Dilatometry

LEC 02.18

Related concepts State variables, linear thermal expansion, volume expansion, heat capacity, lattice potential, equilibrium separation, intermolecular interaction. Principle The linear expansion of solid bodies and the volume expansion of water are functions of temperature. In order to investigate expansion, tubes made of brass, steel, copper, aluminium and glass are clamped tight at one end, and water from a temperature controlled bath is circulated through them. The change in length at various temperatures is measured using a dilatometer. The measurement of the volume change of water is achieved using a flat-bottomed flask with an upright graduated tube, which is located in a temperature controlled bath (pycnometer). Tasks 1. Measure the linear expansion of brass, steel, copper, aluminium and Duran glass at five different temperatures in a range between 20C and 70C using a dilatometer. Calculate the linear expansion coefficients. 2. Determine the volume of a defined mass of water with a pycnometer at five different temperatures in a range between 20C and 70C.

Equipment Dilatometer with clock gauge Brass tube Iron tube Glass tube Copper tube Aluminium tube Retort stand, h = 750 mm Right angle clamp Universal clamp Precision balance, 620g Syringe 1 ml Cannula 0.6 x 60 mm Glass beaker, 100 ml, tall Flask, flat bottom, 100 ml, IGJ19/26 Measuring tube, l = 300 mm, IGJ19/26 Immersion thermostat, 100C Accessory set for immersion thermostat Bath for thermostat, 6 l, Makrolon Rubber tubing, di = 6 mm Hose clip, d = 812 mm Wash bottle, 500 ml Water, distilled, 5 l

04233.00 04231.02 04231.03 04231.04 04231.05 04231.06 37694.00 37697.00 37715.00 48852.93 02593.03 02599.04 36002.00 35811.01 03024.00 08492.93 08492.01 08487.02 39282.00 40996.01 33931.00 31246.81

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1

Fig. 1. Experimental set-up.

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Chemistry PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen

P3021801

LEC 02.18
Set-up and procedure Set up the experiment as shown in Fig.1 and Fig. 2. Fig. 2:

Dilatometry

Theory and evaluation An increase in the temperature of a solid body intensifies oscillation of the atoms in the lattice. This causes the average distance between the atoms to be increased, and with this, an increase in the volume V at constant pressure p. g dV 1 a b V dT p (1)

g is the cubic coefficient of expansion. If only one dimension is considered (e.g. length), one obtains the linear coefficient of expansion a. a where l dl 1 a b l dT p (2)

Total length of the body

In a fluid, a temperature increase intensifies the thermal movement of the particles and hence increases the volume. (An exception is the anomalous behaviour of water between 0C and 4C). V g (3) V0 T a 1. Measurement of linear expansion Clamp the first tube over its whole length (600 mm) in the dilatometer and connect it to the circulating pump of the thermostat via rubber tubing. Keep the tubing as far as possible away from the dilatometer in order not to heat up the frame of the dilatometer. For the same reason, avoid long periods of readjustment of the temperature controlled bath and set the temperature only with the accuracy of the thermostatic control. After the initial temperature (approximately 20C) has been reached, set the meter to 0, and then raise the temperature in four steps, each of 10C to 15C. Record the respective changes in length and the corresponding temperatures. Repeat this measurement series with each of the remaining four materials. 2. Measurement of change in volume First calibrate the pycnometer. To do this, determine the empty mass of the flat-bottomed flask with graduated tube, then fill the flask with water and refit the graduated tube. Use a syringe with a cannula to fill the graduated tube up to approximately the 100 mark. Now warm the filled pycnometer to 80C in the temperature controlled bath to remove any dissolved gases. After this, subject it to temperature equilibriation at 25C, and meticulously remove all gas bubbles (Caution: knocking on the graduated tube can easily cause it to break!). Now read off the fluid level in the graduated tube, carefully dry its outer surface, and again accurately weigh the pycnometer. Use the injection syringe to add 1 ml water to the upright graduated tube and temperature equilibrate the new volume at the same temperature. Again read off the level and weigh the apparatus. Repeat this process for various fill levels. From these values and the density of water (0.997 g/cm3 at 25C) calculate the volume corresponding to one graduation. This value should be about 0.01 ml. With the empty mass of the pycnometer, the absolute value can be derived. After calibration, measure the water volume at five different temperatures between 20C and 70C. l l0 T (4)

V0 l0

Initial volume prior to temperature change Corresponding initial length

To evaluate the experiment, prepare plots of the changes in the length of the tubes and the volume change of water versus the temperature (Figs. 3 to 8). Calculate the coefficients of expansion from the slopes using equations (3) and (4). In the case of materials with temperature-dependent coefficients of expansion, the plot does not give a straight line; the coefficient of expansion can only be calculated for temperature intervals or expressed as approximate polynomials. Data and results In the cases of all of the five materials tested, the length is a linear function of temperature in the temperature range selected. Linear coefficient of expansion: Experiment Brass Copper Aluminium Steel Duran glass * (depends upon type) The cubic coefficient of expansion of water is temperature dependent (Fig. 8). In the temperature range between 20C and 30C, it is calculated to be 2.75 10-4 K-1. For the temperature range considered in this experiment, it can be formulated as V = V0 + 14.36 0.114 T1 + 2.215 T2. 1.847 10-5 K-1 1.603 10-5 K-1 2.212 10-5 K-1 1.170 10-5 K-1 2.933 10-5 K-1 Reference 1.8 10-5 K-1 1.5 10-5 K-1 2.3 10-5 K-1 *1.2 10-5 K-1 *3.6 10-5 K-1

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PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Chemistry PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen

Dilatometry

LEC 02.18

Fig. 3: Length change (l) of the brass pipe as function of temperature lbrass mm

Fig. 4: Length change (l) of the copper pipe as function of temperature lcopper mm

Fig. 5: Length change (l) of the aluminium pipe as function of temperature laluminium mm

Fig. 6: Length change (l) of the steel pipe as function of temperature

lsteel mm

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Chemistry PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen

P3021801

LEC 02.18

Dilatometry

Fig. 7: Length change (l) of the Duran glass pipe as function of temperature lglass 1 Duran 2 mm

Fig. 8: Volume of water as function of temperature V water ml

P3021801

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Chemistry PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen