Buckling

20 Buckling

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-08

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Buckling
Buckling is a tendency of slender compression members to bow out, which causes bending. When the combined bending and compressive stress exceeds the buckling capacity failure occurs. Buckling effects all compression members, such as columns, truss bars, bracing, etc A B C
P P P

Short columns fail in compression. Slender columns fail in buckling Free-body diagram of half column shows bending moment M = P e (force times lever arm)

P A
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Buckling bends a column progressively. Increasing offset e increases bending, which in turn increases e further which finally causes buckling failure
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Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-08

Euler formula, developed by the 18th century Swiss Mathematician Euler defines critical buckling load as: Pcr = critical buckling load E = Elastic modulus I = Moment of inertia L = Length (un-braced) Since f=P/A, critical buckling stress Fcr=2EI/(A L2), or

Pcr = 2 E I / L2

Fcr = 2 E / (KL/r2)
A = cross section area) KL/r = slenderness ratio r = radius of gyration, r =(I/A)1/2 I / A = r2 K = support factor defined as follows Support type: Theoretical K Recommended K A Pin supports: K=1 K = 1 B One fixed support: K = 07 K = 0.8 C Both fixed supports: K = 0.5 K = 0.65 D Cantilever: K=2 K = 2.1 E Moment frame K=1 K = 1.2 - 1.5
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Combined stress Compression members may be subject to combined axial and bending stress. 1 Wall subject to lateral load 2 Eccentric load causes bending moment M = P e 3 Column with eccentric beam support 4 Cantilever under gravity and lateral load 5 Columns of moment frame under gravity load 6 Columns of moment frame under lateral load 7 Interaction triangle, visualizes interaction formula: fa/Fa + fb/Fb 1 fa = Actual axial stress Fa = Allowable axial stress fb = Actual bending stress Fb = Allowable bending stress Combined stress examples: 100% axial stress + 0% bending stress 30% axial stress + 70% bending stress 50% axial stress + 50% bending stress 0% axial stress +100% bending stress
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Kern, German for core denotes inner 1/3 of cross section (rhomboid for rectangular, circular for round posts). Load within the kern causes compressive stress only Load outside the Kern adds bending stress fb=M/S (M=Pe) Concentric load causes axial stress only fa = P/A load inside Kern causes fb < fa

fa = P/A

3 Load at Kern edge causes 4 Laod outside the Kern causes (yields tensile bending stress) Proof: Triangular stress block has centroid @ d/3
20 Buckling Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-08

fb = fa fb > fa

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Arch and vault Arches and vaults of un-reinforced brick or stone can only resist compression and must be designed to avoid tension Thus the funicular pressure line should be within the Kern (Funicular line may be defined graphically) 1 Funicular arch under uniform load 2 Funicular line at Kern edge under asymmetrical load 3 Funicular line outside Kern under asymmetrical load (would fail due to tensile stress) A Compressive stress B Bending stress compression avoids tensile stress C Combined stress without tensile stress D Bending stress > compressive stress E Combined stress includes tensile stress

20 Buckling

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-08

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Wood buckling Wood column slenderness is defined as L/d ratio where d is the least thickness, unless the column is braced by blocking or sheathing For braced columns the largest L/d ratio governs K is ignored since wood moment joints are difficult 1 The least dimension d typically defines L/d ratio
d d dd

2 Square columns with equal d are most effective 3 Columns with blocking are governed by the largest L/d ratio

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Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-08

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Allowable buckling stress Fc: Fc = F*c (CP) F*c = Fc (CD) (CM) (Ct) X Fc = Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain CD = Duration factor (1=normal, 1.6=wind & seismic load) CM = Moisture factor (1 for dry lumber) Ct = Temperature factor (1for normal temperature) X = Other adjustment factors for size, etc. per NDS CP = Buckling stability defined by Ylinen formula: Wood buckling Allowable buckling graph Horizontal axis: slenderness L/d Vertical axis: allowable stress Fc Allowable buckling load: P = A Fc A = cross section area
20 Buckling

CP =

1+ FcE /Fc* 1+ FcE /Fc* FcE /Fc* - 2c c 2c

c = 0.80 for sawn lumber 0.85 for round timber 0.90 for glulam posts FcE = KcE E/(L/d)2 (Euler buckling stress) KcE = 0.300 for visually graded lumber 0.384 for MEL (Machine Evaluated Lumber) 0.418 for glulam & MSR (Machine Stress Rated) E = Elastic modulus
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Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-08

Example Douglas fir-larch # 1, Fc = 1000 psi E = 1,600,000 psi, sawn lumber c = 0.8; visually graded, KcE = 0.3, 4x6 post, L = 8 (no adjustments needed) F*c = Fc Find allowable load P Slenderness L/d = 8(12)/3.5 L/d = 27.4 FcE = KcE E /(L/d)2 FcE = 0.3 (1,600,000)/27.42 FcE = 639 psi FcE/F*c = 0.639 FcE/F*c = 639/1000
CP = 1 + 0.639 1 + 0.639 0.639 1.6 0.8 1.6
2

Cp = 0.524 Fc = 524 psi P = 10 k

Allowable stress Fc = Fc CP = 1000 (0.524) Allowable load P = Fc A = 524 (3.5x5.5) / 1000

Using graph Fc = 520 psi At Fc=1000 psi, L/d = 27.4 Allowable load P = 10 k P=FcA =520 (3.5x5.5)/1000 Confirming result with good accuracy
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Interpolation example
Assume: 8x12 post nominal, 7.25x11.25 actual F*c=1150 psi, E =1,600,000 psi L = 12, braced about weak axis at mid-height Weak axis slenderness L/d = (12/2) x 12 / 7.25 L/d = 10 Strong axis slenderness L/d = 12 x 12 / 11.25 L/d = 13 Strong axis slenderness governs 13 > 10 Fc= 920 psi At F*c = 1000 and L/d = 13 Fc=1060 psi At F*c = 1200 and L/d = 13 Use conservative 920 psi buckling stress, or interpolate between 920 and 1060 psi Allowable stress = X X/1150 = 1060/1200 Allowable stress Fc=1016 psi Fc = 1150x1060/1200 Allowable load P = 82.9 k P= FcA=1016x7.25x11.25/1000
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Load graph for square posts Design example Post: P = 40 K, L=10 un-braced length Find nearest curve above 10 and 40 k Use 8x8 post Analysis example Find allowable load for 12x12 post, L= 24 Find intersection of 24 with 12x12 curve Allowable load P = 64 K Analysis example Find allowable load for 6x6 post, 20' long, braced at 8 Find intersection of 208=12 with 6x6 curve Allowable load P = 15 k Metric design example Design a 4 m post for P = 200 k Find curve above intersection of 4 m and 200 kN Use 10x10 post Metric analysis example Find allowable load for a 8x8 post of 6 m long Find intersection of 6 m with 8x8 curve Allowable load P = 90 kN
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Other posts

1 2

Glulam posts are effective to resist combined axial and bending stress by adjusting the strength of laminations to reflect stress distribution over the cross section. Round poles are very effective for concentric load, since buckling resistance is uniform in all direction. But poles are least effective for eccentric load, since material is focused around the centroid with minimal lever arm to resist bending stress. Round poles are designed like square posts, with diameter adjusted for equal cross section area, i. e., d2 = 2/4, or d = 0.886 d = square post thickness = pole diameter Spaced columns for posts and truss bars are designed for critical L/d ratio (L1/d1, or L2/d2)

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Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-08

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