Thermodynamic Functions

Usage comment: text in blue and underlined is a Hyperlink which can be activated by pressing CTRL key and clicking left mouse button, when pointing on link. The Thermodynamic add-in contains functions that calculate various thermodynamics properties. The functions are used the same way as other Excel functions: Examples =function(parameter1,parameter2) =DewPoint(750,0.5) They are accessed the same way as any other Excel function: by a click of the fx on the toolbar. The functions will appear under "User Defined Function Category". The functions can also be used as the parameter of another Excel function: Examples =function2(parameter1,function1) =Volume(46.5,MolecularWeight("CO2"),136, 722) Cpgas Enthalpy Mass AtmPressure VaporPressure DewPoint GasViscosity BlendMolecularWeight Enthalpy_coal BlendTemperature_free SlurrySolidContent EnthalpyF BlendEnthalpy List of available Gases List of available Solids List of available Liquids Available functions in SI-Units: SI_DewPoint SI_ThermalConductivity SI_CpMeanVol SI_AtmPressure SI_AcidDewPoint SI_Enthalpy_free SI_Enthalpy_oil SI_VaporPressure SI_GasDensity SI_Mass SI_Volume SI_Humidity SI_Enthalpy_rawmix SI_CpMeanSmokeMass SI_GasViscosity SI_CpMeanMass SI_HvapWater SI_VelocityPressure SI_WetDryBulb SI_Enthalpy_coal SI_CpMeanSmokeVol Cpmat Temperature Volume VelocityPressure Humidity AcidDewPoint GasDensity Enthalpy_free Enthalpy_oil MultBlendTemperature Reynoldsnumber Frictionfactor Mod_SR Cpmean BlendTemperature MolecularWeight WetDryBulb VolumeAtNewPT ThermalConductivity Enthalpy_rawmix cpmean_zero SlurryDensity HeatFormation HvapWater

Modification History: Conversion into SI Units (H. Schoeffmann;CTEC;2007): Based on the Thermodynamic function Version 3.16 (M. Beaupre, CTS) we have included a set of routines converting the input and the results of the original functions into SI units. Name of the new macro set file: ThermodynamicSI.xla V4.0beta Advantage compatibility to existing programs and routines is guaranteed and new calculation sheets can be created utilizing SI units without constant introduction of conversion factors, making the formulas complicated in an EXCEL sheet. Enthalpy for coal, oil, rawmix and coefficients for heat capacity (M. Seper;CTEC;2008): Enthalpy-Functions and cp-Values for temperature below 0C (min. 50 [C]) are added. Up to now only the following gases are giving value in the negative region, all other substances return 0: O2 N2 CO2 H2 CO NO Ar Air CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Name of the new macro set file: ThermodynamicSI_ver1_4which is included in the package. Advantage compatibility to existing programs and routines is guaranteed and new calculation sheets can be created utilizing SI units without constant introduction of conversion factors, making the formulas complicated in an EXCEL sheet. Attention: Water vapor below 0 [C] is not existing! There is no special routine to detect this. If water is used and the temperature is below 0 [C] the return value is 0. In real life some water will remain in the air ( cooling air) but we except this imprecision as neglectable. Update 02/2009 (Harald Schffmann; CTEC): Renaming the thermodynamic file back to Thermodynamic.xls/ Thermodynamic.xla All functions show an online help text, when used in EXCEL. Update the Description file and renaming it to: ThermodynamicSupport.htm. Update 09/2009 (Harald Schffmann; ETC): Change of description file and renaming it to: ThermodynamicSupport.htm to ThermodynamicSupport.pdf(Reduced number of files to distribute). Attention: By-pass dust contains according to analysis free CaCO3and MgCO3. Interpretation of this result is that the gas exit temperature at the kiln inlet is around 1100 [C], but the core of the dust particle was not fully heated up, so CaCo3 and MgCO3 is still existing. To be able to calculate in several tools we removed for these two materials the temperature limit and kept from the end of theoretical existence temperature the cp() value constant.(H. Schffmann/B. Kck; 09/2009)

AcidDewPoint()
Calculates the acid dew point temperature. This is the highest temperature where one of the acids that are present in the gas will condense. The function considers sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Reference V. Ganapathy, Minimizing acid condensation concerns http://pages.hotbot.com/books/vganapathy/corros http://pages.hotbot.com/books/vganapathy/plantcal Parameters Input: Water fraction by volume (m water/m gas or no unit) SO3 fraction by volume (m SO3/m gas or no unit) HCl fraction by volume (m HCl/m gas or no unit) Absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg Output: Acid dew point temperature (C) Note If the SO2 fraction in the gas stream is known but not the SO3, assume a conversion rate of SO2 to SO3. According to Ganapathy, 2% is a typical conversion rate. This is by mass. To get the SO3 fraction from the SO2 fraction and the conversion rate, multiply the conversion rate by the SO2 fraction and then by the ratio of molecular weight of SO2 to SO3. Example A flue gas at 749 mm Hg contains, by volume, 12% water, 1% hydrochloric acid and 1% SO2. The conversion rate of SO2 into SO3 is 2%, by mass. Calculate the temperature where acid will start to condense. =AcidDewPoint(0.12,0.00016,0.1,749) returns 168.0384 The condensation will start at 168.04C. SI_AcidDewPoint() Input: Water fraction by volume ([m water/m] gas or no unit) SO3 fraction by volume ([m SO3/m] gas or no unit) HCl fraction by volume ([m HCl/m] gas or no unit) Absolute gas pressure, unit: [mbar] Output: Acid dew point temperature [C] DewPoint Overview

AtmPressure()
Calculates the standard atmospheric pressure at the specified altitude Parameters Input: Example =AtmPressure(150) returns 746.58 The atmospheric pressure at 150 meters above sea level is 746.58 mm Hg. SI_AtmPressure() Input: Altitude (elevation above sea level), unit: [m] Output: Standard atmospheric pressure, unit: [mbar] Pressure Conversion Factors Overview Altitude (elevation above sea level), unit: meter Output: Standard atmospheric pressure, unit: mm Hg

Cpgas()
Calculates the mean heat capacity of a given gas at the specified temperature. Cpgas is simply calling the Cpmean function. It is there only for compatibility reasons with the old Cpgas macro used in many spreadsheets. Using Cpgas or Cpmean strictly gives the same result. Attention: The reference temperature is 0 [C] and therefore values below 0 [C] are negative. Parameters Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Gas temperature, unit: C Output: Gas mean heat capacity, unit: kcal/kg.C Examples =Cpgas("O2",125) returns 0.2213 The mean heat capacity of oxygen (O2) at 125C is 0.2213 kcal/kg.C. =1250*Cpgas("CO2", 220)*220 returns 60534.266 The heat content of 1250 kg of CO2 at 220C is 60534.266 kcal Note 1 kcal/kg.C = 1 btu/lb.F List of available gases Overview

Cpmean()
The mean heat capacity is defined as the heat required, by mass unit, to raise the temperature of a gas a liquid and solid from -50C to a specified temperature. It differs from the heat capacity in the sense that it considers the full integration path to get to that temperature. The mean heat capacity can be used to calculate the enthalpy of a material (gas, liquid or solid) at a given temperature. Since it returns the heat change between -50C and T, there is only one temperature to specify. The heat difference between two temperatures, T1 and T2, is obtained by subtracting one enthalpy from the other. Parameters Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: kcal/kg.C Examples =Cpmean("O2";125) returns 0,2213 The mean heat capacity of oxygen (O2) at 125C is 0.2213 kcal/kg.C. = (Cpmean("SiO2";600)*600-Cpmean("SiO2";150)*150) returns 118.05 The heat required to warm up 1kg silica from 150C to 600C is 118.05 kcal Note 1 kcal/kg.C = 1 btu/lb.F

List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

Cpmean_zero() [ Internal function for values from -50 [C] to 0 [C] ]

The mean heat capacity is defined as the heat required, by mass unit, to raise the temperature of a gas, from -50C to a specified temperature. It differs from the heat capacity in the sense that it considers the full integration path to get to that temperature. The mean heat capacity can be used to calculate the enthalpy of a material (gas, liquid or solid) at a given temperature: Since it returns the heat change between -50C and T, there is only one temperature to specify. The heat difference between two temperatures, T1 and T2, is obtained by subtracting one enthalpy from the other: Parameters Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: kcal/kg.C Examples =Cpmean("O2";-20) returns 0.218 The mean heat capacity of oxygen (O2) at -20C is 0.218 kcal/kg.C. = (Cpmean("O2";-30)*(-30)-Cpmean("O2";-10)*-10) returns 4.34 The specify heat required to warm up 1kg oxygen from -30C to -10C is 4.34 kcal Note 1 kcal/kg.C = 1 btu/lb.F List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

SI_CpMeanMass()
Description see Cpmean but units were adapted to SI standard and a differentiation of the cp value on mass/volume basis was introduced. Reference temperature: 0 [C] / min. Input Temp.: - 50 [C]

Input:Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit

Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: [kJ/kgC]

SI_CpMeanVol()
Description see Cpmean but units were adapted to SI standard and a differentiation of the cp value on mass/volume basis was introduced. Reference temperature: 0 [C] / min. Input Temp.: - 50 [C] Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: [kJ/Nm3C] List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

Cpmat()
Calculates the mean heat capacity of a given solid at the specified temperature. Cpmat is simply calling the Cpmean function. It is there only for compatibility reasons with the old Cpmat macro used in many spreadsheets. Using Cpmat or Cpmean strictly gives the same result. Parameters Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: kcal/kg.C Examples = Cpmat("Clinker",920) returns 0.2341 The mean heat capacity of clinker at 920C is 0.2341 kcal/kg.C. =500*Cpmat("CaCO3", 300)*300 returns 34824.523 The heat content of 500 kg of CaCO3 at 300C is 34824.523 kcal Note 1 kcal/kg.C = 1 btu/lb.F List of available solids Overview

Enthalpy()
Returns the enthalpy of a material, either a gas, a liquid or a solid, at the specified temperature. Since the reference temperature is 0C, it is the heat required to raise the temperature of the material from 0C to the specified temperature. The Enthalpy function uses the Cpmean function and applies the temperature to calculate the enthalpy directly.

Parameters Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg Examples =Enthalpy("O2",125) returns 27.6574 The enthalpy of oxygen at 125C is 27.6574 kcal/kg. The heat required to raise oxygen temperature from 0C to 125C is 27.6574 kcal/kg. =Enthalpy("C3S",950) returns 221.6072 The enthalpy of C3S at 950C is 221.6072 kcal/kg. The heat required to raise C3S temperature from 0C to 950C is 221.6072 kcal/kg. Note For the inverse calculation, that is the temperature of a material from its enthalpy, use the function Temperature.

List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

Enthalpy_free()
Returns the enthalpy of H2O(vapor) without heat of vaporization and other materials at the specified temperature. Since the reference temperature is 0C, it is the heat required to raise the temperature of the material from 0C to the specified temperature. The Enthalpy function uses the Cpmean function and applies the temperature to calculate the enthalpy directly. Parameters Input: H2Ov, between quotes (" "), no unit H2Ov temperature, unit: C Output: H2Ov enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg Example =Enthalpy_free(H2O, 125) returns 56,0290 kcal/kg The enthalpy of H2Ov at 125C is 56,0290 kcal/kg. Note For the inverse calculation, that is the temperature of a material from its enthalpy, use the function Temperature. In case of a negative Temperature, it will be use the positive value! SI_Enthalpy_free() Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material enthalpy, unit: kJ/kg In case of H2O the enthalpy is without vaporization

List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

Enthalpy_rawmix()
Returns the enthalpy of rawmix at the specified temperature and according to composition. Since the reference temperature is 0C, it is the heat required to raise the temperature of the material from 0C to the specified temperature. The Enthalpy_rawmix function uses the Cpmean function and applies the temperature to calculate the enthalpy directly. Parameters Input: rawmix temperature, unit: C weight percent for the components in order of: SiO2,Fe2O3,Al2O3,CaO,MgO,CO2,K2O,Na2O, SO3 unit: w% Output: rawmix enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg Example =Enthalpy_rawmix(125;31;20;35;5;1;0,5;1,5;0,03;0,1) returns 21,46 The enthalpy of rawmix at 125C is 21,46 kcal/kg. Note The Sum of weight percent must be 100% ! SI_Enthalpy_rawmix() Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material enthalpy, unit: kJ/kg

List of available gases List of available solids Overview

Enthalpy_coal()
Returns the enthalpy of coal at the specified temperature, the volatiles and the humidity. Parameters Input: coal temperature, unit: C weight percent for volatiles and the humidity unit: % Output: coal enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg Example =Enthalpy_coal(225;26;0) returns 75,29 The enthalpy of coal at 225C is 75,29 kcal/kg. Note The functions can be used for black coal and brown coal SI_Enthalpy_coal() Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: C Output: Material enthalpy, unit: kJ/kg List of available gases List of available solids Overview

Enthalpy_oil()
Returns the enthalpy of oil at the specified temperature and according the density. Parameters Input: oil temperature, unit: C density of oil at 25C unit: [kg/dm] of [t/m] Output: oil enthalpy, unit: [kcal/kg] Example =Enthalpy_oil(225;0.85) returns 196.47 The enthalpy of oil at 225C is 196.47 kcal/kg.

SI_Enthalpy_oil() Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material temperature, unit: [C] Density of oil at 25C [kg/dm] / [t/m] Output: Material enthalpy, unit: [kJ/kg]

List of available gases List of available solids Overview

GasDensity()
Returns the gas density for a gas at a given temperature and pressure. Parameters Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Gas temperature, unit: C Absolute gas pressure, unit: atm Output: Gas density, unit: kg/m Example =GasDensity("Air",125,912) returns 1.0639 The density of air at 125C and 912 mm Hg is 1.0639 kg/m

SI_GasDensity()
Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Gas temperature, unit: [C] Absolute gas pressure, unit: [mbar/hPa], Output: Gas density, unit: [kg/m] List of available gases Pressure Conversion Factors Overview

HvapWater()
Returns the heat of vaporization of water at a given temperature. Parameters Input: Example =HvapWater(240) returns 410.61 The heat of vaporization of water at 240C is 410.61 kcal/kg temperature, unit: C Output: Heat of vaporization of water, unit: kcal/kg

SI_HvapWater()
Input Temperature, unit: [C] Output: Heat of vaporization of water, unit: [kJ/kg] Overview

Pressure conversion factors

Some conversion factors for pressure: 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar = 10342.61 mm H2O = 14.69595 psi = 407.1894 in. H2O = 29.92126 in Hg 1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa = 0.53578 in H2O 1 kPa = 0.01 bar = 7.50062 mm Hg = 0.2953 in Hg = 4.01865 in H2O 1 psi = 6.89476 kPa = 51.7149 mm Hg = 2.03602 in Hg = 27.7076 in H2O Overview

GasViscosity()
Returns the viscosity of a gas at a given temperature. Parameters Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Gas temperature, unit: C Output: Gas viscosity, unit: cP (centipoise) Example =GasViscosity("air",150) returns 0.02316 The viscosity of air at 150C is 0.02316 cP Note 1 P (poise) = 1 g/cm.s 1 cP = 0.01 g/cm.s

SI_GasViscosity()
Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Gas temperature, [C] Output: Gas viscosity, [Pas] List of available gases Overview

Temperature()
Returns the temperature of a single material (solid, liquid or solid) from its enthalpy. For the temperature of a mixture of two materials, use the BlendTemperature function. Parameters Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit Material enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg Output: Temperature, unit: C Example =Temperature("Air",149.21) returns 595.06 The temperature of air having an enthalpy of 149.21 kcal/kg is 595.06C. Note Enthalpy is based on a reference temperature of 0C. Enthalpy List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

BlendTemperature()
Returns the temperature of a binary (two component) mixture (solid, liquid or solid) from the heat content of the mixture. The difference with the Temperature function is that Temperature can only be used with a single material. Parameters Input: Material1: the name of the first material, between quotes (" "), no unit Material2: the name of the second material, between quotes (" "), no unit Mass1: the mass of the first material, kg (it can also be the mass fraction of the first material, no unit) Mass2: the mass of the second material, kg (it can also be the mass fraction of the first material, no unit) Heat: the heat content of the mixture, unit: kcal (or kcal/kg) Output: Temperature, unit: C Example A mixture of 1000 kg of SiO2 and 1250 kg of Al2O3 has a heat content of 55000 kcal. What is the temperature of the mixture? =BlendTemperature("SiO2","Al2O3",1000,1250,55000) returns 124.37 The temperature of the mixture is 124.37C. Example Air with an absolute humidity of 0.05 kg water/kg dry air has a heat content of 47.25 kcal/kg wet air. What is its temperature? Water mass fraction = 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.04762 Dry air mass fraction = 1 - 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.95238 =BlendTemperature("air","H2Ov",0.95238,0.04762,47.25) returns 75.7687 The temperature of the moist air is 75.7687C Note Enthalpy is based on a reference temperature of 0C. Enthalpy List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

BlendTemperature_free()
Returns the temperature of a binary (two component) mixture (solid, liquid or solid) from the heat content of the mixture. The difference with the Temperature function is that Temperature can only be used with a single material. Parameters Input: Material1: the name of the first material, between quotes (" "), no unit Material2: the name of the second material, between quotes (" "), no unit Mass1: the mass of the first material, kg (it can also be the mass fraction of the first material, no unit) Mass2: the mass of the second material, kg (it can also be the mass fraction of the first material, no unit) Heat: the heat content of the mixture, unit: kcal (or kcal/kg) Output: Temperature, unit: C Example A mixture of 1000 kg of SiO2 and 1250 kg of Al2O3 has a heat content of 55000 kcal. What is the temperature of the mixture? =BlendTemperature_free("SiO2","Al2O3",1000,1250,55000) returns 124.37 The temperature of the mixture is 124.37C. Example Air with an absolute humidity of 0.05 kg water/kg dry air has a heat content of 47.25 kcal/kg wet air. What is its temperature? Water mass fraction = 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.04762 Dry air mass fraction = 1 - 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.95238 =BlendTemperature_free("air","H2Ov",0.95238,0.04762,47.25) returns 75.7687 The temperature of the moist air is 75.7687C Enthalpy_free List of available gases List of available liquids List of available solids Overview

ThermalConductivity()
Returns the thermal conductivity of a gas at a given temperature. Parameters Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Gas temperature, unit: C Output: Gas thermal conductivity, unit: cal/s.m.C Example =ThermalConductivity("N2",191) returns 0.008726 The thermal conductivity of nitrogen at 191C is 0.008726 cal/s.m.C SI_ThermalConductivity() Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Gas temperature, [C] Output: Gas thermal conductivity [J/smC] List of available gases Overview

List of available gases for Cpmean (and Cpgas)

The Cpmean and Cpgas functions can be calculated for the following gases: O2 N2 CO2 H2 CO SO2 NO H2Ov Ar CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Air oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide hydrogen carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide nitrous oxide water vapor argon methane ethane propane standard air (273.15 to 1500K) (273.15 to 1500K) (273.15 to 1500K)

For all those gases, unless noted otherwise, the allowable temperature range is -50C to 5727C (223.15 to 6000K). If the specified temperature is outside that range, the function returns a value of -1. Overview

List of available solids for Cpmean (and Cpmat)

The Cpmean and Cpgas functions can be calculated for the following solids: Temperature range (C) SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O TiO2 P2O5 Mn2O3 CaCO3 MgCO3 Clinker RawMix 0 to 2727 0 to 3727 0 to 2227 0 to 3727 0 to 3727 0 to 1727 0 to 3227 0 to 3727 0 to 427 0 to 1077 0 to 927 0 to 727 0 to 2727 0 to 927 K2SO4 Na2SO4 CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O KCl NaCl CaCl2 CaF2 C3S C2S C3A C4AF Coal Steel Temperature range (C) 0 to 2727 0 to 1727 0 to 1127 0 to 727 0 to 1727 0 to 2227 0 to 2727 0 to 2427 0 to 2327 0 to 2130 0 to 2227 0 to 2227 0 to 2227 0 to 2227

If the specified temperature is outside the allowable temperature range, the function returns a value of -1. Overview

List of available liquids for Cpmean

The only liquid available for Cpmean is: H2OL Liquid water

The allowable range goes from 0C to 350C . Overview

Standard Air
The standard composition of the air is: % volume/%mole N2 O2 Ar CO2 78.09 20.95 0.93 0.03 % mass 75.53 23.15 1.28 0.04

with a molecular weight of 28.966 g/gmole. At normal conditions (0C, 760 [mm Hg]=1.013,25 [mbar]), the density is 1.2923 kg/Nm. Overview

Mass()
Calculates the mass of a gas having a specified molecular weight, at specified temperature and pressure. Parameters Input: Gas volume, unit: m Molecular weight of the gas, unit: g/gmole Gas temperature, unit: C Absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg Output: Mass of gas, unit: kg Example =Mass(55,18.0154,210,912) returns 29.99126 The mass of 55 m of water water (molecular weight: 18.0154), at 210C and 912 mm Hg is 29.99126 kg. =Mass(25148,MolecularWeight("CO2"),450,950) returns 23314.35 The mass of 25148 m of carbon dioxide (CO2) at 450C and a pressure of 950 mm Hg is 23314.35 kg. SI_Mass() Input: Gas volume, unit: [m] Molecular weight of the gas, unit: [g/gmole] Gas temperature, unit: [C] Absolute gas pressure, unit: [mbar] Output: Mass of gas, unit: [kg] MolecularWeight Pressure Conversion Factors List of available gases Overview

Volume()
Calculates the volume of a gas having a specified molecular weight, at specified temperature and pressure. Parameters Input: Mass of gas, unit: kg Molecular weight of the gas, unit: g/gmole Gas temperature, unit: C Absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg Output: Mass of gas, unit: m Example =Volume(120,31.9988,49,699.2) returns 107.75 The volume of 120 kg of oxygen (molecular weight: 31.9988), at 49C and 699.2 mm Hg is 107.75 m. =Volume(15000,MolecularWeight("Air"),200,950) returns 16084.32 The volume of 15000 kg of air at 200C and 950 mm Hg is 16084.32 m. Parameters Input: Mass of gas, unit: kg Molecular weight of the gas, unit: g/gmole Gas temperature, unit: C Absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg Output: Mass of gas, unit: m SI_Volume() Input: Mass of gas [kg] Molecular weight of the gas, unit: [kg/kmole] Gas temperature, unit: [C] Absolute gas pressure, unit: [mbar] Output: Mass of gas, unit: [m] MolecularWeight Pressure Conversion Factors List of available gases Overview

VolumeAtNewP&T()
Calculates the volume of a gas under new conditions of pressure and temperature using the PVT relation: This function is also usable with SI units: Temperature is identical and pressure factor is relative as conversion factor is constant. Parameters Input: Initial volume of gas, unit: m Initial absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg New absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg Initial gas temperature, unit: C New gas temperature, unit: C Output: New volume of gas, unit: m Example =VolumeAtNewPT(1000,950,760,85,25) returns 1040.591 A volume of gas of 1000 m at 950 mm Hg and 85C becomes 1040.591 m at 760 mm Hg and 25C. Pressure Conversion Factors Overview

DewPoint()
The DewPoint function returns the dew point temperature of a mixture of gas and water. The dew point is the temperature where water of the mixture starts to condense. It depends on the humidity of the mixture and the absolute pressure. Parameters Input: Absolute pressure of the gas mixture, unit: mm Hg Humidity of the gas, unit: kg water/kg dry gas Molecular weight of the gas: g/gmole Output: Dew point temperature, unit: C Example =DewPoint(760,0.45,28.966) returns 77.3367 The dew point temperature of a gas/water mixture of 0.45 kg water/kg dry gas, for a gas having a molecular weight of 28.966 (air) at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg) is 77.3367C. It means that water will not condense until the temperature of the mixture is below 77.3367C. SI_DewPoint() Input: Absolute pressure of the gas mixture, unit: [mbar] Humidity of the gas, unit: [kg water/kg dry gas] Molecular weight of the gas: [g/gmole] Output: Dew point temperature, unit: [C] MolecularWeight AcidDewPoint Overview

VaporPressure()
Returns the vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. The function is valid from 0 to 374.2C. If the temperature is larger 374.2C, then the function returns the value 99999. Parameters Input: Example =VaporPressure(120) returns 1492.18 mm Hg The vapor pressure of water at 120C is 1492.18 mm Hg. SI_VaporPressure Input: Water temperature, [C ] Output: Vapor pressure, [mbar] Pressure Conversion Factors Overview Water temperature, unit: C Output: Vapor pressure, unit: mm Hg

MolecularWeight()
This function returns the molecular weight of a substance from the chemical formula of that substance. A reference to a cell containing the chemical formula of the substance can also be used. One exception: for air, the word "air" is used instead of the chemical formula. Parameters Input: Examples =MolecularWeight("O2") returns 31.9988 The molecular weight of oxygen (O2) is 31.9988 g/gmole. With the value of CO2 (no quotes) in the cell A31: =MolecularWeight(A31) returns 44.0098 The molecular weight of CO2 is 44.0098 g/gmole. List of available substances Overview Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit Output: Gas molecular weight, g/gmole or kg/kgmole or lb/lbmole

BlendMolecularWeight()
This function returns the molecular weight of a mix of available Materials.of a substance from the chemical formula of that substance. A reference to a cell containing the chemical formula of the substance can also be used. One exception: for air, the word "air" is used instead of the chemical formula. Parameters Input: Material names and mole/volume fractions. Output: Molecular weight of mix, g/gmole or kg/kgmole or lb/lbmole Example CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2O3 Fe2O3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0 .3

Molecularweight of blend

115.19

Formula Call in Cell B8: =BlendMolecularWeight(A2:A5;B2:B5) List of available substances Overview

List of available substances for MolecularWeight / BlendMolecularWeight

The MolecularWeight function can be used for the following gases: Gases O2 H2 H2O CO CO2 SO2 SO3 N2 NO NO2 NH3 Ar Air (standard air) CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Overview SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O TiO2 P2O5 NaCl KCl Solids C3S C2S C3A C4AF CaCO3 MgCO3 CaCl2 CaSO4 Ca(OH)2 Na2SO4 K2SO4 FeS2

VelocityPressure()
Calculates the velocity pressure of a gas with a given density and a given velocity. Parameters Input: Gas density: kg/m Gas velocity: m/s Output: Velocity pressure: mm H2O Examples =VelocityPressure(1.1973,2.5) returns 0.3819 The velocity pressure of a gas having a density of 1.1973 kg/m and a gas velocity of 2.5 m/s is 0.3819 mm H2O. =VelocityPressure(GasDensity("air",185,779),1.89) returns 0.1440 The velocity pressure of air at 185C and a pressure of 779 mm Hg with a velocity of 1.89 m/s is 0.1440 mm H2O. SI_VelocityPressure() Input: Gas density, [kg/m] Gas velocity: [m/s] Output: Velocity pressure: [mbar] List of available gases GasDensity Pressure Conversion Factors

WetDryBulb()
Calculates the absolute humidity of a air / water vapor mixture from wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Reference: Moran, M.J. and Shapiro, H.N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley 1988, p. 586-589. Parameters Input: WBTemp: wet bulb temperature (C) DBTemp: dry bulb temperature (C) Pressure: absolute pressure of gas (mm Hg) Output: WetDryBulb: absolute humidity (kg water / kg dry air) Example =WetDryBulb(55,125,760) returns 0.0815 The absolute humidity of a wet air when the wet bulb temperature is 55C, the dry bulb temperature is 125C and the absolute pressure 760 mm Hg, is 0.0815 kg water/kg dry air. SI_WetDryBulb() Input: WBTemp: wet bulb temperature [C] DBTemp: dry bulb temperature [C] Pressure: absolute pressure of gas [mbar] Output: WetDryBulb: absolute humidity [kg water / kg dry air] DewPoint Pressure Conversion Factors Overview

Humidity()
Calculates the absolute humidity of a air / water vapor mixture from the relative humidity of the mixture, its absolute pressure and temperature. Parameters Input: RelativeHumidity: relative humidity of mixture [fraction] cell formatted as [%] Pressure: absolute pressure of mixture (mm Hg) Temperature: temperature of gas (C) Output: Humidity: absolute humidity (kg water / kg dry air) Example =Humidity(0.70,760,40)returns 3.4213 The absolute humidity when the relative humidity is 70%, the atmospheric pressure 760 mm Hg and the temperature 40C is 0.034213 kg water/kg dry air SI_Humidity Input: RelativeHumidity: relative humidity of mixture [fraction] cell formatted as [%] Pressure: absolute pressure of mixture [mbar] Temperature: temperature of gas [C] Output: Humidity: absolute humidity [kg water / kg dry air] Overview

SlurryDensity()
Special function for wet kilns calculating the density of kiln feed slurry in [g/cm]/[kg/l] Parameters: Input: SlurryDensityDry: density of dry solids in the slurry (g/cm) Default value: 2.7 g/cm (kg/l) Moisture: the moisture content proportion in the slurry Output: Density of slurry

Reference: Peray, Kurt E., Cement Manufacturer's Handbook, Chemical Publishing, 1979, pp. 31-35 Overview

SlurrySolidContent()
Calculates the solid content of a raw mix slurry [g/cm] or [kg/l] of wet slurry on dry basis Not to confuse with density of the dry material. Comment: 1 [m] of wet slurry has 1.01 [t] solids Parameters: Input: SlurryDensityDry: density of dry solids in the slurry (g/cm) Default value: 2.7 g/cm (kg/l) Moisture: the moisture content proportion in the slurry Output: Solid content of slurry

Reference: Peray, Kurt E., Cement Manufacturer's Handbook, Chemical Publishing, 1979, pp. 31-35 Overview

Reynoldsnumber()
Calculates the Reynolds number in a duct with circular section of given Diameter. Parameters: Input: Flowrate Temperature Pressure Output: [Nm/h] [C] [mmHg]

Diameter(duct) [m]

V *D Re = [-]
Overview

HeatFormation()
Returns the Heat of Formation of a Material at 25C. Using this function separately requires that the result must be corrected to the reference temperature of 0 [C]. (EnthalpyF() is doing this automatically.) Parameters Input: Materialname Output: Heat of formation Overview [kcal/kg] [-]

EnthalpyF()
Returns the Enthalpy (kcal/kg) of a Material at a specified Temperature (C) that includes the Heat of Formation of that Material at that Temperature The EnthalpyF is adjusted for a reference temperature at 0C to be compatible with the other Enthalpy function Parameters Input: Materialname Temperature Output: Enthalpy + heat of formation Overview [kcal/kg] [-] [C]

Frictionfactor()
Calculates the friction factor in a duct according to the Moody diagram, used to calculate the pressure drop. Based on the Churchill method (Churchill, S.W.: "Friction factor equation spans all fluid flow regimes", Chemical Engineering, Vol. 84 (1977) ) and described in Industrial Ventilation, 23rd Edition, p. 1-8. Parameters: Input: Reynolds: Reynolds number [-] Roughness: surface roughness of the duct ([ft] or [m], same unit as Diameter) Diameter: duct diameter ([ft] or [m]) Output: Friction factor[x] for pressure drop calculation: p = v Overview

l d

MultBlendTemperatur()
Returns the temperature [C] of a the mixture of Materials, each having a Proportion, for a given Enthalpy [kcal/kg) of the Blend. Parameters: Input: Materialnames: Mass proportions: spec. Enthalpie: Example:
Input: CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Output: Temperatur of(mix): 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 spec. Enthalpy 10 [kcal/kg]

[-] [-] [kcal/kg]

53.79 [C]

Output: Temperature [C]

Overview

BlendEnthalpy()
Returns the Enthalpy of a mixture of N materials. Input of the materials can be in mass fractions(Example 1) or in absolute mass amounts (Example 2). Parameters: Input: Materialname: [-] Temperature: [C] Mass: Fraction [-] / absolute [kg] Example 1: with mass fraction [-]
Input: CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Output: Enthalpy of(mix): 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 Temperature 100 [C]

19.48 [kcal/kg]

Example 2: with absolute amounts [kg] Input: CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Output: Enthalpy of(mix): Output: Enthalpy: Overview [kcal/kg] 300 200 200 300 Temperature 100 [C]

19.48 [kcal/kg]

Mod_SR()
Returns the Silica ratio, see Vademecum, Quality, Page 3.1

SR =

S AF

Parameters: Input: S (SiO2), A (Al2O3) and F (Fe2O3) in mass-fraction [-] or mass percentage [%]

Overview

SI_CpMeanSmokeMass()
Calculation of Cp() mean of a gas/smoke in cement industry with the following 5 components: CO2 -> Carbondioxid H2O -> Water vapor O2 -> Oxygene N2 -> Nitrogene Ar --> Argon (for all friends of the "edelgas" Parameters: Input: Temperature [C] Mass fraction [-](all constituents) Output: Cp ()mean in [kJ/kg] Overview

SI_CpMeanSmokeVol()
Calculation of Cp() mean of a gas/smoke in cement industry with the following 5 components: CO2 -> Carbondioxid H2O -> Water vapor O2 -> Oxygene N2 -> Nitrogene Ar --> Argon (for all friends of the "Edelgas") Parameters: Input: Temperature [C] Volume fraction [-](all constituents) Output: Cp ()mean in [kJ/Nm] Overview