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De fi n i ti o n s o f th e To l ta g e Tr a n s fo r m e r P a r a m e te r s ( o n p h o to wi th d r a wa b l e vo l ta g e tr a s n fo r m e r s 36kV i n S ch n e i d e r El e ctr i c' s DNF7 AIS MV S wi tch g e a r )

Paramet ers

Int roduct ion t o VTs

The voltage transformer (http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/voltage- instrument- transformer- vt- introduction) must comply with the network specifications, this is essential. As with any device, the voltage transformer must meet requirements relating to the voltage, current and frequency. Voltage transformer specifications are only valid for normal conditions of use. A derating should be provided for in accordance with the ambient temperature and the altitude. Rat ed volt age f act or: this is the factor by which the rated primary voltage must be multiplied in order to determine the maximum voltage for which the transformer (http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/star- delta- transformer-

connection- overview) must attain the required levels of heating and accuracy. Go to Top (http://electricalengineering- portal.com/definitions- of- voltage- transformer- parameters#content) The voltage factor is determined by the maximum operating voltage, which depends on the network earthing system and the way the VTs primary winding is connected. The voltage transformer must be able to withstand this maximum voltage for the time necessary to clear the fault (see Table 1 below).

Table 1 Normal values of the rated voltage f actor

Rat ed volt age f act or 1.2 1.2 Rat ed t ime continuous continuous Primary winding connect ion met hod phase to phase between the neutral point of a star transformer and earth phase to earth Net work eart hing syst em any any

1.2 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.2 1.9 1.2 1.9

continuous 30 seconds continuous 30 seconds continuous 8 hours continuous 8 hours

directly earthed neutral

phase to earth

limiting resistance earthing with automatic earth fault clearance (tripping upon first fault) earthed neutral without automatic earth fault clearance (no tripping upon first fault) tuned limiting reactance (or Petersen coil) earthing without automatic earth fault clearance (no tripping upon first fault)

phase to earth

phase to earth

Not e: smaller time ratings are permissible by agreement between manufacturer and user.

Rat ed primary volt age (Up) : Depending on their design, voltage transformers will be connected either: 1. Between phase and earth (see Figure 1a); or 2. Between phases (see Figure 1b).

The voltage transformer must be suited to requirements relating to protection and measuring devices. The foreseen application of the voltage transformer is used to determine the rated secondary voltage, the accuracy power, the accuracy class and the thermal power limit.

Fi g u r e 1 - Vo l ta g e tr a n s fo r m e r co n n e cti o n s

Rat ed secondary volt age: this is equal to 100 or 110 V for phase/phase VTs. For single- phase transformers designed to be connected between a phase and earth, the rated secondary voltage is divided by 3. Go to Top (http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/definitions- of- voltage- transformer- parameters#content) For example:

Accuracy power: this is expressed in VA and it is the apparent power that the voltage transformer can supply to the secondary when it is connected under its rated primary voltage (http://electrical- engineeringportal.com/primary- distribution- voltage- levels) and connected to its accuracyload. It must not introduce an error in excess of the values guaranteed by the accuracy class. Go to Top (http://electrical- engineeringportal.com/definitions- of- voltage- transformer- parameters#content) The standardiz ed values are: 10 15 25 30 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 500 VA. Accuracy class: this defines the guaranteed transformation ratio and phase error limits in specified power and voltage conditions. Go to Top (http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/definitions- of- voltage- transformerparameters#content) Volt age rat io error: this is the error that the transformer introduces in the voltage measurement:

Phase or phase displacement error: this is the phase difference between the primary and secondary voltages and is expressed in minutes. Go to Top (http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/definitions- ofvoltage- transformer- parameters#content) Rat ed t hermal limit ing out put : this is the apparent power that the transformer can permanently supply at its rated secondary voltage without exceeding the heating limits stipulated in the standards. Go to Top (http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/definitions- of- voltage- transformer- parameters#content)

Accuracy class
Table 2 gives the accuracy class generally used in accordance with the corresponding application.

Table 2 Accuracy class in accordance with the application f or measuring VTs

Applicat ion Not used in industry Accuracy class 0.1

Precision metering Usual metering Statistical metering and/or measurement Measurement not requiring high accuracy

0.2 0.5 1 3

The accuracy class is guaranteed if the voltage is between 80 and 120% of the rated primary voltage and for any load between 25 and 100% of the rated accuracy power with an inductive power factor of 0.8. The st andardiz ed IEC accuracy classes are: 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 3. 1. Classes 0.1 and 0.2 are only used for laboratory devices. 2. Classes 0.5 and 1 are used in the majority of cases. 3. Class 3 is used very little. Resource: Protection of Electrical Networks Christophe Prv (get this book from Amazon (http://www.amazon.com/Protection-Electrical-Networks-Christophe-233/dp/1905209061))

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