Chemistry 12
2002 Ministry of Education
JANUARY 2002
Course Code = CH
Student Instructions
1. Place the stickers with your Personal Education Number (PEN) in the allotted spaces above. Under no circumstance is your name or identification, other than your Personal Education Number, to appear on this booklet. 2. Ensure that in addition to this examination booklet, you have a Data Booklet and an Examination Response Form. Follow the directions on the front of the Response Form. 3. Disqualification from the examination will result if you bring books, paper, notes or unauthorized electronic devices into the examination room. 4. When instructed to open this booklet, check the numbering of the pages to ensure that they are numbered in sequence from page one to the last page, which is identified by END OF EXAMINATION . 5. At the end of the examination, place your Response Form inside the front cover of this booklet and return the booklet and your Response Form to the supervisor.
Question 1: 1. (3)
Question 7: 7. (4)
Question 2: 2. (2)
Question 8: 8. (5)
Question 3: 3. (2)
Question 9: 9. (4)
Question 4: 4. (4)
Question 5: 5. (3)
Question 6: 6. (3)
CHEMISTRY 12
JANUARY 2002
COURSE CODE = CH
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Aside from an approved calculator, electronic devices, including dictionaries and pagers, are not permitted in the examination room.
2. All multiple-choice answers must be entered on the Response Form using an HB pencil. Multiple-choice answers entered in this examination booklet will not be marked.
3. For each of the written-response questions, write your answer in the space provided in this booklet.
4. Ensure that you use language and content appropriate to the purpose and audience of this examination. Failure to comply may result in your paper being awarded a zero.
5. This examination is designed to be completed in two hours. Students may, however, take up to 30 minutes of additional time to finish.
Value 1. This examination consists of two parts: PART A: 48 multiple-choice questions PART B: 12 written-response questions Total: 60 40 100 marks
2. The following tables can be found in the separate Data Booklet: Periodic Table of the Elements Atomic Masses of the Elements Names, Formulae, and Charges of Some Common Ions Solubility of Common Compounds in Water Solubility Product Constants at 25C Relative Strengths of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Acid-Base Indicators Standard Reduction Potentials of Half-cells
No other reference materials or tables are allowed. 3. A calculator is essential for the Chemistry 12 Provincial Examination. The calculator must be a hand-held device designed primarily for mathematical computations involving logarithmic and trigonometric functions and may also include graphing functions. Computers, calculators with a QWERTY keyboard, and electronic writing pads will not be allowed. Students must not bring any external devices to support calculators such as manuals, printed or electronic cards, printers, memory expansion chips or cards, or external keyboards. Students may have more than one calculator available during the examination. Calculators may not be shared and must not have the ability to either transmit or receive electronic signals. In addition to an approved calculator, students will be allowed to use rulers, compasses, and protractors during the examination.
INSTRUCTIONS: For each question, select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle that has the letter corresponding to your answer. Selected multiple-choice questions are worth 2 marks.
1. Which of the following has the greatest reaction rate? A. C( s ) + O2( g ) CO2( g ) B. 2 H 2 O2( l ) 2 H 2 O( l ) + O2( g ) C. 2 Al( s ) + 3CuCl 2( aq ) 2 AlCl 3( aq ) + 3Cu( s ) D. NaCl( aq ) + AgNO3( aq ) AgCl( s ) + NaNO3( aq )
(1 mark)
2. Which factor explains why potassium generally reacts faster than sodium? A. B. C. D. surface area temperature concentration nature of reactants
(1 mark)
3. What happens to the PE and KE of the reactant particles as the activated complex is formed? PE A. B. C. D. increases increases decreases decreases KE decreases increases decreases increases
(1 mark)
OVER -1-
(2 marks)
200 150
PE
(kJ) 100 50
Progress of the reaction What are the values of H and activation energy ( E a ) for the forward reaction? H (kJ) A. B. C. D. 50 50 +50 +50 Ea (kJ) 100 200 100 200
(1 mark) Cl 2 2Cl
Step 2
Step 3
D. CHCl 3 -2-
(2 marks)
300 250
PE
(kJ)
Progress of the reaction Which of the following describes the reverse reaction? Reverse Reaction A. B. C. D. catalyzed uncatalyzed catalyzed uncatalyzed Activation Energy (kJ) 50 50 50 50 H (kJ) 100 100 +100 +100
7. Consider the following: 2SO2( g ) + O2( g ) 2SO3( g ) Initially, SO3 is added to an empty flask. How do the rate of the forward reaction and [SO3 ] change as the system proceeds to equilibrium? Forward Rate A. B. C. D. decreases decreases increases increases
(1 mark)
[SO3 ]
increases decreases increases decreases
OVER -3-
(2 marks)
What positions do minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy tend toward? Minimum Enthalpy Maximum Entropy A. B. C. D. reactants reactants products products products reactants products reactants
Use the following equilibrium equation to answer questions 9 and 10. CO2( g ) + H 2( g ) H 2O( g ) + CO( g ) 9. Which two stresses will each cause the equilibrium to shift to the left? A. increase [H 2 ] , increase [CO] (1 mark)
B. decrease [H 2 ] , increase [H 2 O]
D. decrease [CO2 ] , decrease [H 2 O] 10. Which of the following graphs represents the forward rate of reaction when H 2 O( g ) is added to the above equilibrium at time = t1 ? A. rate (1 mark) B. rate
t1
time D.
t1
time
C. rate
rate
t1
time -4-
t1
time
11. Consider the following: 2 NH 3( g ) N 2( g ) + 3H 2( g ) Initially, some NH 3 is placed into a 1.0 L container. At equilibrium there is 0.030 mol N 2 present. What is the [H 2 ] at this equilibrium? A. B. C. D. 0.010 mol 0.030 mol 0.060 mol 0.090 mol L L L L
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
A. B. C. D.
4 NH 3( g )
+ 7 O2( g )
4 NO2( g ) + 6H 2 O( g ) 4 NO2( aq ) + 6H 2 O( l )
4 NH 3( aq ) + 7 O2( g )
13. What will cause the K eq for an exothermic reaction to increase? A. increasing [ reactants]
(1 mark)
OVER -5-
(1 mark)
In a 1.0 L container an equilibrium mixture contains 6.0 10 3 mol PCl 5 and 1.0 10 2 mol PCl 3 . How many moles of Cl 2 are also present at equilibrium? A. 5.4 10 6 mol B. C. 6.7 10 4 mol 5.4 10 2 mol
D. 1.5 10 1 mol
(1 mark)
C.
D. Ca 3 ( PO 4 )2( s )
16. In a saturated solution of Ag 2 C 2 O 4 , the Ag + = 2.2 10 4 M . What is the solubility of Ag 2 C 2 O 4 in this solution? A. C. D. 4.3 10 11 M 2.2 10 4 M 4.4 10 4 M
(1 mark)
B. 1.1 10 4 M
-6-
17. When equal volumes of 0.2 M solutions are mixed, which of the following combinations forms a precipitate? A. CaS and Sr(OH)2 B. C. D.
(1 mark)
(NH 4 )2 SO4
18. A solution contains 0.2 M Zn 2 + and 0.2 M Sr 2 + . An equal volume of a second solution was added, forming a precipitate with Sr 2 + but not with Zn 2 + . What is present in the second solution? A B. C. D. 0.2 M Cl 0.2 M OH 0.2 M SO 42 0.2 M PO 43
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
3 2
20. The solubility of NiCO3 is 4.4 10 2 g L . Determine the K sp value of NiCO3 . A. 1.4 10 7 B. 3.7 10 4 C. 1.9 10 3 D. 2.1 10 1
(2 marks)
OVER -7-
(1 mark)
22. When a solution containing Ag + is mixed with a solution containing BrO3 , the trial ion product is determined to be 2.5 10 7 . What would be observed? A. A precipitate would form since trial ion product < K sp . B. A precipitate would form since trial ion product > K sp . C. A precipitate would not form since trial ion product < K sp . D. A precipitate would not form since trial ion product > K sp .
(2 marks)
23. Which of the following represents the complete neutralization of H 3PO 4 by NaOH? A. B. C. D. H 3PO 4 + NaOH NaH 2 PO 4 + H 2 O H 3PO 4 + 3NaOH Na 3PO 4 + 3H 2 O H 3PO 4 + 2 NaOH Na 2 HPO 4 + 2 H 2 O H 3PO 4 + NaOH NaH + HPO 4 + H 2 O
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
-8-
25. When comparing equal volumes of 0.10 M HNO3 with 0.10 M HNO2 , what would be observed? A. B. C. D. The pH values would be the same. The electrical conductivities would be different. The effects on blue litmus paper would be different. The volumes of 0.10 M NaOH needed for neutralization would be different.
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
For the above equilibrium, identify the weaker acid and determine whether reactants or products are favoured. Weaker Acid A. B. C. D. HF HF H 2 PO 4 H 2 PO 4 Side Favoured products reactants products reactants
27. The ionization of water can be represented by A. 2 H 2 O( l ) 2 H 2( g ) + O2( g ) B. C. H 2 O( l ) 2 H +( aq ) + O2(aq ) H 2 O( l ) H 3O( aq ) + OH( aq )
(1 mark)
D. 2 H 2 O( l ) H 3O +( aq ) + OH ( aq )
28. Calculate the pOH of a 0.050 M HBr solution. A. B. C. D. 0.30 1.30 12.70 13.70
(1 mark)
OVER -9-
(1 mark)
B. 1.6 10 7 D. 6.2 10 22
30. Which of the following is the net ionic equation describing the hydrolysis of KCN ( aq ) ? A. B. C.
+ K +( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) KOH( aq ) + H ( aq ) + KCN ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) K ( aq ) + CN ( aq ) CN +H O + OH HCN
(1 mark)
( aq )
(l)
( aq )
( aq )
+ D. CN ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) 2 H ( aq ) + CNO ( aq )
31. Which of the following 1.0 M salt solutions will be acidic? A. B. C. D. NaNO3 NaHCO3 NaHSO 4 Na 2 HPO 4
(2 marks)
32. The pH at which an indicator changes colour is known as its A. B. C. D. standard point. transition point. equivalence point. stoichiometric point.
(1 mark)
- 10 -
33. An indicator is blue at a pH of 12.0 and colourless at a pH of 1.0 . Identify the indicator and determine its K a value. Indicator A. B. C. D. thymolphthalein thymolphthalein bromthymol blue bromthymol blue Ka 1 10 10 3 10 7 2 10 7 3 10 7
(2 marks)
34. A 10.0 mL sample of H 2SO3 is completely neutralized by titration with 18.6 mL of 0.10 M NaOH . Calculate the concentration of the acid. A. B. C. D. 0.093 M 0.19 M 0.37 M 0.74 M
(2 marks)
35. A common source of NO2 is A. B. C. D. a fuel cell. a lead smelter. an aluminum smelter. an automobile engine.
(1 mark)
36. The pH at the stoichiometric point for the complete neutralization of a strong acid by a weak base will be A. B. C. D. equal to 7.0 equal to 7.2 less than 7.0 greater than 7.2
(1 mark)
OVER - 11 -
37. A buffer solution can be prepared by dissolving equal moles of A. B. C. D. a weak base and a strong base. a weak acid and its conjugate base. a strong base and its conjugate acid. a strong acid and its conjugate base.
(1 mark)
38. A reducing agent A. B. C. D. loses electrons and is reduced. gains electrons and is reduced. loses electrons and is oxidized. gains electrons and is oxidized.
(2 marks)
39. Which of the following could be produced by the reduction of NO2 ? A. B. C. D. NO N 2O4 N 2O5 HNO3
(1 mark)
40. Consider the following redox equation: 3NO + SO 42 + Fe3+ + 2 H 2 O FeS + 3NO3 + 4 H + Which of the following is being oxidized? A. B. C. NO Fe3+ H2O
(1 mark)
D. SO 42
- 12 -
(1 mark)
42. Which of the following represents a spontaneous redox reaction? A. 2 Br + Hg 2 + Br2 + Hg B. C. D. Cu + Sn 4 + Cu 2 + + Sn 2 + HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O AuCl 4 + 3Ag Au + 4Cl + 3Ag +
(1 mark)
43. Which of the following is the balanced half-reaction for N 2 O NH 3OH + A. B. C. D. N 2 O + 4 H + + 3e NH 3OH + N 2 O + 3H + + H 2 O NH 3OH + + 2 e N 2 O + 6H + + H 2 O 2 NH 3OH + + 4e N 2 O + 6H + + H 2 O + 4e 2 NH 3OH + (acidic)
(1 mark)
OVER - 13 -
Volts
cathode
.0
M KNO
Cu (anode)
1.0 M solution
1.0 M Cu(NO3)2
44. Which material could be used as the cathode to produce an E cell = + 0.46 V ? A. Pb B. Co C. Ag D. MnO2
45. In what directions do the electrons and cations move? Direction of Electrons A. B. C. D. toward the cathode toward the cathode toward the anode toward the anode Direction of Cations toward the anode toward the cathode toward the anode toward the cathode
46. The concentration of Cu 2 + in the copper half-cell will A. B. C. D. increase as Cu loses electrons and is reduced. increase as Cu loses electrons and is oxidized. decrease as Cu gains electrons and is reduced. decrease as Cu gains electrons and is oxidized. - 14 -
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
47. Which of the following metals could be used to cathodically protect iron? A. B. C. D. tin lead zinc copper
(1 mark)
48. Which of the following is formed at the anode during the electrolysis of 1.0 M KF ? A. K B. F2 C. H 2 D. O2
(1 mark)
This is the end of the multiple-choice section. Answer the remaining questions directly in this examination booklet.
OVER - 15 -
INSTRUCTIONS: You will be expected to communicate your knowledge and understanding of chemical principles in a clear and logical manner. Your steps and assumptions leading to a solution must be written in the spaces below the questions. Answers must include units where appropriate and be given to the correct number of significant figures. For questions involving calculations, full marks will NOT be given for providing only an answer.
1. Consider the following reaction: C12 H 22 O11( s ) 11 H 2 O( g ) + 12C( s ) The rate of decomposition of C12 H 22 O11 is 0.75 mol min . What mass of C is produced in 10.0 seconds?
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
- 16 -
3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NF2( g ) N 2 F4( g ) Equilibrium shifts to the right when volume is decreased. Describe the changes in reaction rates that cause this shift to the right.
(2 marks)
(4 marks)
Initially, 0.200 mol H 2 and 0.200 mol I 2 are added to an empty 2.00 L container. At equilibrium, the [I 2 ] = 0.020 mol L . What is the value of K eq ?
OVER - 17 -
5. When equal volumes of 0.20 M Pb( NO3 )2 and 0.20 M KCl are mixed, a precipitate of PbCl 2 forms. a) Write the formula equation for the above reaction. (1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
6. Calculate the maximum CO3 2 that can exist in 0.0010 M Mg( NO3 )2 .
(3 marks)
- 18 -
7. The two reactants in an acid-base reaction are HNO2( aq ) and HCO3 ( aq ) . a) Write the equation for the above reaction. (2 marks)
(1 mark)
c) Write the formulas for a conjugate acid-base pair for the above reaction.
(1 mark)
OVER - 19 -
8. At 10.0C, K w = 2.95 10 15 for pure water. a) Calculate the pH of water at 10.0C . (3 marks)
b) A mixture of the indicators phenolphthalein and bromcresol green is added to the water. What is the resulting colour of the mixture? Explain. Resulting colour: Explanation:
(2 marks)
- 20 -
9. At a particular temperature a 1.0 M H 2S solution has a pH = 3.75 . Calculate the value of K a at this temperature.
(4 marks)
(1 mark)
OVER - 21 -
11. A titration is performed to determine the concentration of Fe 2 + in 25.00 mL of an FeSO 4 solution. It requires 22.52 mL of 0.015 M KMnO 4 to reach the equivalence point according to the following equation: MnO 4 + 5Fe 2 + + 8H + Mn 2 + + 5Fe3+ + 4 H 2 O Calculate the Fe 2 + .
(4 marks)
- 22 -
CuSO4
K2SO4
NaI
H2O
Students are asked to produce hydrogen and oxygen gas by the electrolysis of water. They are given three substances (CuSO 4 , K 2SO 4 and NaI ) to choose from to prepare an electrolytic solution that will only produce hydrogen and oxygen. a) Which substance should be selected? Explain why. Substance: Explanation: (3 marks)
b) Write the equation for the half-reaction that occurs at the anode in the electrolytic cell.
(1 mark)
c) Explain why it would not be acceptable to use a copper anode in this cell.
(1 mark)
END OF EXAMINATION - 23 -
Data Booklet
CHEMISTRY 12
Work done in this booklet will not be marked.
Ministry of Education
CONTENTS
Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Table Periodic Table of the Elements Atomic Masses of the Elements Names, Formulae, and Charges of Some Common Ions Solubility of Common Compounds in Water Solubility Product Constants at 25C Relative Strengths of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Acid-base Indicators Standard Reduction Potentials of Half-cells
REFERENCE
D.R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999.
Hydrogen
He
Helium
1.0 14
4.0 5 6 7 8 9 10
Si
Silicon
Li
28.1 10.8 13 14 12.0
Boron Carbon
Be
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
F
Fluorine
Ne
Neon
Lithium
Beryllium
6.9
9.0
16.0 16
19.0 17
20.2 18
11
12
Na Al
Aluminum
Mg
27.0 23 27 28 29 24 25 30 26 31
Si
Silicon
P
Phosphorus
S
Sulphur
Cl
Chlorine
Ar
Argon
Sodium
Magnesium
23.0
24.3
28.1 32
31.0 33
32.1 34
35.5 35
39.9 36
19
20
21
22
K
Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc
Ca
50.9 41 42 43 46 45 47 44 48 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Gallium
Ge
Germanium
As
Arsenic
Se
Selenium
Br
Bromine
Kr
Krypton
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
39.1
40.1
45.0
47.9
69.7 49
72.6 50
74.9 51
79.0 52
79.9 53
83.8 54
37
38
39
40
Rb Tc
Technetium Silver Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Niobium Molybdenum
Sr
92.9 73 75 77 78 76 74 95.9 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 79
Zr
Nb
Mo
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
Cadmium
In
Indium
Sn
Tin
Sb
Antimony
Te
Tellurium
I
Iodine
Xe
Xenon
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
85.5
87.6
88.9
91.2
112.4 80
114.8 81
118.7 82
121.8 83
127.6 84
126.9 85
131.3 86
55
56
57
72
Cs Ir
Iridium Platinum Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium
Ba
180.9 192.2 109 105 106 107 108 183.8 186.2 190.2 195.1
La
Hf
Ta
Re
Os
Pt
Au
Gold
Hg
Mercury
Tl
Thallium
Pb
Lead
Bi
Bismuth
Po
Polonium
At
Astatine
Rn
Radon
Cesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
132.9
137.3
138.9
178.5
197.0
200.6
204.4
207.2
209.0
(209)
(210)
(222)
87
88
89
104
Fr
Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium
Ra
(262) (263) (262) (265)
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Meitnerium
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Rutherfordium
(223)
(226)
(227)
(261)
(266)
58 59 60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Ce
Cerium Praseodymium
Pr
140.9 91
Nd
Neodymium
Pm
Promethium
Sm
Samarium
Eu
Europium
Gd
Gadolinium
Tb
Terbium
Dy
Dysprosium
Ho
Holmium
Er
Erbium
Tm
Thulium
Yb
Ytterbium
Lu
Lutetium
144.2 92
(145) 93
150.4 94
152.0 95
157.3 96
158.9 97
162.5 98
164.9 99
167.3 100
168.9 101
173.0 102
175.0 103
Th
Thorium
Pa
Protactinium
U
Uranium
Np
Neptunium
Pu
Plutonium
Am
Americium
Cm
Curium
Bk
Berkelium
Cf
Californium
Es
Einsteinium
Fm
Fermium
Md
Mendelevium
No
Nobelium
Lr
Lawrencium
Values in parentheses are the masses of the most stable or best known isotopes for elements which do not occur naturally.
232.0 231.0
238.0
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
(257)
(258)
(259)
(262)
Aluminum Ammonium Barium Calcium Chromium(II), chromous Chromium(III), chromic Copper(I)*, cuprous Copper(II), cupric Hydrogen Hydronium Iron(II)*, ferrous Iron(III), ferric Lead(II), plumbous Negative Ions (Anions)
Pb
4+
Lead(IV), plumbic Lithium Magnesium Manganese(II), manganous Manganese(IV) Mercury(I)*, mercurous Mercury(II), mercuric Potassium Silver Sodium Tin(II)*, stannous Tin(IV), stannic Zinc
NH4+ Ba
2+
Cu 2+ H+ H 3O
+
Fe 2+ Fe 3+ Pb 2+
Br CO3 2 ClO3 Cl
Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Chlorite Chromate Cyanide Dichromate Dihydrogen phosphate Ethanoate, acetate Fluoride Hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate Hydrogen oxalate, binoxalate Hydrogen sulphate, bisulphate Hydrogen sulphide, bisulphide Hydrogen sulphite, bisulphite 3
OH
Hydroxide Hypochlorite Iodide Monohydrogen phosphate Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Oxide** Perchlorate Permanganate Phosphate Sulphate Sulphide Sulphite Thiocyanate
ClO I
ClO4 MnO4 PO 4
3
HCO3 HC2O 4
SO 42 S
2
HSO4 HS HSO3
SO 32 SCN
All
Hydrogen ion: H +
Soluble
All
Ammonium ion: NH 4
Soluble
Nitrate, NO3
All
Soluble
or or
All others
Soluble
Ag , Pb , Cu All others
2+
Sulphate, SO4
Ag , Ca , Sr
2+
2+
, Ba , Pb
2+
2+
Sulphide, S
Low Solubility
Hydroxide, OH
All others
3
Low Solubility
+ +
or or
2 3 2 3
Alkali ions, H , NH 4
Soluble
All others
Low Solubility
( )2
( )2 ( )3 ( )2
( )
2.0 10 25
Base H + + ClO 4 H +I
+ + + + +
Ka very large very large very large very large very large very large 1.0 1.7 10 1 5.9 10 2 1.5 10 2 1.2 10 2 7.5 10 3 6.0 10 3 7.1 10 4 4.6 10 4 3.5 10 4 1.8 10 4 1.5 10 4 6.5 10 5 6.4 10 5 1.8 10 5 1.7 10 5 1.4 10 5 4.3 10 7 4.1 10 7 1.0 10 7 9.1 10 8
4 2
STRONG
H + Br
HCl H + Cl
HNO 3 H + NO 3
Hydrofluoric Methanoic, formic Hexaaquochromium ion, chromium( III ) ion Benzoic Hydrogen oxalate ion Ethanoic, acetic Dihydrogen citrate ion Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion Carbonic (CO 2 + H 2 O) Monohydrogen citrate ion Hydrogen sulphite ion Hydrogen sulphide Dihydrogen phosphate ion Boric Ammonium ion Hydrocyanic Phenol Hydrogen carbonate ion Hydrogen peroxide Monohydrogen phosphate ion Water Hydroxide ion Ammonia
+ HF H +F + HCOOH H + HCOO 3+ 2+ + Cr(H 2 O)6 H + Cr(H 2 O)5 (OH) + C H COOH H + C H COO 6 5 6 5 2 + HC 2 O 4 H + C2O4 + CH 3COOH H + CH 3COO 2 + H C H O H + HC H O 2 6 5 7 3+ 6 5 7
Al(H 2 O)6
H 2 CO 3 HC 6 H 5O 7 2
+ HSO 3 H + SO 3 + H 2S H + HS + H PO H + HPO 2 4
6.2 10 8 7.3 10 10 5.6 10 10 4.9 10 10 1.3 10 10 5.6 10 11 2.4 10 12 2.2 10 13 1.0 10 14 very small very small
STRONG
WEAK
+ C 6 H 5OH H + C 6 H 5O 2 + HCO 3 H + CO 3 + H O H + HO 2
+ H 3 BO 3 H + H 2 BO 3 + NH 4 + H + NH 3 + HCN H + CN
HPO 4
3 + H + PO 4 + H2O H + OH +
2 2
OH H + + O 2 NH 3 H + NH 2 6
ACID-BASE INDICATORS
Indicator Methyl violet Thymol blue Orange IV Methyl orange Bromcresol green Methyl red Chlorophenol red Bromthymol blue Phenol red Neutral red Thymol blue Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein Alizarin yellow Indigo carmine pH Range in Which Colour Change Occurs 0.0 1.6 1.2 2.8 1.4 2.8 3.2 4.4 3.8 5.4 4.8 6.0 5.2 6.8 6.0 7.6 6.6 8.0 6.8 8.0 8.0 9.6 8.2 10.0 9.4 10.6 10.1 12.0 11.4 13.0 Colour Change as pH Increases yellow to blue red to yellow red to yellow red to yellow yellow to blue red to yellow yellow to red yellow to blue yellow to red red to amber yellow to blue colourless to pink colourless to blue yellow to red blue to yellow
E (Volts )
+ 2.87
Hg 2 + + 2 e Hg ( l ) + 1 O + 2 H 10 7 M + 2 e H2O 2 2( g ) 2 NO 3 + 4 H + + 2 e N 2 O 4 + 2H 2 O Ag + + e Ag
WEAK
STRONG
+ 2.01 +1.78 +1.51 +1.50 +1.48 +1.39 +1.36 +1.23 +1.23 +1.22 +1.20 +1.09
Cl + 4 H 2 O 2Cl
Br2( l ) + 3H 2 O
2Cr 3 + + 7H 2 O H2O Mn 2 + + 2 H 2 O 2 Br
1 I 2 2( s )
+ 3H 2 O
Au ( s ) + 4Cl
Overpotential Effect
NO ( g ) + 2 H 2 O
1 2
Hg 2 2 + + e Hg ( l ) 2+ Fe 3 + + e Fe
(s)
SO 4 2 + 4 H + + 2 e H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O + Cu 2 + + e Cu 4+ 2+ Sn + 2 e Sn S( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e H 2 S( g ) 2H + + 2e H 2( g ) Pb 2 + + 2 e Pb ( s ) Sn 2 + + 2 e Sn
(s)
Ni 2 + + 2 e Ni ( s ) H 3 PO 4 + 2 H + + 2 e H 3 PO 3 + H 2 O Co 2 + + 2 e Co Se ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e H 2 Se 2+ Cr 3 + + e Cr
(s) (s)
Overpotential Effect
Te ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e H 2 Te 2H 2 O + 2e H 2( g ) + 2OH 2+ Mn + 2 e Mn Al 3 + + 3e Al ( s ) Mg 2 + + 2 e Mg
(s) (s)
2 Ag 2 S( s ) + 2 e 2 Ag (s) + S Cr 3 + + 3e Cr (s) Zn 2 + + 2 e Zn
7 2H 2 O + 2e H 2 + 2OH 10 M 2+ Fe + 2 e Fe
(s)
Na + + e Na ( s ) Ca 2 + + 2 e Ca Sr 2 + + 2 e Sr( s ) Ba 2 + + 2 e Ba ( s ) K+ + e K
(s) (s)
STRONG
WEAK
Rb + + e Rb ( s ) Cs + + e Cs( s ) Li + + e Li
(s)