SAIFI system average interruption frequency index (number of interruptions per customer) ASAI average system availability index per annum, e.g., 8700 hours of available service (8700/8760) = 99.32%
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Transient: Oscillatory
Definition:
a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both positive and negative polarity values.
Categories Typical Spectral Content Typical Duration
1.2 Oscillatory 1.2.1 Low Frequency 1.2.2 Medium Frequency 1.2.3 High Frequency < 5 kHz 5 - 500 kHz 0.5 - 5 MHz .3 - 50 ms 20 s 5 s 0 - 4 pu 0 - 8 pu 0 - 4 pu
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30
40
50
60
70
BMI/Electrotek
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A transient event due capacitor bank energization Current waveform for phase A
9997 Phase A Current Wave Fault 400 300 200 100
Amps
30
40
50
60
70
BMI/Electrotek
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25
50
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Sustained Interruption
RMS voltage during 2003 Northeast blackout
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Understanding the Cost of Power Interruptions to U.S. Electricity Consumers, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 9/2004
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Source: Grid 2030 a national vision for electricitys second 100 years
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Source: Grid 2030 a national vision for electricitys second 100 years
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V1 =
Customer Bus
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Symptoms: (1893)
Solutions: (1895) Redesigned: with distributed windings Voltage waveshape: very close to sinusoidal No more PQ problems at the generator terminals !!
Root cause:
Voltage waveshape at the generator terminals was not sinusoidal (!!) but distorted Synchronous generators had concentrated windings Transmission line resonance
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Absolute PQ Solutions ??
Got holistic solutions to all PQ problems ? Technologies to get rid of offending currents Technologies to get rid of system impedances
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2.5 s
2.5 s
Distribution Substation
Substation Monitor
Recloser
Feeder Monitor
CB
Feeder A Circuit Breakers
Substation Monitor
x x
Fault
CB
Feeder B
2.5 s
2.5 s
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Sequence of Events
Second event: 09:12:02.80
This is 21 cycles After the first event
Unsuccessful reclose
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Sequence of Events
Third event: 09:12:20.17 18 sec after the second event Successful reclose
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Parallel resonance
When the system resonant frequencies corresponds to one of the harmonic frequencies being produced by the nonlinear load (characteristic frequencies), harmonic resonance can occur.
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http://www.teslasociety.com/
N. Tesla, The Future of the Wireless Art, Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony, 1908
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