SUBSEA ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

YONG BAI QIANG BAI

AMSTERDAM

BOSTON

HEIDELBERG

LONDON

NEW YORK

OXFORD

PARIS

SAN DIEGO
TOKYO

SAN FRANCISCO

SINGAPORE

SYDNEY

ELSEVIER

Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier

Preface About the Authors List of Abbreviations

xxv

xxvii xxix

PART I SUBSEA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

1.

Overview of Subsea Engineering

1.1. 1.2.

3
3 6

Introduction Subsea Production Systems

1.2.1.

Field Architecture

7
9 10 11 11

1.2.2. Distribution Systems

1.2.3.

Subsea

Surveys
and Vessels

1.2.4.

Installation

1.2.5. Cost Estimation 1.2.6.

1.2.7. 1.2.8.

Subsea Control Subsea Power

12
12

Supply

Project
Subsea

Execution and Interfaces

13
13

1.3.

Flow Assurance and System Engineering

1.3.1.

Operations

13
15 16 16 17

1.3.2. Commissioning and Start-Up

1.3.3.

Production Processing

1.3.4. Chemicals Injection

1.3.5.

Well

Testing
and Maintenance

1.3.6.
1.4.

Inspection

18
18

Subsea Structures and 1.4.1. 1.4.2.

Equipment

Subsea Manifolds

18
19

Pipeline

Ends and In-Line Structures

1.4.3. Jumpers 1.4.4. Subsea Wellheads

1.4.5. Subsea Trees

19
20 22

1.4.6.
1.4.7.

Umbilical Systems Production Risers

22
24

1.5.

Subsea Pipelines References

24
25

vi

Contents

2.

Subsea Field
2.1.

Development

27 27
29

Subsea Field Development Overview

2.2. 23,

Deepwater

or

Shallow-Water Development

Wet Tree and

Dry

Tree

Systems

29
31

2.3.1. Wet Tree

2.3.2.

Systems
Systems

Dry

Tree

33
34

2.3.3. 2.4.

Systems Selection

Subsea Tie-Back

Development Challenges
the Stand-Alone and Tie-Back

35
35

2.4.1. Tie-Back Field Design 2.4.2. Tie-Back Selection and 2.5. Stand-Alone Development 2.5.1.

38
40

Comparison between Developments

41
42 44 44

2.5.2. 2.6.

Classification of Stand-Alone Facilities

Artificial Lift Methods and Constraints 2.6.1.

2.6.2.

Basic Artificial Lift Methods

Gas Lift

44
46 47 49

2.6.3. Subsea Pressure Boosting 2.6.4. Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)

2.7.

Subsea Processing

2.8.

Template, Clustered Well System, and Daisy Chain

2.8.1. Satellite Well

52
52

System

2.8.2.

Template

and Clustered Well System

53
55

2.8.3. Daisy Chain 2.9. Subsea Field Development Assessment

2.9.1. Basic Data

56
58

2.9.2. Water-Cut Profile

2.9.3.

61
61

Process Simulations References

61 63 64
64

3.

Subsea Distribution System

3.1.

Introduction 3.1.1.

System Architecture Hydraulic System

Electrical Power

3.2.

Design Parameters
3.2.1.

66
66

3.2.2.
3.3.

System and Communication

66
67

SDS
3.3.1.

Component Design Requirements Topside Umbilical

Termination

Assembly (TUTA)

67
68

3.3.2.

Subsea Umbilical Termination Assembly (SUTA)

Contents

vii

33.3.

Umbilical Termination Head (UTH) Subsea Distribution Assembly (SDA)

70

3.3.4. 3.3.5.
3.3.6.

71
74

Hydraulic

Distribution Manifold/Module (HDM)

Electrical Distribution Manifold/Module (EDM)

76
77

3.3.7. 3.3.8. 3.3.9.

3.3.10.

Multiple Quick Connects (MQCs) Hydraulic Flying

Electrical
Leads and

Couplers

78 84
86

Flying

Leads and Connectors

Logic Caps
Subsea Accumulator Module (SAM) References

3.3.11.

88
90

4.

Subsea
4.1.

Surveying, Positioning,

and Foundation

91
93

Introduction

4.2. Subsea Survey

4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.4.

93

Subsea Survey

Requirements

94 98

Subsea Survey Equipment Requirements Sub-Bottom Profilers

100
102 102 103

Magnetometer
Core and Bottom Sampler

4.2.5.
4.2.6.

Positioning Systems

4.3.

Subsea
4.3.1.

Metrology and Positioning

104
104

Transducers Calibration Water Column Parameter Acoustic Long Baseline

Acoustic Short Baseline and Ultra-Short Baseline

4.3.2.
4.3.3. 4.3.4. 4.3.5.

104 105
106

108 110 111

115

4.4.

Subsea Soil Investigation 4.4.1. Offshore Soil

4.4.2.

Investigation Equipment Requirements

Subsea Survey Equipment Interfaces

4.5.

Subsea Foundation
4.5.1.

118 118 118 118 119

121 123

Pile-or Skirt-Supported Structures

4.5.2.
4.5.3.

Seabed-Supported
Geotechnical

Structures

Pile and Plate Anchor Design and Installation

4.5.4.
4.5.5.

Capacity

of Suction Piles

Geotechnical Capacity of Plate Anchors Structural Design of Suction Piles Installation of Suction Piles, Suction Caissons, and Plate Anchors

4.5.6.
4.5.7.

128
133

4.5.8. Driven Pile Anchor References

137

viii

Contents

5.

Installation and Vessels 5.1.

5.2.

139 139
140

Introduction

Typical
5.2.2. 5.2.3.

Installation Vessels

5.2.1. Transportation Barges and

Tug

Boats

140
141

Drilling Vessels Pipe-Laying Vessels Heavy Lift Vessels

143
145

5.2.4. Umbilical-Laying Vessels

5.2.5.

146
146 147 148 149

5.2.6. Offshore Support Vessels

5.3.

Vessel Requirements and Selection

5.3.1. Basic

Requirements for Vessels and Barges

5.3.2.
5.4.

Functional Requirements

Installation Positioning 5.4.1.

5.4.2.

150
151

Surface Positioning Subsea

Positioning Analysis

151
152

5.5.

Installation 5.5.1.
5.5.2.

Analysis
Installation Analysis

Subsea Structure Installation

153
154

Pipeline/Riser
References

5.5.3.

Umbilical Installation Analysis

155
158

6.

Subsea Cost Estimation 6.1.

6.2. 6.3.

159 159 161 163

Introduction Subsea

Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) Methodologies

Estimation

Cost Estimation 6.3.1. 6.3.2.

Cost-Capacity

164
165 168 169

Factored Estimation

6.3.3. Work Breakdown Structure

6.3.4. 6.4. Cost Estimation Process

Subsea
6.4.1. 6.4.2.

Equipment

Costs

170

Overview of Subsea Production

System

170 171 175

Subsea Trees

6.4.3. Subsea Manifolds

6.4.4. 6.5.

Flowlines

177
179

Testing and Installation Costs

6.5.1.

Testing Costs

179
180

6.5.2. Installation Costs 6.6.

Project Management

and

Engineering

Costs

182

Contents

ix

6.7. 6.8.

Subsea
Life

Operation Expenditures (OPEX)

Cost of Subsea

183

cycle

System

183 185
185

6.8.1. 6.8.2. 6.9. Case

RISEX
RAM EX

Study:

Subsea

System

CAPEX Estimation

188
192

References

7.

Subsea Control
7.1. 7.2.
Introduction

193
193

Types
7.2.1.

of Control
Direct

Systems
Control

195

Hydraulic Hydraulic

System

195

7.2.2.
7.2.3.

Piloted

Control System

197
197

Sequenced Hydraulic Control System Multiplexed Electrohydraulic Control System All-Electric

Control

7.2.4.
7.2.5.

199 200
202

System
(MCS)

7.3.

Topside Equipment
7.3.1. Master Control Station

202 204

7.3.2. 7.3.3. 7.4.

7.5.

Electrical Power Unit (EPU)

Hydraulic

Power Unit

(HPU)
Base (SCMMB)

205 206
207 208

Subsea Control Module

Mounting

Subsea Control Module (SCM) 7.5.1. 7.5.2. SCM

Components
Description

SCM Control Mode

209
212 213 214

7.6.

Subsea Transducers/Sensors
7.6.1. Pressure Transducer

(PT)

7.6.2. 7.6.3. 7.6.4.

7.7.

Temperature

Transducer (TT)

PressureATemperature Transducer (PTT)

Sand Detector Pressure Protection

214
215

High-Integrity

System (HIPPS) System (IWOCS)

216 218

7.8. 7.9.

Subsea Production Control System (SPCS) Installation and Workover Control References

222
224

8.

Subsea Power
8.1.

Supply

225
225

Introduction Electrical Power 8.2.1.

8.2.2.

8.2.

System

227 228

Design Codes, Standards, and Specifications

Electrical Load Calculation

228

Contents

8.2.3.

Power

Supply Selection

230

8.2.4. Electrical Power Unit (EPU)

8.2.5.

234 235
237

Electrical Power Distribution Power

8.3.

Hydraulic
8.3.1.

System
Power Unit

Hydraulic

(HPU)

239
244

References

9.

Project
9.1.
9.2.

Execution and Interfaces

247 248 248

248

Introduction

Project
9.2.1.
9.2.2.

Execution

Project Execution Plan

Schedule Versions and Baseline

Updates

249 249

9.2.3.
9.2.4.

Project Organization Project Management Contracting Strategy

253
254

9.2.5.
9.2.6.

Quality

Assurance

255 and

9.2.7.
9.2.8.

Systems Integration Manufacturing

Installation Process Management HSE

Testing

256

258
259 260 260

9.2.9.
9.2.10.

Management

9.3.

Interfaces

9.3.1. 9.3.2. 9.3.3.

9.3.4.

General
Roles and

260

Responsibilities

261

Interface Matrix Interface Interface

262
263

Scheduling Management
Plan

9.3.5. 9.3.6. 9.3.7.

9.3.8.

263
263

Interface Management Procedure Interface Register Internal Interface

265

Management

265

9.3.9.
9.3.10.

External Interface Management Interface Resolution Interface Deliveries References

265
266

9.3.11.

266 266

10.

Subsea Risk and

10.1.

Reliability

267
268

Introduction
10.1.1. Overview of Risk

Management

268
269

10.1.2.

Risk in Subsea

Projects

Contents

xi

10.2.

Risk Assessment 10.2.1.

10.2.2.

270 270
270

General

Assessment Parameters
Risk Assessment Methods Risk Acceptance Criteria Risk Identification Risk Management Plan

10.2.3.
10.2.4. 10.2.5. 10.2.6. 10.3.

270 272 272

274

Environmental
10.3.1. 10.3.2.

Impact

Assessment

274 275
275

Calculate the Volume Released

Estimate Final

Liquid

Volume

10.3.3.
10.3.4.

Determine

Cleanup

Costs

276
277

Ecological Impact
Risk Reduction

Assessment

10.4.

Project Risk Management

10.4.1.

279
280

10.5.

Reliability
10.5.1.

281
281 281

Reliability Requirements Reliability

Proactive Processes

10.5.2.
10.5.3. 10.5.4. 10.5.5. 10.6.

Reliability Techniques
Block

283 284 285

286

Reliability Modeling Reliability Concept

Timing Diagrams (RBDs)

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

10.6.1. 10.6.2. 10.6.3. 10.6.4.

286
287

Input

Data

Requirements

287
287 287 288

Strengths and Weaknesses

10.6.5.
10.6.6.

Reliability

Capability Maturity Model (RCMM) Levels

Reliability-Centered Design Analysis (RCDA)

10.7.

Qualification to Reduce Subsea Failures References

289
291

11.

Subsea Equipment RBI

11.1. 11.2. 11.3.

293 294 294

Introduction Objective
Subsea Equipment RBI 11.3.1. General
11.3.2.

Methodology Management

295
295

Subsea RBI Inspection Risk

296
297

11.3.3.
11.3.4.

Acceptance

Criteria

Subsea RBI Workflow

297
299

11.3.5. Subsea

Equipment

Risk Determination

xii

Contents

11.3.6.
11.3.7.

Inspection Plan
Offshore Equipment
RBI

302

Reliability

Data

303
305

11.4.

Pipeline
11.4.1. 11.4.2. 11.4.3.

Pipeline

Degradation Mechanisms

305
305

Assessment of PoF Value

Assessment of CoF Values

Risk Identification and Criteria

311
312

11.4.4.
11.5.

Subsea Tree RBI

11.5.1. 11.5.2. 11.5.3.

313
314

Subsea Tree RBI Process Subsea Tree Risk Assessment

315
318

Inspection Plan

11.6.

Subsea Manifold RBI

11.6.1. 11.6.2. 11.6.3.

318 Mechanism
318

Degradation

Initial Assessment Detailed Assessment

318
319 320 327

11.6.4.
11.7. RBI

Example

for

Manifold RBI

Output and Benefits

References

327

PART II FLOW ASSURANCE AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING

12. Subsea 12.1.

System Engineering
Flow Assurance Challenges
Flow Assurance Concerns

331 331
332

Introduction
12.1.1. 12.1.2.

333
334

12.2.

Typical
12.2.1.
12.2.2.

Flow Assurance Process Fluid Characterization and Property Assessments

334

Steady-State Hydraulic and Thermal Performance

Analyses
12.2.3. Transient Flow Hydraulic and Thermal Performances

337

Analyses
12.3.

337

System Design and

12.3.1. 12.3.2.

Operability

341

Well 5tart-Up and Shut-Down Flowline Blowdown References

343 345
347

IE.

Hydraulics
13.1. 13.2.

349 350 and

Introduction

Composition

Properties

of Hydrocarbons

351

Contents

xiii

13.2.1. 13.2.2.

Hydrocarbon Composition
Equation of State

351 352 354

357

13.2.3.
13.3.

Hydrocarbon Properties
General
Effect of Emulsion on

Emulsion

13.3.1.
13.3.2.

357

Viscosity

358 359
360 361

13.3.3.
13.4.

Prevention of Emulsion

Phase Behavior 13.4.1.

13.4.2. 13.4.3. 13.4.4.

Black Oils Volatile Oils Condensate

Wet Gases

361 361 362

362

13.4.5.
13.4.6. 13.5.

Dry Gases Computer Models

Flow General

363
364

Hydrocarbon
13.5.1. 13.5.2.

364
365

Single-Phase Flow

13.5.3.
13.5.4.

Multiphase
and

Flow

371
375

Comparison of Two-Phase Flow Correlations

13.6.

Slugging
13.6.1.

Liquid Handling

379
379

General

13.6.2.
13.6.3.

Hydrodynamic Slugging
Terrain

381 383

Slugging
and Blowdown

13.6.4.
13.6.5.

Start-up
Rate

Slugging

384 384
384

Change Slugging

13.6.6.
13.6.7.

Pigging Slugging Slug

Prediction Parameters for

385 Characteristics
386

13.6.8.
13.6.9.

Slug

Detection and Control

Systems

386
387

13.6.10. 13.6.11.
13.7.

Equipment Design for Slug Flow

Slug Catcher Sizing Design

Catcher

387
388

Slug Catcher
13.7.1. 13.7.2.

Slug

Design Process

389 389 390 390 392 392

Slug Catcher Functions

13.8.

Pressure
13.8.1. 13.8.2.

Surge

Fundamentals of Pressure Surge Pressure Surge Analysis

13.9.

Line

Sizing

13.9.1.

Hydraulic

Calculations

392

xiv

Contents

13.9.2. 13.9.3. 13.9.4.

13.9.5.

Criteria Maximum Minimum Wells

Gas

393

Operating Operating

Velocities Velocities

394
396 396

13.9.6.

Lift

397
398

References 14.

Heat Transfer and Thermal Insulation

14.1.
14.2.

401 402

Introduction
Heat Transfer

Fundamentals

403 403
405

14.2.1.
14.2.2.

Heat Conduction Convection Buried

14.2.3.
14.2.4. 14.3.

Pipeline

Heat Transfer

409

Soil Thermal

Conductivity
Coefficient

411 412

U-Value
14.3.1. Overall Heat Transfer

412 417

14.3.2. 14.3.3.
14.4.

Achievable U-Values U-Value for Buried Pipe Heat Transfer

Prediction

417
418

Steady-State
14.4.1.

Temperature

along

Pipeline

418
420

14.4.2. 14.5.

Steady-State Insulation Performance

Transient Heat Transfer

14.5.1.

421
422

Cooldown Transient Insulation Performance

14.5.2.
14.6.

427
428

Thermal Management 14.6.1.

14.6.2.

Strategy and

Insulation

External Insulation Coating System

428
436

Pipe-in-Pipe System

14.6.3.
14.6.4.

Bundling
Burial Direct

437
439

14.6.5.

Heating
U-Value and Cooldown Time Calculation Sheet

439
443

References

Appendix:

445
446

Properties of Ambient Surroundings

15.

Hydrates
15.1.
15.2.

451
451

Introduction

Physics and Phase Behavior

15.2.1.
15.2.2.

454
454

General

Hydrate Formation and Dissociation

456

Contents

xv

15.2.3.
15.2.4, 15.3.

Effects of Salt, MeOH, and Gas

Mechanism of

Composition

459

Hydrate Inhibition

461
464

Hydrate Prevention
15.3.1. 15.3.2.
15.3.3. 15.3.4.

Thermodynamic Inhibitors Low-Dosage Hydrate

Low-Pressure
Water Removal

464
466 466

Inhibitors

Operation

466
467

15.3.5. Thermal Insulation

15.3.6. Active

Heating

467
468

15.4.

Hydrate Remediation
15.4.1.

Depressurization

470 Inhibitors
471

15.4.2.
15.4.3.

Thermodynamic
Active Heating

471
471

15.4.4.
15.4.5. 15.5.

Mechanical Methods

Safety

Considerations

472
472

Hydrate
15.5.2. 15.5.3. 15.5.4.

Control

Design Philosophies Hydrate

Control

15.5.1. Selection of
Cold Flow

472
476 477 477

Technology
Design Process

Hydrate Hydrate
of

Control

Control

Design

and

Operating Guidelines
Inhibitors

15.6.

Recovery

Thermodynamic Hydrate

478
480

References 16. Wax and

16.1. 16.2.

Asphaltenes

483
483

Introduction Wax 16.2.1. General

16.2.2. Pour Point

484
484

Temperature

485
487

16.2.3. Wax Formation

16.2.4.

Gel Strength

490
490

16.2.5. Wax
16.2.6. 16.3. Wax Wax

Deposition
Deposition Prediction

491
492

Management
General

16.3.1.

492
493

16.3.2. Thermal Insulation

16.3.3.

Pigging
Inhibitor Injection

493
494

16.3.4. 16.4.

Wax Remediation 16.4.1. Wax Remediation Methods

494
495

xvi

Contents

16.4.2.

Assessment of Wax

Problem

496
496

16.43. 16.5.

Wax Control

Design Philosophies

Asphaltenes
16.5.1.
16.5.2.

497
497

General
Assessment of

Asphaltene

Problem

498
501

16.5.3.
16.5.4.

Asphaltene Formation

Asphaltene Deposition

502
502

16.6.

Asphaltene Control Design Philosophies

References

504

17.

Subsea Corrosion and Scale

17.1. 17.2.

505
506
507

Introduction

Pipeline Internal Corrosion

17.2.1. 17.2.2.

Sweet Corrosion: Carbon Dioxide

Sour Corrosion:

507
518

Hydrogen Sulfide

17.2.3.
17.2.4.

Internal

Coatings

519
520

Internal Corrosion Inhibitors

17.3.

Pipeline External Corrosion

17.3.1. Fundamentals of Cathodic Protection

520
521

17.3.2.
17.3.3.

External

Coatings

523
524

Cathodic Protection Galvanic Anode System Design

17.3.4.
17.4.

528
532

Scales 17.4.1.
17.4.2. Oil Field Scales

532
Due to

Operational Problems
Scale Inhibitors

Scales

536

17.4.3.
17.4.4.

Scale Management Options

537 537 539

546

17.4.5.

Scale Control in Subsea Field References

18.

Erosion and Sand Management

18.1.
18.2.

541
542

Introduction
Erosion Mechanisms

543
544

18.2.1.
18.2.2.

Sand Erosion Erosion-Corrosion

547
547

18.2.3.
18.2.4.

Droplet

Erosion

Cavitation Erosion

548
549

18.3.

Prediction of Sand Erosion Rate

Contents

xvii

18.3.1.

Huser and Kvernvold Model

550
550

18.3.2.
18.3.3.

Salama and Venkatesh Model Salama Model

551
552

18.3.4. Tulsa ECRC Model

18.4.

Threshold

Velocity

553
553

18.4.1. Salama and Venkatesh Model

18.4.2. 18.4.3.

Svedeman and Arnold Model

Shirazi et al. Model

554 554 555

18.4.4.
18.4.5. 18.5.

Particle

Impact Velocity
Long Radius
Elbows

Erosion in

558

Erosion
18.5.1.

Management
Erosion

559 559
559

Monitoring

18.5.2.
18.6.

Erosion Mitigating Methods

Sand Management 18.6.1. Sand Management Philosophy

18.6.2.

560
561

The Sand Life

Cycle Separation

561
563

18.6.3. Sand Monitoring

18.6.4.

Sand Exclusion and

564
565

18.6.5. Sand Prevention Methods

18.7.

Calculating
18.7.1.
18.7.2.

the Penetration Rate: Example

566
566

Elbow Radius Factor

Particle

Impact Velocity Long

Radius Elbow

567
567 567

18.7.3. 18.7.4.

Penetration Rate in Standard Elbow Penetration Rate in References

568

PART III
19.

SUBSEA STRUCTURES AND

EQUIPMENTS
572 572

Subsea Manifolds 19.1.

Introduction
19.1.1. 19.1.2.

Applications

of Manifolds in Subsea Production Systems

574

Trends in Subsea Manifold Design

576
577

19.2.

Manifold
19.2.1.

Components

Subsea Valves

579
582

19.2.2. Chokes
19.2.3.

Control System

583
583

19.2.4. Subsea Modules

19.2.5.

Piping System

583
583

19.2.6. Templates

xviii

Contents

19.3.

Manifold Design and Analysis

19.3.1.

588

Steel Frame Structures

Design

589

19.3.2. 19.3.3.
19.3.4.

Manifold Piping Design

592 596
597 598

Pigging Loop

Padeyes
Control
CP

19.3.5.
19.3.6.

Systems

Design
Prevention and Remediation

598 600 601

604

19.3.7.
19.3.8.

Materials for HP/HT and Corrosion Coating

Hydrate

19.4.

Pile and Foundation Design

19.4.1.

Design Methodology
Design
Loads

607 608

19.4.2.
19.4.3.

Geotechnical

Design

Parameters

609

19.4.4.
19.4.5.

Suction Pile SizingGeotechnical Design Suction Structural

612 615 618

619

Design

19.5.

Installation of Subsea Manifold 19.5.1. 19.5.2.

19.5.3.

Installation

Capability
and Installation Methods

Installation Equipment
Installation References

622 628 630 633

633

Analysis

20.

Pipeline
20.1.

Ends and In-Line Structures

Introduction
20.1.1. 20.1.2. PLEM General

Layout

635 636

Components of PLEMs

20.2.

PLEM 20.2.1. 20.2.2. 20.2.3.

Design

and

Analysis

638
638 638 639

Design Codes and Regulations

Design Steps
Input
Data

Required

20.3.

Design Methodology
20.3.1. 20.3.2.
20.3.3.

640
640

Structure Mudmat
PLEM Installation

642
643 and

20.4.

Foundation (Mudmat) 20.4.1. 20.4.2.

Sizing

Design

644
645

Load Conditions
Mudmat

Analysis Analysis

645
649

20.5.

PLEM Installation 20.5.1. 20.5.2.

Second-End PLEM First-End PLEMs

650 657

Contents

xix

20.5.3. Stress Analysis for Both First- and Second-End PLEMs 20.5.4. Analysis Example of Second End PLEM References

659
659

661

21.

Subsea Connections and Jumpers

21.1.

663 664

Introduction
21.1.1. Tie-in

Systems

664 668 671

21.1.2.
21.2.

Jumper Configurations
and Functions

Jumper Components
21.2.1.
21.2.2.

Flexible Jumper Components

671
673 674

Rigid Jumper Components

Connector Assembly

21.2.3.
21.2.4.

Jumper Pipe Spool

Hub End Closure

677
678

21.2.5.
21.2.6.

Fabrication/Testing
Bolted

Stands

679
682

21.3.

Subsea Connections
21.3.1.

Flange

683
684

21.3.2. Clamp Hub

21.3.3. 21.3.4.

Collet Connector

685
Connector

Dog and Window

687
687 689

21.3.5. Connector 21.4.

Design
of

Design and Analysis

21.4.1. 21.4.2.

Rigid Jumpers

Design

Loads

689 689
690

Analysis Requirements
Materials and Corrosion Protection Subsea Equipment Installation Tolerances and

21.4.3.
21.4.4. 21.5.

690
691

Design
21.5.1.

Analysis

of

Flexible Jumper

Flexible Jumper In-Place

Analysis

692
697

21.5.2.

Flexible Jumper Installation References

701

22.

Subsea Wellheads and Trees

22.1.

703 704
705 705 706 708 709

Introduction Subsea Completions Overview Subsea Wellhead 22.3.1.

22.2.
22.3.

System

Function Requirements

22.3.2. Operation Requirements 22.3.3. Casing Design Program

xx

Contents

22.3.4.

Wellhead Components

712

22.3.5. Wellhead

System Analysis

717
725

22.3.6. Guidance System 22.4. Subsea Xmas Trees

22.4.1.

728
728

Function Requirements

22.4.2. 22.4.3.
22.4.4. 22.4.5.

Types

and

Configurations

of Trees

728
732

Design Process
Service Conditions Main Components of Tree Tree-Mounted Controls Tree Running Tools Subsea Xmas Tree Design and Analysis Subsea Xmas Tree Installation References

734 735 750

753

22.4.6. 22.4.7. 22.4.8.

22.4.9.

753
757

761

23.

ROV Intervention and Interface 23.1. 23.2. Introduction ROV Intervention 23.2.1.
23.2.2.

763
764

764
764 765

Site

Survey
Assistance

Drilling

23.2.3. 23.2.4. 23.2.5. 23.2.6.

23.3. ROV

Installation Assistance

766 767
767

Operation
Inspection

Assistance

Maintenance

and

Repair

769 769 769

774

System
ROV Intervention System ROV Machine

23.3.1.
23.3.2.

23.4.

ROV Interface Requirements

23.4.1.

778 779 780 781 783

784

Stabilization Tool Handles

23.4.2.
23.4.3.

Torque Tool

23.4.4.
23.4.5.

Hydraulic Connection Tool

Linear Override Tool

23.4.6.
23.4.7. 23.5.

Component Change-Out
Tool (ROT)

Tool (CCO)

787 788
789

Electrical and Hydraulic Jumper Handling Tool

ROT

Remote-Operated
23.5.1. 23.5.2.

Configuration

789 790

Pull-In and Connection Tool

Contents

xxi

23.5.3.

Component Change-Out Tool

References

791
793

PART IV SUBSEA UMBILICAL, RISERS & FLOWLINES

24. Subsea Umbilical
24.1. Introduction

Systems

797
798 800 800
800

24.2.

Umbilical
24.2.1.

Components

General Electrical Cable Fiber Optic Cable Steel Tube

24.2.2.
24.2.3.

801 801

24.2.4.
24.2.5.

Thermoplastic

Hose

802 802 802 803 804 806

Tests 807

24.3.

Umbilical Design 24.3.1. 24.3.2.

24.3.3.

Static and Dynamic Umbilicals

Design
Manufacture

24.3.4. Verification Tests 24.3.5. 24.3.6. 24.3.7.

24.4.

Factory Acceptance
IPU Umbilicals

Power and Control Umbilicals

808 808 809

809

Ancillary Equipment
24.4.1.
24.4.2.

General Umbilical Termination

Assembly

809
809

24.4.3. 24.4.4. 24.4.5.

24.4.6.

Bend Restrictor/Limiter Pull-In Head

810
810

Hang-Off

Device

BendStiffer
Electrical Distribution Unit (EDU) Weak Link

810
810

24.4.7.
24.4.8.

811 Kit
811

24.4.9. 24.4.10. 24.4.11.

24.4.12. 24.5.

Splice/Repair
Joint Box

Carousel and Reel

811
812 812 813 814 815 815

Buoyancy Attachments

System Integration Test

Installation 24.6.1. 24.6.2.
24.6.3.

24.6.

Requirements for Installation Interface

Installation Procedures

Fatigue Damage during Installation

816

xxii

Contents

24.7.

Technological Challenges
24.7.1. 24.7.2. 24.7.3. 24.7.4. Umbilical
Extreme Wave

and

Analysis
and Solutions

817 817 819

820

Technological Challenges Analysis Analysis

Manufacturing Fatigue Analysis

In-Place Fatigue

821
824

24.8.

Umbilical

Industry Experience

References

824

25.

Drilling Risers
25.1. 25.2.

827 827 828 828 833 834 834

834 835

Introduction

Floating Drilling Equipment

25.2.1. 25.2.2. 25.2.3.

Completion
Diverter and

and Workover (C/WO) Risers

Motion-Compensating Equipment

Choke and Kill Lines and Drill String

25.3.

Key Components of Subsea Production Systems

25.3.1.
25.3.2.

Subsea Wellhead
BOP

Systems

25.3.3.
25.4. Riser

Tree and

Tubing Hanger System

Limits

836 836
836 837 837

Design

Criteria

25.4.1.
25.4.2.

Operability

Component Capacities

25.5.

Drilling Riser Analysis Model

25.5.1.

Drilling

Riser

Stack-Up

Model

837
838 838 839

25.5.2.
25.5.3.

Vessel Motion Data

Environmental

Conditions

25.5.4.
25.6.

Cyclic
Riser

p-y Curves for Soil

Drilling
25.6.1. 25.6.2. 25.6.3.
25.6.4. 25.6.5.

Analysis Methodology
and Retrieve

839
840 842 843

Running

Analysis

Operability Analysis
Weak Point Analysis Drift-Off Analysis VIV

844
845

Analysis Analysis

25.6.6. 25.6.7. 25.6.8. 25.6.9. 25.6.10.

Wave Fatigue

846
846

Hang-Off Analysis
Dual Operation Interference Analysis
Contact Wear

847
848

Analysis

Recoil

Analysis

850
851

References

Contents

xxiii

26.

Subsea Production Risers

26.1.

853 854

Introduction 26.1.1. Steel Catenary 26.1.2.

26.1.3. Risers

(SCRs)

855 857

Top Tensioned
Flexible Risers

Risers fTTRs)

858
858

26.1.4.
26.2.

Hybrid

Riser

Steel Catenary Riser Systems 26.2.1. Design Data

26.2.2.

860
861

Steel

Catenary

Riser

Design Analysis Analysis

864
864

26.2.3. Strength and Fatigue

26.2.4.

Construction, Installation, and Hook-Up Considerations

865
866

26.2.5.
26.2.6.

Pipe-in-Pipe (PIP) System

Line-End Attachments Riser Systems

868
870

26.3.

Top Tensioned
26.3.1.
26.3.2.

Top
Top

Tensioned Riser Configurations

Tensioned Riser

871
872 873 874 875

Components

26.3.3. Design Phase

26.4.

Analysis

Flexible Risers 26.4.1. Flexible Pipe Cross Section

26.4.2.

Flexible Riser Design

Analysis

878
878

26.4.3.
26.4.4.

End Fitting and Annulus Venting Design

Integrity Management
General Description

879
882

26.5.

Hybrid Risers
26.5.1.

882
885

26.5.2.
26.5.3.

Sizing

of

Hybrid

Risers

Sizing

of Flexible

Jumpers

886
887

26.5.4.
26.5.5.

Preliminary Analysis

Strength Analysis Analysis

Pressure Test
Riser

887 887
887 888

26.5.6. Fatigue
26.5.7.

Hydrostatic

References

27.

Subsea
27.1.

Pipelines

891 892
893

Introduction

27.2.

Design
27.2.1.

Stages and Process Design Stages Design Process

893
894

27.2.2.
27.3.

Subsea

Pipeline

FEED

Design

897

xxiv

Contents

27.3.1. Subsea Pipeline Design Basis

27.3.2.

Development

897
897

Subsea Pipeline Route Selection

27.3.3. Steady-State
27.3.4.

Hydraulic Analysis Stability

898
899

Pipeline Strength Analysis

Pipeline Vertical and Lateral On-Bottom
Assessment Installation Method Selection and Material Take-Off (MTO)
Cost Estimation

27.3.5.

899

27.3.6.
27.3.7. 27.3.8.

Feasibility Demonstration

899
900

900 900 900

900

27.4.

Subsea 27.4.1. 27.4.2.

27.4.3.

Pipeline

Detailed Design
Assessment

Pipeline Spanning

Pipeline Global Buckling Analysis

Installation Methods Selection and

Feasibility

Demonstration

901 901 901

901 901

27.4.4.
27.4.5.

Pipeline Quantitative

Risk Assessment

Pipeline Engineering Drawings

Wall-Thickness On-Bottom

27.5.

Pipeline Design Analysis

27.5.1.

Sizing

27.5.2.
27.5.3.

Stability Analysis

905 907
909 909

Free-Span Analysis
Global Buckling Analysis

27.5.4.
27.5.5. 27.6.

Pipeline

Installation
in

Challenges of HP/HT Pipelines

27.6.1.

Deep Water

910 912
912

Flow Assurance Global Buckling Installation in

References

27.6.2. 27.6.3.

Deep

Water

913 914

Index

915