Isentropic Flow with Area Variation

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Simple convergent nozzle

If the flow is subsonic

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Isentropic Mach number relations

T0 1 2 = 1 + M T 2 P0 1 2 = 1+ M P 2
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a0 1 2 = 1 + M a 2

1 2

0 1 2 = 1 + M 2

1 1

A 1 2 1 2 = + M * A M 2 +1 +1

+1 2 ( 1)

Example (Duct Flow)

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Analysis:

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The maximum velocity is found by converting all the thermal energy to kinetic energy. Taking zero thermal energy to correspond to absolute zero (despite the fact that air would not be a gas at this point) one could estimate

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Sonic Properties
(Let * denote a property at the sonic state)

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Effect of Area Change

In the isentropic limit the mass, momentum, and energy equation for a compressible ideal gas reduce to:

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Substitute energy then mass into momentum:

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equation singular when M2 = 1 if M2 = 1, one needs dA = 0 area minimum necessary to transition from subsonic to supersonic flow!! can be shown area maximum not relevant

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Substitute from earlier-developed relations and get:

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Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow

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Area versus Mach number for a calorically perfect ideal gas

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Choking
Consider mass flow rate variation with pressure difference small pressure difference gives small velocity, small mass flow as pressure difference grows, velocity and mass flow rate grow velocity is limited to sonic at a particular duct location this provides fundamental restriction on mass flow rate can be proven rigorously that sonic condition gives maximum mass flow rate

A flow which has a maximum mass flow rate is known as choked flow. Flows will choke at area minima in a duct.
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Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle

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1. Pb = Po, Pb /Po = 1. No flow occurs. Pe = Pb, Me=0. 2. Pb > P* or P*/Po < Pb /Po < 1. Flow begins to increase as the back pressure is lowered. Pe = Pb, Me < 1. 3. Pb = P* or P*/Po = Pb /Po < 1. Flow increases to the choked flow limit as the back pressure is lowered to the critical pressure. Pe = Pb, Me=1. 4. Pb < P* or Pb /Po < P*/Po < 1. Flow is still choked and does not increase as the back pressure is lowered below the critical pressure, pressure drop from Pe to Pb occurs outside the nozzle. Pe = P*, Me=1. 5. Pb = 0. Results are the same as for item 4.
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Choking Example
Given: Air with stagnation conditions Po = 200 kPa To = 500 K flows through a throat to an exit with Mach number of 2.5. The desired mass flow is 3.0 kg/s, Find: a) throat area, b) exit pressure, c) exit temperature, d) exit velocity, and e) exit area.

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Analysis:

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Discharge Example

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Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle

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PA = Po, or PA/Po = 1. No flow occurs. Pe = Pb, Me = 0. Po > PB > PC > P* or P*/Po < PC/Po < PB/Po < 1. Flow begins to increase as the back pressure is lowered. The velocity increases in the converging section but M < 1 at the throat; thus, the diverging section acts as a diffuser with the velocity decreasing and pressure increasing. The flow remains subsonic through the nozzle. Pe = Pb and Me < 1. Pb = PC = P* or P*/Po = Pb/Po = PC/Po and Pb is adjusted so that M=1 at the throat. Flow increases to its maximum value at choked conditions; velocity increases to the speed of sound at the throat, but the converging section acts as a diffuser with velocity decreasing and pressure increasing. Pe = Pb, Me < 1.
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PC > Pb > PE or PE/Po < Pb/Po < PC/Po < 1. The fluid that achieved sonic velocity at the throat continues to accelerate to supersonic velocities in the diverging section as the pressure drops. This acceleration comes to a sudden stop, however, as a normal shock develops at a section between the throat and the exit plane. The flow across the shock is highly irreversible. The normal shock moves downstream away from the throat as Pb is decreased and approaches the nozzle exit plane as Pb approaches PE. When Pb = PE, the normal shock forms at the exit plane of the nozzle. The flow is supersonic through the entire diverging section in this case, and it can be approximated as isentropic. However, the fluid velocity drops to subsonic levels just before leaving the nozzle as it crosses the normal shock. PE > Pb > 0 or 0 < Pb/Po < PE/Po < 1. The flow in the diverging section is supersonic, and the fluids expand to PF at the nozzle exit with no normal shock forming within the nozzle. Thus the flow through the nozzle can be approximated as isentropic. When Pb = PF, no shocks occur within or outside the nozzle. When Pb < PF, irreversible mixing and expansion waves occur downstream of the exit plane or the nozzle. When Pb > PF, however, the pressure of the fluid increases from PF to Pb irreversibly in the wake or the nozzle exit, creating what are called oblique shocks.
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Example : Converging-Diverging Area

A converging-diverging nozzle has an exit-area-to-throat area ratio of 2. Air enters this nozzle with a stagnation pressure of 1000 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 500 K. The throat area is 8 cm2. Determine the mass flow rate, exit pressure, exit temperature, exit Mach number, and exit velocity for the following conditions: Sonic velocity at the throat, diverging section acting as a nozzle. Sonic velocity at the throat, diverging section acting as a diffuser.

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Analysis:
For A/A* = 2, Table A-32 yields two Mach numbers, one > 1 and one < 1. When the diverging section acts as a supersonic nozzle, we use the value for M > 1. Then, for AE/A* = 2.0, ME = 2.197, PE/Po = 0.0939, and TE/To = 0.5089,
PE = 0.0939 Po = 0.0939(1000 kPa ) = 93.9 kPa TE = 0.8333 To = 0.5089(500 K ) = 254.5 K

CE = kRTE m2 1000 2 kJ s = 14 . ( 0.287 )( 254.5K ) kJ kg K kg = 319.7

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r m m VE = M E CE = 2.197(319.7 ) = 702.5 s s

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The mass flow rate can be calculated at any known cross-sectional area where the properties are known. It normally is best to use the throat conditions. Since the flow has sonic conditions at the throat, Mt = 1, and
* T t = T = 0.8333 T T o o T = 0.8333 T = 0.8333(500 K ) = 416.6 K t o
r V = C = kRT t t t

m2 1000 kJ s2 = 1.4(0.287 )(416.6 K ) kJ kg K kg = 409.2 m s

* P t = P = 0.528 P P o o P = 0.528 P = 0.528(1000 kPa) = 528 kPa t o

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P* (528kPa ) kJ t = = = RT * ( 0.287 kJ )(416.6 K ) m3 kPa kg K kg = 4.416 3 m

*

r & = t AV m t t kg m m2 2 = 4.416 3 (8 cm )(409.2 ) m s (100 cm) 2 kg = 1446 . s

When the diverging section acts as a diffuser, we use M < 1. Then, for AE /A* = 2.0, ME = 0.308, PE /Po = 0.936, and TE /To = 0.9812,
PE = 0.0939 Po = 0.936(1000 kPa ) = 936 kPa TE = 0.8333 To = 0.9812(500 K ) = 490.6 K
CE = kRTE = 14 . (0.287 kJ )(490.6 K ) kg K 1000 m2 s2

kJ kg

m = 444.0 s

r m m VE = M E CE = 0.308( 444.0 ) = 136.7 s s

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Since M = 1 at the throat, the mass flow rate is the same as that in the first part because the nozzle is choked.