RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION IDENTIFICATIONS CHAPTER 16 Black Codes southern state laws passed during Reconstruction to impose restrictions on former

mer slaves. Carpetbaggers northerners who went South to participate in Reconstruction governments; although they possessed a variety of motives, southerners often viewed them as opportunistic, poor whites a carpetbag was cheap luggagehoping to exploit the South Civil Rights Bill of 1866 congressional attempt to provide the freedman full and equal benefit of all laws. Compromise of 1877 agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden; under its terms, the South accepted Hayess election. In return, the North agreed to remove the last troops from the South, support southern railroads, and accept a southerner into the Cabinet. The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered to mark the end of Reconstruction. Fifteenth Amendment (1870) granted black males the right to vote and split former abolitionists and womens rights supporters, who wanted women included as well. Force Acts a series of laws designed to protect black suffrage by authorizing use of the army against the KKK. Fourteenth Amendment (1868) granted citizenship to any person born or naturalized in the United States; this amendment protects citizens from abuses by state governments, and ensures due process and equal protection of the law. It overrode the Dred Scott decision. Freedmens Bureau a U.S. government-sponsored agency that provided food, established schools, and tried to redistribute land to former slaves as part of Radical Reconstruction; it was most effective in education, where it created over 4,000 schools in the South. Johnson, Andrew vice president who took over after Lincolns assassination; an ex-Democrat with little sympathy for former slaves, his battles with Radical Republicans resulted in his impeachment in 1868; he avoided conviction and removal from office by one vote. Ku Klux Klan terrorist organization active throughout the South during Reconstruction and after, dedicated to maintaining white supremacy; through violence and intimidation, it tried to stop freedmen from exercising their rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments. Radical Republicans Republic faction in Congress who demanded immediate emancipation of the slaves at the wars beginning; after the war, they favored racial equality, voting rights, and land distribution for the former slaves. Lincoln and Johnson opposed their ideas as too extreme. Scalawags white southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments; generally eligible to vote, they were usually considered traitors to their states.

Stevens, Thaddeus uncompromising Radical Republican who wanted to revolutionize the South by giving equality to blacks; a leader in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, he hoped for widespread land distribution to former slaves. Ten-Percent Plan reconstruction plan of Lincoln and Johnson; when 10 percent of the number of voters in 1860 took an oath of allegiance, renounced secession, and approved the Thirteenth Amendment, a southern state could form a government and elect congressional representatives. The plan involved no military occupation and provided no help for freedmen. It was rejected by Radical Republicans in December 1865. Tenure of Office Act (1867) Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnsons authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions. Thirteenth Amendment (1865) abolished slavery everywhere in the United States. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill that provided the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union; it required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, the disenfranchisement of Confederate officials, and the repudiation of Confederate debt. Lincoln killed the bill with a pocket veto.