave (or pulse tube) thermoacoustic refrigerator. The standing wave TAR uses a fixed number of oscillations with nodes that remain unchanged over time. In other words, the wave of as a whole does not move over time, remaining stationary. This is similar to a situation where you take a string and fixed two ends and then pluck it. Because of the fixed ends the wave of the string remains fixed in place. The traveling wave TAR, as it sounds like, makes use of a wave of sound that travels across the TAR. This is analogous to the situation where you take the string and flick it forward like a whip. The disturbance of the whip creates a sound wave that sends the wave forward. Each type of TAR has specific advantages in certain situations, and research is being done into cascading combinations of standing wave and traveling wave TARS to try to take advantage of these varying advantages.

Strengths
Economy: The device can be produced and operated cheaper than the traditional vapor compression cooler due to; Mechanical simplicity and very few number of the components No need for lubricants since there is only one moving part, which is the loudspeaker. No expensive components Use of cheap and readily available gases (The atmosphere is %1 Argon) Power saving by proportional control: output of the device can be turned up or down gradually in contrast to vapor compression refrigerators on/off control. Lower life-cycle cost

Environmental Friendliness: The international restriction on the use CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) and skepticism over the replacements of CFC, gives thermoacoustic devices a considerable advantage over traditional refrigerators. The gases used in these

devices are totally harmless to the ozone and have no greenhouse effect. It is expected that in the close future regulations will be tougher on the greenhouse gases.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The product is a thermoacoustic refrigeration device that operates efficiently by using sound waves and non-flammable environmentally friendly gases and that is suitable for handling residential refrigeration needs. Thermoacoustic refrigeration systems operate by using sound waves and a nonflammable mixture of inert gases to produce cooling. The device produces a standing wave in a tube containing a gas (helium, argon, air) using a loudspeaker. A porous component called a "stack" is placed in the tube in such a way that a temperature difference is created along its length. With the addition of heat exchangers, this temperature difference can be made to provide refrigeration Because the thermoacoustic refrigerator only has one moving part, it will be relatively simple and inexpensive to construct and maintain. Thermoacoustic refrigerators tend to be compact and lightweight, and contain no refrigerants, making them a very environmentally friendly technology. This aspect will make it a very appealing option in the future. Despite being a relatively new technology its efficiency in some applications has been proven. It was used in on the Space Shuttle Discovery STS-42 and tested on some U.S. Navy ships for the cooling needs.

Product Feature
Thermoacoustic refrigerator has some specifications that meet most of these requirements and some others can easily be added to it. Competitively efficient: Although the efficiency is not the core competency of the thermoacoustic refrigerator a device that can compete with the existing products is possible. This is supported with the adjustable temperature control system. No CFCs: It does not use any of the CFC or HCFC substances thus its negative environmental impact is close to zero. Adjustable temperature control: Enables the consumers to control the temperature at the necessary level. The existing products run until some temperature level and then stop and then start again when the temperature gets too high. This decreases the efficiency of the refrigerator. Temperature control with the thermoacoustic devices can be done by simply decreasing or increasing the sound volume. No lubricants: since there is no moving parts there is no need to use chemicals as lubricants. This will increase the life span of the product an decrease the maintenance cost.

Safe (No-flammable gases): The device uses common gases such as a mixture of helium and argon which are found in the air and totally inflammable. Minimum moving parts: These refrigerators have no sliding seals and can be built by using few or no moving parts. Extra-large: The product will be produced in extra-large size (Over 24 Cu) for the primary target market. Stainless steel body: This feature particularly expected by the consumers as an important feature of a high quality elegant refrigerator.

Harnessing the "Thermoacoustic" Effect

A sound wave consists of oscillations in pressure, temperature, and displacement. Although the temperature oscillations are small, research during the past two decades has shown that this "thermoacoustic" effect can be harnessed to produce powerful, reasonably efficient heat engines, including heat pumps, and refrigerators. Thermoacoustic engines typically have no moving parts; at most, there is a single oscillating part (such as a loudspeaker) with Thermoacoustic Refrigeration no sliding seals. Thus, these engines have the potential to be both simple and reliable. Research by Greg Swift at Los Alamos National Laboratory on the thermodynamics of the thermoacoustic process has led to the development of prototype refrigerators with cooling powers up to tens of watts, and prototype engines with efficiencies approaching those of conventional engines. The research has spawned collaborative efforts that have resulted in advances in the theory, design, and construction of thermoacoustic devices. Scientific Impact: Los Alamos' leadership in both the scientific and technological aspects of thermoacoustics since the mid-1980s has generated a sizeable academic research community around the world. The first international workshop on thermoacoustics will be held in 2001.

Social Impact: Thermoacoustic energy conversion (including conversion of heat to acoustic power, acoustic power to refrigeration, and acoustic power to mixture separation) is reasonably efficient and should be inexpensive and reliable in mass production. Efforts are under way to develop a natural-gas liquefier for use in remote locations, a residential co-generation system to produce both electricity and gas heat, an electric generator for deep-space probes and a water chiller for use on submarines.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As we have seen in this market feasibility study, household appliances market in general and refrigerators market in specific has strong barriers to entry for any potential entrant. The novelty of the thermoacoustic technology brings both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that it is a new and environmentally friendly technology that the consumers do not hold any adverse feelings about. It has a potential technical superiority that can turn the venture into profitable business. The disadvantage is that established companies will likely react to any move by this technology since they do not have the knowledge base to imitate it. The new venture will have all the disadvantage of a small start-up; inexperience, financial difficulties, weak market reach etc. But this also brings the possibility of partnership with the strong competitors. It is therefore recommended that the project should for obtaining such a collaboration that would offer certain advantages. The first advantage of such collaboration is the financial and other types of resources that a strong company can offer. Second is the market expertise that they have accumulated in long years of operation. Third advantage is the technical problem solving experience in refrigeration technology. Finally these companies have the best manufacturing capabilities that a small start-up company might find difficult to build. The patents and the other property rights should definitely be looked for. Otherwise the project might arrive at a deadlock despite any technical achievements. Besides such research may actually provide new insight to the project. A patent mapping may offer the project group a valuable idea about where the technology is heading and what the potential innovations may be. A final word on the project should be devoted to recommendation on whether this project should go on to next stage that is new venture creation. It is definitely worth examining the possibilities after considering the issues mentioned just above. Production of refrigerators requires very high investment both during the product development and later. From the technical perspective there are perhaps many problems to solve and many failures to see. From marketing perspectives however it would not be easier even if we had a working and efficient prototype in our hands at the moment.

CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, we can say that, refrigerator consists with two compartments - one for frozen items and the other for items requiring refrigeration but not freezing. It can throw all the heat from the loads inside the compartments and make it cooled and long lasting

life. It suitable for application in food and medical industry. We can also said that the objective of this experiment have been completely achieved as required and at the same time, all the parameters required to be solved have been calculated and solved accordingly. In addition, all of the experiments have eventually being done according to the procedures given systematically and appropriately.