ME 231 Part 1

Engineering Thermodynamics I
Part 1: Introduction, control volume, state of a system

Prof. Alberto Passalacqua Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-2161 Academic year: 2013/2014
Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua Iowa State University 1/55
What is Thermodynamics?
The word comes from the combination of two Greek words:

(therme): heat (dynamis): power
The development of thermodynamics started with the study of energy transfers, between two forms of energy:
heat work
Joule's heat apparatus
(Picture from Wikipedia)
Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua
Iowa State University 2/55
Example applications of Thermodynamics
(Pictures from Wikipedia)
Thermodynamics
Classical
Observer is outside the system and looks at its interactions with the external environment Macroscopic effects of the motion of particles Statistical means of properties Individual particles are not considered!
Statistical
Observer is inside the system and considers the interactions among particles Quantum mechanics studies the elementary interactions in the system Statistical chemistry uses quantum mechanics to compute macroscopic quantities
Some information on this course
Instructor
Dr. Alberto Passalacqua Office: 2074 Black Engineering E-mail: albertop@iastate.edu Office hours
When does it work for you?
Course material
Textbook M. J. Moran and H. N. Shapiro, D. D. Boettner, M. B. Bailey, Fundamentals of Engineering th Thermodynamics, 7 Edition, Wiley, 2011 Lecture slides Available on Blackboard in PDF format
Course outcomes
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Demonstrate appropriate use of thermodynamic terminology and concepts. Define appropriate system boundaries for analyzing a variety of thermodynamic components and systems. Fix the states of pure substances and determine the relationships among pressure, temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy using tables, charts and equations. Determine and calculate the appropriate mass and energy transfers and properties to solve steady state and transient open and closed system applications with any number of heat, work, and mass flows. Determine when a process is reversible, irreversible, or impossible.
Prerequisites
The following courses are prerequisites for ME 231:

MATH 265 CHEM 167 PHYS 222
Prerequisites test on Blackboard to be completed by Friday, Aug. 30th.
Expectations
Read the syllabus

Exam dates Course rules
Solve homework problems

Homework does not have to be turned in, and won't be graded. Solving homework problems is key to prepare for exams. The solutions for the homework assignments will be posted automatically on Blackboard at 3 PM on the assigned due date. If you have questions concerning homework problems, ask the Instructor!
Attend each lecture

Sign the attendance sheet at every lecture Inform the instructor if you are unable to attend the lecture
Study regularly
Learning thermodynamics requires time and effort. Spread the effort over time: don't wait until the last minute! It is not recommended to wait until the week of the exam to study. Study the book chapters corresponding to each lecture. The chapters you have to read are listed at the beginning of each section in the lecture notes.
Exams and grading

Your final grade is calculated as follows:
5% - attendance and class participation 20% - first exam 25% - second exam 25% - third exam 25% - fourth exam
Percentage grade 85 100% 80 85% 75 80% 70 75% 65 70% 60 65% 55 60% 50 55% 0 50%
Letter grade A AB+
B BC+ C CF
Exams
This course had four exams. Exam dates are in the syllabus The first three exams will be at the same time of the lecture on the exam day
Problems given in the exams are similar to those solved during class lectures, homework assignments and in the textbook. Attending class, studying regularly, and reading the assigned textbook chapters are the best way to prepare for each exam. Each student must follow the policy of academic honesty of Iowa State University. With regard to graded assignments and exams, any failures to abide by the academic honesty policy of Iowa State University will be dealt with as specified in the ISU student handbook.
Exam rules

Exams are closed book. You may not use

Textbook (theory part). Lecture slides. Handwritten notes. Cellular phones, smart phones, tablet computers, laptop computers and any other device capable of connecting to the Internet or to a cellular network.
You may use

A scientific calculator (not programmable) Steam tables (you may use the steam tables in the printed version of the book).
Bring them with you at exams!
You are not allowed to refer to the theory chapters of the book during an exam.
Exam rules
You are required to indicate the steps you followed to obtain the solution of the problems exam problems. Your solution must be written clearly and in a readable manner. Poorly written or unclear parts will not be graded.
If you cannot take the exam because of a medical problem or a conflict with another university-sponsored activity, obtain my approval at least one week in advance.
Special accommodation
Disabilities If you have a documented disability that requires assistance, you will need to go to the Disability Resource (DR) Office first, for me to make any accommodations The DR is located in the Student Services Building, Room 1076. Their phone number is 515-294-7220 TDD 515-294-6335.
Part 1: Introduction, control volume, state of a system
Topics
Thermodynamic systems Control volume Properties of a system State of a system and process Dimensional units Equation of state p-v-T surface and diagrams
Readings
Chapter 1 Chapter 3
Learning outcomes

Understand the concepts of thermodynamic system Distinguish between open, closed, adiabatic and isolated system Understand the concepts of control volume, state, property, process Use the SI and Imperial unit system Apply problem-solving methodology Understand the concept of equation of state Read a p v T diagram Understand the concept of saturation pressure and temperature Read phase diagrams and explain phase change phenomena Understand the concepts of two-phase liquid-vapor mixture
The concept of thermodynamic system
We call system the subject of our study

All the examples we have seen before are thermodynamic systems We did not mention one important and very complex example of thermodynamic system...
Our body!
(Picture from Wikipedia, Luc Viatour / www.Lucnix.be)
Basic concepts about thermodynamic systems

External environment
System
Boundary
Types of thermodynamic systems
A system is classified based on its interactions with the surrounding environment:

Isolated system

It cannot exchange any property with the external environment No mass exchange No energy exchange It cannot exchange matter and heat with the external environment It can exchange other forms of energy It cannot exchange mass with the external environment It can exchange energy It can exchange any property with the external environment Mass and energy exchanges are possible
Adiabatic system

Closed system

Open system

Control volume
A tree is an open system

Mass exchanges

Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nutrients Water Sun
Energy exchanges
Where does the exchange happen?

(Picture from Wikipedia, Brian Green)
Control volume
A tree is an open system

Mass exchanges

Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nutrients Water Sun
Energy exchanges
Where does the exchange happen?

At the boundary!
(Picture from Wikipedia, Brian Green)
Roots included
How to choose the control volume
The control volume is chosen based on

What is the goal of the analysis of the system What is known about the system
What is known at the boundary of the specific control volume we are thinking to choose? If we choose this control volume, we need to know what happens inside the tree!
Properties of a system
A property is a characteristic of a system to which we can at any given time assign a numerical value without knowing the history of the system (properties can be measured!) Examples
Mass Energy Pressure Temperature
Extensive property
Unique value for the overall system Additive Depend on system size May depend on time Mass, energy, volume
Intensive property
Value depends on position Does not depend on system size May depend on time Temperature, pressure, density, concentration
Phase
Definition: We call phase a quantity of matter that is homogeneous in both physical structure and chemical composition.
Homogeneity in structure: all solid, all liquid, all gas, More than one phase can coexist in a system:
Water (liquid) Ice (solid) Steam (vapor)
A system with more than one phase is called heterogeneous The zones of the system that separate different phases are called inter-phase surfaces (improperly interface)
(Picture from Wikipedia)
Pure substance
Definition: A pure substance is a system with homogeneous, defined and constant composition, characterized by specific physical and chemical properties.
Various examples:

Metals: Fe, Cr, Au, Cu Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Covalent solids: C, Si, B, Sb Molecular substances: H2, N2, H2O, CH4, Drinking water is not a pure substance (salts, impurities, )
A pure substance can exist in multiple phases, as long as its chemical composition is the same in all the phases
State of a system and process
The state of a system is the condition the system has, as it is described by its properties Typically, a subset of properties of the system defines its state, and the other properties can be found from those used to define the system state
Example: the state of an ideal gas is define once we specify its temperature and pressure. The volume can be found from the equation of state.
A system whose properties do not change in time is said to be at steady state (Note: none of the system properties have to change to be at steady state!) A process is a transformation which involves a change of some of the properties of a system in time. A process corresponds to a change of the system state.
Equilibrium state
Definition: A state of a thermodynamic system is said to be an equilibrium state if the properties of the system remain unchanged and its intensive properties are uniform.
Consider a gas in a closed volume
Volume is constant (piston does not move) Temperature is constant and uniform Pressure is constant and uniform Mass of gas is constant

The gas is in equilibrium conditions We will study the equilibrium thermodynamics in this course
State of a thermodynamic system

Observation: the state of a thermodynamic system is exactly defined by the three thermodynamic quantities pressure p, volume V and temperature T.
Once the set of data (p, V, T) is known, the thermodynamic state of the system is known too We have to learn to measure
Pressure Volume (density) Temperature
Dimensional units
SI units (Systme International d'Units)

Preferred: decimal system Seven base units
Unit name meter kilogram second Ampere Kelvin mole candela Unit symbol m kg s A K mol cd Quantity length mass time electric current temperature amount of substance luminous intensity Quantity symbol l m t I T n Iv Dimension symbol L M T I N J
SI multiples and fractions

Multiples
Name Symbol Factor deca da 101 hecto h 102 kilo k 103 mega M 106 giga G 109 tera T 1012 peta P 1015 exa E 1018 zetta Z 1021 yotta Y 1024
Fractions
Name Symbol Factor deci d 10-1 centi c 10-2 milli m 10-3 micro 10-6 nano n 10-9 pico p 10-12 femto f 10-15 atto a 10-18 zepto z 10-21 yocto y 10-24
Symbols of multiples and fractions always precede the main unit symbol (Example: mm, cm, dm, ) There is no space between the two symbols
How to write SI unit symbols
Unit symbols are written after the numerical value of the quantity, separated by a space (Example: 10 m, not 10m) Derived units obtained by multiplication are indicated either with a dot or with a non-break space (Example: Pas or Pa s) Derived units obtained by division are indicated with / or a negative exponent (Example: m/s, ms-1 or m s-1). Note that / can be used only once (Example: kg/(m s), not kg/m/s) Unit symbols are not followed by a period Unit symbols must be written in Roman font (m for meter). Italic is reserved to quantity symbols (m for mass) Unit symbols are not pluralized (Example: kg, not kgs) Line breaks involving numerical values and its unit should be avoided. If required, the numerical value can be separated from its unit, while breaks inside composed units should be avoided
Other systems of dimensional units
Imperial
Not rational Difficult conversion factors Adoption limited to a few countries You must know it. It is extensively used in the profession and in many manuals. Find a complete conversion table and keep it in your notes. You may use it during tests.
Volumic mass and specific volume
The volumic mass (or density) is the mass per unit volume of a body Units
SI: [kg/m3] Imperial: [lb/ft3]
The specific volume is the reciprocal of the volumic mass In terms of moles, it is defined as vol/(n. of moles):
Molecular weight
Amount of substance
Moles Avogadro's number

Number of molecules in a mole of a substance 6.02214129(27)1023 1/mol (~ 6.022 x 1023 1/mol)
Example
30g of N2, M = 28 g/mol, n = 15/14 mol 30kg of N2, M = 28 kg/kmol, n = 15/14 kmol
Pressure

What is pressure? Measured with

Manometers Transducers
SI units
Pascal [Pa] 1 Pa = 1 N / 1 m2
Other units
1 bar = 105 Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa = 14.7 psi = 14.7 lbf/in2 = 760 mmHg
= 29.2 inHg
Absolute and relative pressure
Relative pressure (gage)
To avoid negative values
Temperature and zeroth law of Thermodynamics

Temperature indicates how hot a system is. If the temperature is constant and uniform, there is no heat transfer
Thermal equilibrium
Zeroth law of Thermodynamics: If a system is in thermal equilibrium with two other systems, then also the two other bodies are in equilibrium Two systems in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature
Measuring temperature
SI units
Kelvin [K] Fundamental SI unit Absolute scale: reference is the absolute zero (not reachable, based on the third law of Thermodynamics)
Celsius
T(K) = T(C) + 273.15
Fahrenheit
T(K) = 5[T(F) 32]/9 + 273.15
Rankine
T(R) = T(F) + 459.67
Problem solving strategies
Carefully extract all the known data from the text of the problem
Most mistakes are caused by rushed reading of the problem text!
List what you have to calculate

Focus your effort Do not forget to answer all the questions
Sketch a diagram of the problem

Include the relevant elements Define the control volume Consider interactions, exchanges,
Make assumptions to simplify the problem Apply physical laws and write equations to describe the system Solve the equations to find the solution to the physical problem Check that results are meaningful
Example: A negative mass, or a negative absolute temperature are not acceptable! You must develop the ability of recognizing unphysical results
An example of problem solving sheet

Data Unknowns m = 2.4 kg 1) Summarize data with symbols 2) Write down unknowns 4) Write results back here: it's easier to find if you need them!
Solution The definition of density is
3) Explain steps clearly
So we have
Equation of state
We know from Physics that, for a gas we have three laws that relate temperature T, pressure p, and volume V:
T = T(p, V) p = p(V, T) V = V(p, T)
Such relations, due to Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac, are independent only for ideal gases. For real gases or condensed phases, such relations depend on the system, and only two among T, p, V are independent
A relation among these variables exists, and it is called equation of state:
Equation of state
The equation of state f(p, V, T) = 0 defines a surface in the Cartesian space p, V, T
A process (thermodynamic transformation), namely any continuous set of values of the three variables p, V, T, is represented by a line in the same diagram
Euler's relations

Let's assume f(x, y, z) = 0 is defined. If we consider x = x(y, z), then
If we consider y = y(x, z), then
Substituting the second expression in the first and collecting
The p V T surface
The p V T surface is the three-dimensional representation of the equation of state

f(p, V, T) = 0
Single-phase regions on the surface include solid, liquid, and vapor Two-phase regions are located between single-phase regions, where two phases exist in equilibrium: liquidvapor, solid-vapor, solid-liquid Specific volume is used!
The p V T surface
The dome-shaped region composed of the two-phase liquid-vapor states is called the vapor dome A state at which a phase change begins or ends is called a saturation state. Lines bordering the vapor dome are called the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines
The p V T surface
At the top of the dome, where saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines meet, is the critical point Critical temperature (Tc) is the maximum temperature at which liquid and vapor phases can coexist in equilibrium Critical pressure (pc) is pressure at the critical point.
Phase diagrams
Phase diagrams are projections of the p V T surface onto the p T plane Saturation temperature designates the temperature at which a phase change takes place at a given pressure Saturation pressure is the pressure at which a phase change takes place at a given temperature Within two-phase regions pressure and temperature are not independent.
The three phases coexist here: triple point

Phase diagrams
Melting/solidification point Vaporization/ condensation point
Sublimation point
p v and T v diagrams
Projection of the p v T surface onto the pressurespecific volume plane results in a p v diagram Projection of the p v T surface onto the temperaturespecific volume plane results in a T v diagram
More details on p v diagrams
l compressed liquid
s superheated vapor
g saturated vapor Between f and g liquid and vapor coexist

f saturated liquid
More details on p v diagrams
When a mixture of liquid and vapor exists in equilibrium, the liquid phase is a saturated liquid and the vapor phase is a saturated vapor Vapor mass fraction (quality):
Saturated liquid: x = 0 Saturated vapor: x = 1 Superheated vapor (point s): vapor at T > saturation temperature
Euler's relations
If we choose x and z as independent variables, such relation has to be valid for all the values of x and z, so coefficients must be identically null, leading to:
Euler's relations
Equation of state
If we assume the function f of the equation of state f(p, V, T) is defined, we can define the following quantities:
Expansion coefficient at constant pressure Isothermal compressibility factor
Equation of state
Since we can write, with good approximation
Using Euler's relation
If we consider the equation of state of an ideal gas
End Part 1

ME 231 Part 1

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Engineering Thermodynamics I

Part 1: Introduction, control volume, state of a system

The word comes from the combination of two Greek words:

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 2/55

Example applications of Thermodynamics

(Pictures from Wikipedia)

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 3/55

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Some information on this course

When does it work for you?

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 5/55

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 6/55

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 7/55

MATH 265 CHEM 167 PHYS 222

Prerequisites test on Blackboard to be completed by Friday, Aug. 30th.

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 8/55

Read the syllabus

Solve homework problems

Attend each lecture

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 9/55

Exams and grading

Letter grade A AB+

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 11/55

Exams are closed book. You may not use

You may use

Bring them with you at exams!

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 13/55

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 14/55

Part 1: Introduction, control volume, state of a system

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 15/55

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 16/55

The concept of thermodynamic system

We call system the subject of our study

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 17/55

Basic concepts about thermodynamic systems

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 18/55

Types of thermodynamic systems

A system is classified based on its interactions with the surrounding environment:

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

A tree is an open system

Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nutrients Water Sun

Where does the exchange happen?

Engineering Thermodynamics I A. Passalacqua

Iowa State University 20/55

A tree is an open system

Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nutrients Water Sun

Where does the exchange happen?