| |
|
\ .
|
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
( )
( )
( )
m
7
P
= 8
e m
2
d
m
= 9
m
d t
W h er e k = a, b , c
V : k P h a
k t h
d t
s e v o l t ag e ap p l i e d f r o m i n v er ter t o B L D C
I : k P h a s e c u r r e n t
k t h
R : R es i s t an c e o f eac h P h as e o f B L D C
L : I n d u c tan c e o f eac h P h as e o f B L D C
M : M u tu al I n d u c t an c e
E : k
k
th P h as e b a c k E M F
T : E l e c t r i c t o r q u e p r o d u c e d b y k P h a s e
k th
T : E l e c t r i c t o r q u e p r o d u c e d b y B L D C
e
K : B a c k E M F c o n s t a n t
e
K : T o r q u e c o n s t a n t
t
: A n g u l a r s p e e d o f r o t o r
m
m
( )
: M e c h a n i c a l a n g l e o f r o t o r
: E l e c t r i c a l a n g l e o f r o t o r
e
F : B a c k E M F r e f e r e n c e a s f u n c t i o n o f r o t o r p o s i ti o n
e
Fig (2) A Piezoelectric Load Cell [4]
2. EQUATIONS
The generated voltage from a piezoelectric material can be calculated from the following equation.
( ) V=Sv*P * D i
where
V =Piezoelectric generated voltage (Volts)
Sv =Voltage sensitivity of the material (Volt *meters / Newton),
P =Pressure (N/m2),
D =thickness of material (meters),
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Voltage sensitivity values are provided with the material when received from the manufacturer. Different materials and
different geometry cuts give different sensitivities. [3]
Here the pressure is directly related to the Force and Area of the material used
( )
F
P =
A
ii
and the torque is directly related to force
( ) T =F*d iii
from equations (ii) & (iii) we get,
d =Distance from axis to point of applied force
( )
T
P =
dA
iv
where
F =Force applied by braking
A =Area of the piezoelectric material used
put equation (iv) into equation (i) we get
( )
T
V=Sv* *D
dA
v
where
V =Generated voltage
from equation (v) we see that the Generated voltage (volts) is directly proportional to the Sensitivity of the material
(Volt *meters / Newton), Torque developed (Newton meters), Thickness of the material (meters), and inversely
proportional to the, Area of the piezoelectric material (meter
2
) and Distance from axis to point of applied force
(meters). [4]
From equation (v) we calculate the value of voltage generated.
Table 1: Sensitivity of Several Piezoelectric Materials [8]
Here i am using a piezoelectric material Quartz Crystal and the dimensions are Sv =0.05 Vm/N, D =0.002 m, d =0.01
m.
3. SIMULATION
In order to examine the output voltage the above equations have been input to a Matlab Simulation model. The result is
shown in figure 3.The simulation time is 5secands and the breaking period is at 3
rd
secand where the output voltage is
to be examined.
Fig (3) Speed and Developed Torque at the time of braking
S.No.
Material
Charge
Sensitivity
Sq (pC-N
-1
)
Voltage
Sensitivity
Sv (mV-m-N
-1
)
1 Lead Zirconate
Titanate (PZT)
110 0.01
2 Barum Titanate 140 0.006
3 Quartz 2.5 0.05
4 Rochelle Salt 275 0.09
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013 Page 5
Fig (4) Voltage Generated by applying pressure on piezoelectric material at the time of braking.
4. CONCLUSION
A new and effective method of Regenerative braking of electric vehicle by the use of piezoelectric material quartz
crystal and their simulation results has been observed, which highly reduces the discharging rate of batteries used in
EVs. From the above observation we conclude that the driving range of EV can be increased up to 30% to 40%.
References
[1.] Ming-Ji Yang, Hong-Lin Jhou, Bin-Yen Ma, and Kuo-Kai Shyu,. A Cost-Effective Method of Electric Brake
With Energy Regeneration for Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2009.
[2.] A.Tashakori, M. Ektesabi, and N. Hosseinzadeh,. Modeling of BLDC Motor with Ideal Back-EMF for
Automotive Applica-tions. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Vol II WCE 2011, July 6-8,
2011, London, U.K.
[3.] Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Sensors.
[4.] Piezoelectricity, By wikipedia.
[5.] Bhim Singh and Sanjeev Singh,.State of the Art on Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives. JPE 9-1-1,
Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2009
[6.] MohdZeeshanHaider., Position controll of permanent magnet brushless DC Motor using PID controller. A
Thesis submitted towards Master of Engineering in Electronics Instrumentation and Control Engineering.
[7.] Stefan Baldursson,. BLDC Motor Modelling and Control A Matlab/SimulinkImplementation. Master
Thesis work May, 2005 Institutionen for Energi och Milj International masters program in Electric Power
Engineering CHALMERS TEKNISKA HGSKOLA Gteborg, Sverige, 2005
[8.] Clarence W.De SilvaH. Goto, Y. Hasegawa, and M.Tanaka, Book - Vibration: Fundamentals and Practice.