ILIGAN MEDICAl CENTER COLLEGE

CAPSULE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

(1) Program / Project Title A Study Review on Violations of Non-Wearing of Prescribed School Uniform: Its Implication to Campus Security and Institutional Policy (2) Program/Project Leader Gender/Agency/Address/Telephone/Fax/Email Project Leader: Reynaldo O. Mancia Dean, Department of Student Affairs (DSA) Iligan Medical Center College Research Assistants: Jose Dennis O. Mancia Michaellester O. Monteron (3) Implementing Agency Iligan Medical Center College (IMCC) (4) Cooperating Department Agency Campus Security Guidance Office (5) Research and Development Station Iligan Medical Center College San Miguel Village, Pala-o, Iligan City 9200

(6) Research Area (please check) Institutional Policy

(7) Introduction
Non-wearing of school uniforms in colleges and schools in Iligan City has been a perennially provoking issue, not only in terms of its implications to the standard school policies, but also in terms of its impact to campus security. Students and school administrators, to some extent, has been arguing on the advantages and disadvantages of wearing prescribed school uniforms, with students usually questioning its legal implication, and with the administration pushing for its legality insofar as school policies are concerned. Hence, the provision of dress code in school has emerged to be one such heated topic. Many schools believe uniform is necessary in an environment like school whereas, many others view it as restriction imposed on students. It is a much debated subject, with both the parties holding equal number of valid reasons. For those who favor wearing of school uniform, a fixed dress code helps the students perform academically better. Students concentrate more on their studies rather than on deciding their wardrobe. Apart from removing distraction, uniforms compel students to take school environment more seriously. In some cases, students tend to be misjudged and ridiculed by others due to the kind of clothes they wear. Thus, uniforms reduce social conflict and violence in the schools. As per the US Department of Education, the enforcement of a standard dress/uniform in schools reduces violence within the school. It is seen that at a lot of times violence arises out of debates over fashionable clothes. On the other hand, one of the most profound benefits of having schools uniforms is that, they are highly cost effective and relieve the parents from the burden of buying fashionable and expensive clothes every now and then. Many parents have agreed on this and have also mentioned that schools uniforms are sometime more durable as they are made for repeated wash and wear. Parents can also buy used school uniforms at discount prices or they can do the hand-me-downs between siblings. Students in schools with uniforms are believed to perform better because they are not distracted by their wardrobes. Another general assumption is that students who wear uniforms behave more appropriately and are more likely to follow the school rules. Moreover, schools which support the use of uniforms are of the opinion that designer clothes do not determine ones individuality or talent. Some believe that uniforms help build a school spirit or a sense of belonging. On the other hand, however, those who are not in favor of dress code or wearing of school uniforms argue that school uniforms surely curb the self-expression of a child. Sociologists believe that it may lead to inappropriate ways of expression by students, such as improper use of makeup and jewelry. Another reason argued against school uniforms is that they deprive the students of their individuality. The stress on a uniform dress code in school opposes the spirit of unity in diversity and its celebration. It is even claimed to restrict socialization, a vital aspect of human nature. In comparison to civil dress, school uniforms prove to be futile and wasteful once the student is out of school. Some parents consider that uniforms for schools are a waste of money. Another ill effect of school uniform is that, it deprives the students the comfort, which one experiences on wearing different type of clothing, as per individual choice. This discomfort might adversely reflect upon the academic performance of the child. A student in uniform may be targeted for bullying by children of other schools. Some students do not like to be bound by any rules and to force them to wear uniforms is like arousing hostility in them. Uniforms will only aggravate their rebellious nature. Adversaries insist that there is no credible evidence that uniforms improve a students school discipline or encourage higher academic achievement. Studies have shown that, some students who excel in academics have a terrible dressing sense. So, it does not matter how a student dresses, however, it is important that the student should be allowed to dress in way he or she likes. Another argument is that a student should be allowed to make his or decision when it comes to uniforms. If the student is not bothered or is unaffected by the fact that, he/she has to wear a uniform, there is no scope for worries for the parents. On the other hand, if a student resists the idea of wearing a uniform, it is better that the parents do not force him. A student should, therefore, be allowed to make his/her own decision whether or not to wear a uniform. Another important area to be considered in the debate is the security implication of non-wearing of prescribed school uniform among students. In IMCC where campus security is of primordial concern, dress code and wearing of prescribed school uniform is being strictly implemented, as prescribed and mandated in Part V of the Student Handbook of 2009. As stipulated, IMCC Code of Conduct serves as the framework in order to achieve harmony, s afety and facilitate the total formation of students. Policies and guidelines were created in order to: 1) promote the general welfare and the protection of every individual in the IMCC community; 2) set guidelines and standards of behavior inside and outside campus; 3) preserve our Filipino values with regard to modesty and decency, therefore all IMCC students are required to 1) wear the prescribed school uniform; 2) no student is allowed to enter the campus without the prescribed uniform; 3) no student is allowed to wear the prescribed uniform in places such as movie houses, bars, disco pubs, and other places of ill-repute.. Also, as an applied policy in the Code of Conduct, wearing of prescribed school uniform is meant to discourage entry of non-IMCC students who may commit crime, create chaos, and cause disturbance inside the campus.

(8) Significance
As most people would probably believe, the predominant mode of HIV transmission is through sexual contact. The risk of acquiring HIV infection during a single sexual contact depends on several factors. Most important, of course, is the likelihood that the contact is with an HIV-infected partner. Because the prevalence of HIV varies widely between populations within regions as well as between countries, the rates of sexual transmission also vary. Other factors affecting the efficiency of sexual transmission include the type of sexual practice; the infectivity of the source partner; coexisting sexually transmitted infections in either partner, particularly those causing genital ulceration; and consistency of condom use. HIV transmission has been attributed to vaginal, anal and, less frequently, oral intercourse. The long term objectives of conducting a research study on the sexual practices and the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS among the female commercial sex workers in Iligan City are: (1) to determine the different sexual practices and behaviors to which female commercial sex workers are engaged in; (2) to provide an early warning system for the potential spread of HIV/AIDS to the general population; (3) to aid in planning and designing appropriate interventions for sex workers and their sexual partners; (4) to monitor the impact on sex workers of the national response to the HIV epidemic including interventions targeted at sex workers, and (5) to provide information to help mobilize an increased response to HIV. Declining trends in HIV and STI prevalence and rising trends in safer sex behavior can help increase public and political support for HIV prevention activities, whereas trends in the opposite direction argue for renewed efforts to promote safe behavior among sex workers and their sex partners.

(9) Review of Related Literature

What are the disadvantages of wearing uniform to school?

In: Education [Edit categories]
Answer: PROS of having uniforms 1. Many think that school uniforms help maintain school discipline, decreasing the amount of discipline problems 2. Professional - Some say that a child in a school uniform is more likely to take school seriously 3. No distractions 4. No Uniforms have little or no relation to acedemics 5. Children tend to be misjudged and ridiculed by others due to the kind of clothes they wear. Thus, uniforms reduce social conflict and violence in the schools. CONS of having uniforms 1. they deprive the children of their individuality 2. High cost of uniforms 3. Freedom of expression is stifled - school uniform will remove from students the opportunities to express themselves. 4. The first one is that it might make some students feel uncomfortable. 5. If their uniforms do not suit them, they might feel ashamed of it during 6. their school days. This is not good for teenagers' mental health and could cause depression. 7. Students cannot work in something that they don't like to wear. 8. Uniforms are one of the causes of juvenile delinquency. Some students feel frustrated because they cannot pick out what they

wear to school. This frustration might make them feel violent, which could lead to juvenile crimes. -expensive -no right to choose what to wear -no creativity -no freedom of expression -inappropriate use of jewelry or makeup The advantages of school uniforms are... preventing gang colors, ect. in schools decreasing violence and theft because of clothing and shoes and... instilling disipline among students the disadvantages of school uniforms are parents raise consern about the cost

(10) Objectives General Objective: This study aims to assess the sexual behaviors and practices of female sex workers in Iligan City and recommend actions for health intervention and policy formulation. Specific Objectives: Specifically, this study seeks to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Determine the demographic profile of respondents in terms of age, marital status, number of children/dependents; educational attainment and income of street-based and commercial-based FSWs; Determine the different sexual behaviors and practices in terms of frequency of sexual contact and activity; use of contraceptives , multiple partner practices; type of sex work and services, and clienteles, Determine the different motivations and/or reasons of FSWs in engaging in sexual practices and activities; Compare the profile of sexual practices and behaviors of street-based and commercial-based FSWs.

(10) Methodology The respondents shall mainly come from within the most vulnerable population to HIV/AIDS in Iligan City. Snowball strategy will be used among female sex workers to ensure maximum number of respondents. If respondents are minors, two copies of free prior informed consent will be administered before the actual conduct of the interview. For respondents who

are above 17 years old, strict observance of research ethics, particularly in the administration of free prior informed consent shall also be conducted prior to the interview proper. KIIs shall be conducted individually in a private and secure place away from distractions and disturbance. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES MODE OF DATA COLLECTION MAIN VARIABLES/ INDICATORS TO BE COLLECTED . age, marital status; number of children; educational attainment; income and general health status. RESPONDENTS/ PARTICIPANTS

1. To determine the demographic profile of female commercial sex workers in terms of age, marital status, number of children and educational attainment and income;

. conduct face-to-face interview with female commercial sex workers using guided questionnaire.

. target respondents

2. To determine the sexual practices and behaviors of the respondents;

. conduct face-to-face interviews with respondents using guided questionnaire;

. Sexual behaviors and practices such as frequency of sexual contact and activity; use of contraceptives , multiple partner practices; type of sex work and services, and clienteles, etc.

. FSWs;

3. To determine the motivations in engaging in sexual activity of target respondents.

. conduct face-to-face interviews with respondents using guided questionnaire; . conduct analytical comparison of profile re different sexual practices and behaviors of street-based and commercial-based FSWs.

. motivation of engaging in sexual activity of FSWs.

. FSWs;

4. Compare the profile of sexual practices and behaviors of street-based and commercialbased FSWs.

. different sexual practices and behaviors of street-based and commercial-based FSWs.

. FSWs

In analyzing data, use of statistical tools like computing percentages and constructing graphs to show differences of sexual practices and behaviors between street-based and commercial based FSWs shall be applied. To understand better how the data will be treated and interpreted in the study, strict ethical consideration of confidentiality shall be observed. Data codification shall be employed and personal circumstances of respondents will be strictly coded using aliases and other means. In the collection and interpretation of data, interpreters and statisticians will only be given coded information. If the need arises for interpreters and statisticians to obtain specific information to validate data that need exposure of respondent, respective interviewer must accompany the respondent, with prior consent, before another interview will be undertaken. All data and information shall be kept in password computers/compact disks/flask disks and locked cabinet in the research office that only the Project Leader and the Research Director have access to. In the event that information has to be destroyed after five (5) years, paper and CD shredders shall be used to obliterate all information that, in one way or another, has relation to the study. In terms of the dialect to be used in the study, Cebuano or local (Visayan) will be employed in administering interview guide. The researcher will make sure that languages used in the KIIs are understood by participants. In data processing, researchers will look into the patterns of similarities and differences in the data. Data matrices, tables and figures will be prepared as basis for interpretation and analysis. Data validation shall be done with research project stakeholders prior to finalization of the study.

Research Design A cross sectional research study will be used to determine the sexual behavior and practices of commercial sex worker in one point in time in selected areas in Iligan City. Sample Groups

Key informants are selected from health providers, law enforcement agencies, NGOs working with sex workers, community key informants, brothel owners and pimps in determining the mapping of female sex workers (FSWs). In general, 60 street-based and 60 commercial-based FSWs shall be the minimum subjects of this study. However, if more subjects are willing to participate, an increase of number of subjects shall be appreciated. The definition of female sex workers (FSW), in this study refers to women selling sex in exchange for money or goods. Inclusion criteria for the respondents are as follows: a. Females sex workers at least 18 years old and above regardless of marital status, number of children/dependents; educational attainment and income; b. A resident of Iligan City regardless of years of residency. c. Female sex workers may be street based or commercial based ( brothel establishment for prostitution such as bars, pubs and inns) d. Nevertheless, female sex workers that has mental or psychiatric disorder are exclusive from this study such aggressive (with the potential to harm self and other people), psychotic and others. Sampling Procedure a. Initial mapping. This strategy allows gathering the indicators and concentrations of female sex workers in Iligan City. It will utilized the data collected from key informants such as the health providers, law enforcement agencies, NGOs working with sex workers, community key informants, brothel owners and pimps. Using the above data, selected geographical locations with a high prevalence of female sex workers will be identified. b. Ethnographic mapping is intended to help establish a picture of work settlement patterns and characteristics of female sex worker. It helps to identify and cultivate contacts with social networks of female sex workers in each of the location. It is also useful to develop an in-depth understanding of major networks in terms of frequency of sexual contact and activity; use of contraceptives, visual materials, multiple partner practices; type of sex work and services, and clienteles. The principal tools that will be used in this stage were participant observation and semi structured interviews with key informants. c. Field reports are produced for each section. Initial daytime observation is followed by observation during the weekends and evening hours. After sufficiently establishing the safety and security of the researchers, the researchers carry out observations during evening/night hours. In each of the identified locations, semi-structured qualitative interviews will be carried out with the female sex workers. These interviews address several issues including current and past sexual practices and behavior and their motivations/ reasons for the sex work. Multiple snowball samples will be started and directed to involve overlapping and non-overlapping social circles of sex workers and the clients (Kumar, E & et.al) Limitations of the study: As to snowballing , the selection of the respondents are more likely their acquaintances . Hence, the survey results cannot generalize to the whole FSWs population in Iligan City.

DUMMY TABLES (sample) Frequency Distribution of Respondents Profile

PROFILE Age Marital status No. of children Educational Attainment Income Total STREET BASED FSW COMMERCIAL BASED FSW TOTAL

(11) Major Activities

ACTIVITY JUL Organizing of Research Team Procurement of Supplies Formulation of Research Instruments Gathering of Secondary Data Determination of Respondents Stakeholders Meeting Pre-Testing of Survey Questionnaire Obtaining of Free and Prior Informed Consent Actual Interviews of Respondents Data Collection (FGDs and KIIs) Data Processing and Analysis Data Validation and Cross Validation Finalization of Data and Survey Results Post-Survey Debriefing and Presentation of Results to Stakeholders Post-Survey Evaluation and Planning AUG SEPT OCT

TIME FRAME 2013 NOV DEC JAN FEB

MAR

APR

2014 MAY JUN

(12) Expected Output Came up with comprehensive demographic profile and sexual practices and behaviors of street-based and commercial-based female commercial sex workers in Iligan City, as basis for health intervention and local policy formulation;

(13) Target Beneficiaries Local community, government agencies, non-government organizations , Department of Health, Department of Social Welfare and Development.

(14) Implementation Schedule Duration: (1 year) Planned Start Date: (April 2013-January 2014) Planned Completion Date: (January 2014)

(15) Estimated Budget by Source Sources of Funds and Amount (PhP) PCHRD Assistance Agency Other Sources Counterpart 60,000 78,000 138,000

Particulars I. Personal Services (PS) Project Leader Research Assistant Php6,500.00/mo x 12 mos. Sub-Total for PS II. Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses Travel and Transportation Supplies and Materials Communications Reproduction and Photocopying Representation Professional Services Sub-Total for MOOE III. Capital Outlay (CO) Sub-Total for PS and MOOE Administrative Cost (10%) Grand Total

10,000 11,000 9,000 11,500 52,000 80,000 173,500 311,500 31,150 342,650

(16) Was the proposal submitted to funding agencies other than PCHRD? _____YES ___x__ NO

If YES, please list down funding agencies where proposal was submitted: N/A ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

(17) Submitted by: SIGNATURE: NAME: Cheryl T. Tuddao, RN MAN Clinical Instructor

DESIGNATION: Project Leader DATE: June 7, 2013

List of References:

Crisostomo, S. (2012). DOH: HIV/AIDS to increase by 14,000 this year. Philippine National AIDS Council.Retrieved from

http://www.pnac.org.ph/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=404&cntnt01or igid=15&cntnt01returnid=39 on June 25, 2012.

Ditangco, R. A. (2006). HIV/AIDS in the Philippines.The Journal of AIDS Research.Retrieved from http://jaids.umin.ac.jp/journal/2006/20060801/20060801012016.pdf on June 2, 2012. Femalenetwork.com. (n.d.). World Health Organization: HIV Cases in the Philippines Continue to Increase. Health and Wellness.Retrieved from http://www.femalenetwork.com/health-wellness/world-health-organizationhiv-cases-in-the-philippines-continue-to-increase/ on June 5, 2012. Modes of HIV Transmission http://www.health.am/aids/more/modes_of_hiv_transmission/#ixzz3qHs2Tml0

HIV and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS Jan 25, 2006

- www.plwha.org.[1]