TISSUES

Dr. S. Meyer

TISSUES
Tissues = layers/ groups of similar cells with a common function Study of tissues = histology

Four primary types of tissues: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

Type

Function
Protection Secretion Absorption Excretion

Location
Cover body surface Cover & line internal organs Compose glands

Distinguishing Characteristics
Lack blood vessels Cells readily divide Cells are tightly packed

Epithelial

Connective

Bind, support Protect Fill spaces, Store fat Produce blood cells

Widely distributed throughout the body

Mostly have good blood supply Cells further apart with extracellular matrix in between

Muscle

Movement

Attached to bones In walls of hollow internal organs Heart Brain Spinal cord Nerves

Able to contract in response to specific stimuli

Nervous

Transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, integration & sensory reception

Cells communicate with each other and other body parts

TISSUES
Many cell types are tightly packed with structures called intercellular junctions that connect their cell membranes Tight junctions: fuse neighboring cell membranes
Tight junction Cell membrane Cell membrane

Desmosomes: rivets skin cells

Desmosome

Gap junctions: tubular channels that allow small molecules to move between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Cell membrane

Gap junction

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
General Characteristics:
Cover organs and the body Line body cavities Line hollow organs Have a free/apical surface: exposed to outside or internally to an open space Have a basement membrane: anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue Are avascular: lack blood vessels Cells readily divide

Cells tightly packed Cells often have desmosomes

Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
CLASSIFICATION
Number of layers of cells:
Simple: single layer of cells Stratified: two or more layers of cells

Shape of cells (top layer):

Squamous: thin, flattened cells Cuboidal: cube-like cells

Columnar: tall column shaped, elongated cells

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Squamous Epithelium:
Single layer of flattened cells

Substances pass easily through

Common at sites of diffusion & filtration Line air sacs (alveoli of lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged) Line blood vessels

Line lymphatic vessels

Covers membranes that line body cavities

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium:
Single layer of cube-shaped cells Cells have centrally located sperical nuclei

Functions in tubular secretion & reabsorption

Line kidney tubules Cover ovaries Line ducts of some glands (salivary, pancreas)

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Columnar Epithelium:
Single layer of elongated cells Nuclei usually near the basement Membrane at same level Sometimes possess cilia or microvilli Often have goblet cells (secrete mucus) Functions: secretion & absorption Line uterus, stomach, intestines
Mucus Nucleus Cytoplasm Microvilli (free surface of tissue) Goblet cell Basement membrane Connective tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:
Single layer of elongated cells
Appears stratified/layered, but is not Nuclei at two or more levels Often have goblet cells (secrete mucus) Often have cilia (sweep away mucus) Line respiratory passageways

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Squamous Epithelium:
Many cell layers Top cells are flat Outer layer of skin = epidermis Can accumulate keratin (protein) in skin Line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal (not

keratinized, skin stays soft & moist)

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:
2-3 layers Cube-shaped cells Form the lining of a lumen (space in tubular structure) Line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas

Stratified cuboidal epithelium Nucleus Lumen Free surface of tissue Basement membrane Connective tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Columnar Epithelium:
Several layers of cells
Top layer of elongated cells Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers Line part of male urethra and part of pharynx

Lumen Free surface of tissue Stratified columnar epithelium Basement membrane Connective tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Transitional Epithelium:
Many cell layers Cube-shaped and elongated cells Specialized to change in response to increased tension Forms inner lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

organ wall contracts TE is unstretched & consists of many layers

organ is distended tissue stretches & appears thinner

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Glandular Epithelium:
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances There are two (2) types: Endocrine glands: ductless; secrete their products (hormones) into tissue fluid or blood Exocrine glands: secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces e.g. skin or lining of digestive tract

EXOCRINE GLANDS
Unicellular exocrine gland:

Composed of one cell

Goblet cell (secrets mucus) Multicellular exocrine gland:

Composed of many cells

Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. Structurally subdivided into 2 groups: Simple and Compound

Structural Types of Exocrine Glands

Types of Glandular Secretions

Type Description of Secretion
Example

Merocrine Glands A fluid product released through the cell membrane by exocytosis
Salivary glands Sweat glands of skin

Apocrine Glands Cellular product & portions of the free ends of glandular cells pinch off during secretion
Mammary glands
Pinched off portion of cell (secretion)

Holocrine Glands Disintegrated entire cells filled with secretory products

Sebaceous glands of skin
Disintegrating cell and its contents (secretion)

Intact cell

Secretion

New cell forming by mitosis and cytokinesis

(a) Merocrine gland

(b) Apocrine gland

(c) Holocrine gland

CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General Characteristics:
Most abundant (by weight) tissue type in body

FUNCTIONS:
Bind structures Provide support and protection

Serve as frameworks
Fill spaces Stores fat Produce blood cells Protect against infections Help repair tissue damage

CONNECTIVE TISSUES
STRUCTURE:
cells further apart
extracellular matrix between the cells extracellular matrix composed of: protein fibres ground substance (non-fibrous protein, other molecules + fluid)

consistency of ECM varies from fluid semi-solid solid Function of ECM: binds, supports & provides a medium thru which substances may be transferred between the blood & cells of the tissue CT cells can usually divide Varying degrees of vascularity Rigid CT = bone and cartilage Loose CT & dense CT = more flexible

Components of Connective Tissue

Component Characteristic Function

MAJOR CELL TYPES

Fibroblasts
Large star-shaped cells, widely distributed Secrete proteins that become fibers Clear foreign particles from

Macrophages Motile cells sometimes

attached to fibers

tissues by phagocytosis
Release substances that may help prevent blood clotting & promote inflammation

Mast cells

Large cells, usually located near blood vessels

Components of Connective Tissue

Component Characteristic CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS Collagenous/
Thick threadlike fibers of collagen with great tensile strength Hold structures together

Function

white fibers

Elastic/ yellow fibers

Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin

Provide elastic quality to parts that stretch Form supportive networks within

Reticular fibers Thin fibers of collagen

tissues

Categories of Connective Tissues

Connective Tissue Proper:
Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue Reticular connective tissue Dense connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Blood

Specialized Connective Tissue:

Cartilage Bone

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Function binds organs holds tissue fluids Location below skin between muscles beneath epithelia

Loose

Cells in fluid-gel matrix

connective
tissue

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells in fluid-gel Function protects insulates stores fat Location below skin around organs (kidneys, heart, etc.)

Adipose tissue

matrix

behind eyeballs

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function Supports Location walls of liver, spleen, & lymphatic organs

Reticular

connective
tissue

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Dense connective tissue Description Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function Binds organs together Location Tendons Ligaments Dermis

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells in fluid-gel Function Location

Provides elasticity Connects parts of spinal column Walls of arteries

Elastic connective tissue

matrix

Airways

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells in solid-gel Function Supports Protects Provides Location Ends of bones Nose Rings in walls of

Hyaline cartilage

matrix

framework

respiratory passages

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells in solid-gel Function Supports Protects Provides flexible Location External ear Part of larynx

Elastic cartilage

matrix

framework

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells in solid-gel Function Supports Protects Absorbs shock Location Spinal column Pelvic girdle Knee

Fibrocartilage matrix

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells in solid matrix Function Supports Protects Provides framework Location Skeleton Middle ear

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Categories of Connective Tissues

Type Description Cells & platelets Function Transports gases Defends against disease Location Within blood vessels

Blood

in fluid matrix

Clotting

MUSCLE TISSUES
General Characteristics:
Muscle cells also called muscle fibers (elongated)

Contractile = can shorten & thicken

As muscle cells contract they pull at their attached ends which moves body parts Three (3) types: Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Forms muscles that usually attach to

bones
Controlled by conscious effort = voluntary muscle tissue Long cells with striations (alternating

Move the head, trunk & limbs Enable us to make facial expressions Write, talk, sing, chew, swallow, breathe

light & dark cross-markings)

Multinucleate (many nuclei)

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

non-striated

shorter than skeletal muscle cells

spindle-shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus Walls of hollow internal organs

Actions are involuntary

Moves food thru digestive tract

Constricts blood vessels Empties the urinary bladder

e.g. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus & blood vessels

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

heart wall cells are: - striated & branched controlled involuntarily can continue to function without being stimulated by nerve impulses makes up the bulk of the heart pumps blood thru the heart chambers & into blood vessels

- joined end to end

- interconnected in complex networks one cell touches another cell =

specialized intercellular junction:

intercalated disc

NERVOUS TISSUE
Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Basic cells = neurons (specialized)

Neurons sense certain types of

changes in their surroundings & respond by transmitting nerve impulses along cellular processes called axons to other neurons, muscles or glands

neuroglial cells : support and bind nervous tissue components carry on phagocytosis help supply growth factors & nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels play a role in cell-to-cell communication