CHAPTER 6

TIMBER ELEMENTS DESIGN

SIMPLE CROSS-SECTION ELEMENTS 6.1. General design formulas The capacity of timber elements subjected to different efforts is given by the following general relationship: Fi = R c Si m T (6.1) i where: Fi is capacity of massive wood element subjected to i effort (compression, bending, shear a.o.) expressed in N or in Nmm; R ic - the design strength corresponding to the i effort, established function of the wood species, quality class of timber and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2. The design strength is determined with the following relationship: R ic = R i m ui m di / i (6.2) where: Ri characteristic strength of timber varying function of wood species and nature of effort acting on the element, values are given in table 6.1; mui working condition coefficient introducing in computation the equilibrium humidity of wood material. It is defined function of the exploitation microclimate conditions of the designed structure. Values of the coefficient are given in table 6.2 function of the efforts type and exploitation classes; mdi - working condition coefficient established function of the duration of loads acting on the structure. Values of the coefficient are given in table 6.3 function of the efforts type and the duration of loads acting on the structure; i partial safety coefficient defined function of the acting efforts type, values are given in table 6.4. Si cross section characteristic (area, strength modulus) in mm2 or mm3; mT treatment coefficient introducing in design the changes in the i effort strength due to wood preservation methods, elements dimensions and structures exploitation class, values are given in table 6.5. Massive wood characteristics strength (N/mm2) Table 6.1
Effort type Oak, common Beach, birch, ash oak, bitter oak, tree, iron wood accacia Quality classes I II III I II III I II III I II III 24,0 16,8 9,6 20,0 14,0 8,0 40,0 28,0 16,0 45,0 31,5 18,0 Poplar 4,3 21,0 12,6 6,3 22,5 13,5 6,8 27,9 16,7 8,4 7,2 Symbol R No. Flowering ash, fir tree, larch, pine

1 Static bending Tension parallel to 2 grains Compression parallel to 3 grains Compression 4 perpendicular to grains 5 Shear parallel to grains Shear perpendicular to 6 grains

Rt 14,4 8,6

Rc 15,0 12,0 4,5 13,8 11,0 4,1 19,8 15,8 5,9 24,0 19,2 Rc 3,3 Rf 3,0 3,0 2,7 3,2 2,7 2,9 2,5 10,4 9,4 6,4 5,7 11,2 10,0 5,0 4,5

Rf 12,0 10,8

10,4 9,4

24,0 21,6

16,0 14,4

Values of working conditions coefficients mui Table 6.2

No. Effort type Symbol Essence Resinous Broad leaved Resinous Broad leaved Resinous Broad leaved Resinous Broad leaved Resinous Broad leaved Resinous Broad leaved Resinous Broad leaved Values of working conditions coefficients mui for exploitation classes 1 2 3 0,75 0,90 0,75 0,70 1,00 0,90 0,70 0,80 0,80 0,90

1 Static bending 2 Tension parallel to grains 3 Compression parallel to grains 4 Compression perpendicular to grains 5 Shear parallel to grains 6 Shear perpendicular to grains 7 Elasticity modulus for static bending

mu mut muc muc muf muf muE

Values of working condition coefficients mdi Table 6.3

Effort type Load duration Permanent Long duration Short duration Permanent Long duration Short duration Permanent Long duration Short duration All classes Values of working condition coefficients mdi for the species: Symbol resinous, hard broadsoft broad-leaved leaved 0,55 0,60 md 0,65 0,70 1,00 0,80 0,85 mdc 0,85 0,90 1,00 0,90 0,95 mdt 0,95 1,00 1,00 mdE 1,00

Bending

Shear
Compression

Tension Elasticity modulus

Values of partial safety coefficients i Table 6.4

No. 1 2 3 4 5 Effort type Bending Tension: - sections without weakening - sections with weakening Compression parallel and perpendicular to grains Shear parallel to grains - unilateral - bilateral Shear perpendicular to grains Symbol i t c; c f f Values of partial safety coefficients i 1,10 1,20 1,40 1,25 1,25 1,10 1,10

Values of wood treatment coefficient mT Table 6.5

No. 1 2 3 Treatment proceedings Not treated wood Surface treated Mass treated wood having 100 mm thickness, for: - elasticity modulus; - other characteristics. Treated against fire Exploitation class 1st and 2nd 3rd 1,00 1,00 0,90 0,70 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90

6.2. Elements subjected to tension parallel to the grains The capacity of timber simple cross-section elements subjected to tension parallel to the grains Tr, expressed in N, is given by the following general relationship: Tr = R c (6.3) t A net m T c where: R t - design tension strength parallel to grains established function of characteristic wood species strength to tension parallel to grains, quality class of wood and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2 (see 6.1) Anet net cross-section area in mm2, computed as follows:
A net = A gross A weakenings

where:

Agross the gross cross-section area of the element in mm2; Aweakenings the sum of all weakenings areas added on a length of maximum 200 mm,

in mm2; mT treatment coefficient of timber. 6.3. Elements subjected to axial compression parallel to grains The capacity of timber simple cross-section elements subjected to axial compression parallel to grains Cr, expressed in N, is given by the following general relationship: C r = R cc|| A design c m T (6.4) where: R c|| is the design compression strength parallel to grains established function of wood species characteristic strength to compression parallel to grains, quality class of wood and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2 (see table 6.2) Adesign design cross-section area in mm2, computed as follows: - for cross-sections without weakenings or with weakenings not exceeding 25% of the gross area and not located on elements sides parallel to buckling design direction (figure 6.1, a & b): Adesign = Agross; - for weakenings exceedind 25% of the gross area and located on elements sides parallel to buckling design direction (figure 6.1, b): Adesign = 4Anet/3 Agross. c buckling coefficient, less than unity, computed as follows: for slenderness 75 for slenderness 75
c = 1 0,8 100
2

3100 2 where the slenderness is defined as the ratio between the buckling length of the element and the radius of inertia (giration) with respect to the considered buckling direction (maximum values for slenderness are given in table 6.7). mT treatment coefficient of wood for compression parallel to grains. c =

The buckling lengths of the compressed bars are established function of supporting conditions and function of the presence of several restraints along the element length (table 6.6). For bars having 10 the buckling influence is no longer significant, the relationship for capacity to compression parallel c to grains is: C r = R c|| A design m T . The factors involved in formula have the same significance as for previous relation.

Figure 6.1. Compressed elements with or without weakenings Buckling length for elements subjected to axial compression Table 6.6
No. Bearing type nod i: translaie i rotire mpiedicate 1 nod k: translaie i rotire mpiedicate nod i: translaie mpiedicat i rotire liber 2 nod k: translaie i rotire mpiedicate nod i: translaie mpiedicat i rotire liber 3 nod k: translaie mpiedicat i rotire liber nod i: translaie liber i rotire mpiedicat 4 nod k: translaie i rotire mpiedicate nod i: translaie liber i rotire parial 5 nod k: translaie i rotire mpiedicate nod i: translaie liber i rotire mpiedicat 6 nod k: translaie mpiedicat i rotire liber Bearing symbol Buckling lengths
l f = 0 ,65 l

l f = 0 ,80 l

l f =l

l f = 1,20 l

l f =1,50 l

l f = 2,00 l

nod i: translaie i rotire liber 7 nod k: translaie i rotire mpiedicate

l f = 2,00 l

Maximum values for slenderness coeficients Table 6.7 Slenderness coefficient for: Definitive Provisional buildings buildings
150 175 120 150 200 175 200 150 175

Elements
Trusses and arches: - chords, supports diagonals and studs; - other elements Columns: - principal - secondary and built up column lattices Bracings

6.4. Elements subjected to axial compression normal to grains The capacity of timber simple cross-section elements subjected to compression normal to grains Qr, expressed in N, is given by the general relation: c (6.5) r c c T R

Q = R A m m

Rc c

- design compression strength normal to grains established function of wood species

characteristic strength to compression normal to grains, quality class of wood and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2 (see table 6.1) Ac design cross-section area in mm2, the contact area between elements as shown in the drawing below

mr support coefficient established as follows: - for elements having the contact area equal to the compressed element area and for joints with lateral cuts (fig. 6.2, a, b) mr = 1,00; - for supporting elements (fig. 6.2, c, d) and if a h and a 10 cm, for joints with prismatic wedges (fig. 6.2, e) and for supporting contact areas of elements (fig. 6.2, g) mr = 1,60; - for crushing under washer mr = 2,00. mT treatment coefficient of wood for compression normal to grains.

Figure 6.2. Supporting examples for elements perpendicularly located or under an angle ; elements subjected to shear 6.5. Elements subjected to biaxial crushing The crushing capacity, Nr, when compression force is applied under an angle (fig. 6.2, f) is given by relationship: N r = Rcc, Astr mT (6.6) c 2 where: Rc , is the design compression strength under ungle , in N/mm ; Astr crushing area or contact area between the two elements; is the angle between the compression force and grains direction on the crushed element. 6.6. Elements subjected to shear normal to grains The capacity of simple cross section timber elements subjected to shear normal to grains, V r, expressed in N, is given by relation: c (6.7) r f f T

V = R A m

where

Rc f

is the design shear strength normal to grains established function of wood species

characteristic strength to shear normal to grains, quality class of wood and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2 (table 6.1) Af is the area of sheared cross-section in mm2, the area of element carrying the effort (figure 6.2, e & i). mT treatment coefficient of wood for shear normal to grains.

6.7. Elements subjected to shear parallel to grains The capacity of simple cross section timber elements subjected to shear parallel to grains, F r, expressed in N, is given by relation: Fr = R cf || A f m T / m f (6.8) c where R f || is the design shear strength parallel to grains established function of wood species characteristic strength to shear parallel to grains, quality class of wood and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2 (table 6.1) Af is the area of sheared cross-section in mm2; mT treatment coefficient of wood for shear normal to grains. m f = 1 +p / e where: is a coefficient with values: 0,25 for unilateral shear and 0,125 for bilateral shear; p - shear treshold length limited at 10xhch, in mm; e shear for eccentricity with respect to the treshold direction. 6.8. Elements subjected to bending The capacity of simple cross section timber elements subjected to bending, Mr, expressed in Nmm, is given by relation: M r = R ic Wdesign m T (6.9) c where R i is the design bending strength established function of wood species characteristic strength to bending, quality class of wood and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2; Wdesign is the section modulus in mm3 (Wgross for cross sections without weakenings and Wnet for weakened cross-sections); mT treatment coefficient of wood for bending. For elements subjected to bending, the deflection check is necesarry: f max,final f allowable where: fmax,final is the maximum deflection established as follows: f max,final =f1 +f 2 +f i f c (6.10) f1 deflection due to dead loads taking into account the equilibrium humidity and the creep f1 = f1,inst (1 + k def ) ; of timber: f1,inst the deflection for simple supported beam computed using the unfactored dead loads for gross cross-section of the element and considering the mean value of the modulus of elasticity. f2 deflection due to temporary loads taking into account the equilibrium humidity and the creep of timber: f 2 = f 2 ,inst (1 + k def ) ; f2,inst the deflection for simple supported beam computed using the unfactored temporary loads for gross cross-section of the element and considering the mean value of the modulus of elasticity. fi deflection due to creep of wood in joints; fc the initial unloaded counter deflection (if the case). The values of kdef coefficient are given in table 6.8 function of loads duration and the exploitation class for timber elements. fallowable the allowable deflection, the values are given in table 6.9. Values of kdef coefficients Table 6.8
Load duration Permanent Long duration Short duration Exploitation classes 1st and 2nd 3rd 0,50 1,00 0,25 0,50 0,00 0,00

Maximum allowable deflections for timber elements Table 6.9 Maximum allowable deflections for timber elements related to span Definitive buildings Provisional buildings
lc / 250 lc / 300 lc / 150 lc / 200 lc / 400 lc / 250 lc / 300 lc / 400 lc / 500 lc / 500 lc / 150 lc / 300 lc / 200 lc / 250 lc / 350 lc / 400 lc / 200 lc / 250

No.
1.

Element type
Floor beams: - cu finisaj din lemn; - cu finisaj din tencuial. Roof: - roof planckings; - purlins & rafters; - valley purlins. Columns and beams in walls with: - wood furnish; - other type of furnish. Trusses with: - metalic connections; - other connestions ; Glulam beams

2.

3. 4. 5.

6.9. Elements subjected to bending capacity of bent elements to sliding The capacity of bent timber elements to sliding in the areas near the supports in the plain determined by neutral axis, Lr, in N, is given by relation: L r = R cf || b I m T / S (6.11) c where R f || is the design shear strength parallel to grains established function of wood species characteristic strength to shear parallel to grains, quality class of wood and exploitation conditions, expressed in N/mm2 (see 1.1) b is the cross-section width; I gross moment of inertia of cross-section with respect to neutral axis perpendicular to applied load, in mm4; mT treatment coefficient of wood for shear parallel to grains; S static moment of the sliding section with respect to neutral axis, given in mm3. 6.10. Elements subjected to biaxial bending The checking relation is:
x y M ef M ef x y 1,00 Mr Mr
x y

(6.12)

where: M ef and M ef are the effective bending moments components corresponding to main axes of inertia of the element x-x and y-y, established function of loading scheme and the design length of the element, expressed in Nmm; M rx and M ry are bending capacities corresponding to main axes of inertia of the element x-x and y-y, established function of the relationships for elements subjected to simple bending. The final deflection for elements subjected to biaxial bending is computed by vectorial summation of the maximum deflections corresponding to main directions as follows:
f max,final =

(f

x max,final

y +(f max, f allowable final ) 2

x y where: f max,final and f max,final are established with relationship 6.10; fallowable allowable deflection with values given in table 6.9.

6.11. Eccentrically tensioned elements

The verification relation is: T M ef ef 1,0 Tr Mr where: Tef is effective axial tension effort, in N; Tr axial tension capacity, in N; Mef effective bending moment established function of loads, given in Nmm; Mr bending capacity of timber element, in Nmm. 6.12. Eccentrically compressed members

(6.13)

The verification relation is: C ef M fef 1,0 , (6.14) Cr Mr where: Cef is effective compression effort, in N; Cr compression capacity of timber elements, in N, established with relation 6.4; Mf ef - maximum final bending moment established function of loads, in Nmm; Mr bending capacity of element, in Nmm.

Fig. 6.3. Eccentrically compressed element The effective final bending moment is established taking into account the secondary bending moment produced by compression force acting eccentrically:
1 = M ef C ef 1 CE ,

f ef

(6.15) where: Mef is maximum effective bending moment in Nmm; Cef effective compression in timber elemen, in N; CE compression effort, in N, given by: C E = 2 E 0 , 05 m uE m T I / 2 (6.16) f , 2 where: E0,05 is characteristic elasticity modulus function of wood species, in N/mm ; muE working coefficient function of wood species and the exploitation class of timber elements ; mT treatment coefficient for elasticity modulus; I moment of inertia, in mm4 ; lf buckling length, in mm. 6.13. Sliding check of eccentrically compressed elements The check relation is: L r Lfef , where: Lr is sliding capacity established with relation (6.11), n N; Lfef - maximum shear force, in N.

(6.17)