MEC251

THERMODYNAMICS
Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 4
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG
Prepared by:
Mohd Khusairi bin Abdul Rahim
Fuel (chemical energy) burning-
heat energy-outside of boiler-
water-steam-force the piston to
move (mechanical energy).
Fuel (chemical energy) burning-
heat energy-inside of cylinder-
expanding gases-force the piston
to move (mechanical energy).
what is Internal Combustion Engine
ENGINE
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
what is Internal Combustion Engine
VS
Four-stroke cycle
1. Intake Cycle
2. Compression Cycle
3. Power Cycle
4. Exhaust Cycle
RECIPROCATING ENGINE
Spark-ignition (SI) engines
VS
Compression-ignition (CI)
engines
9
OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES
Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams.
10
Schematic of a two-stroke
reciprocating engine.
The two-stroke engines are
generally less efficient than
their four-stroke counterparts
but they are relatively simple
and inexpensive, and they
have high power-to-weight
and power-to-volume ratios.
T-s
diagram
of the
ideal Otto
cycle.
Four-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolution
Two-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution
11
12
Nomenclature for reciprocating
engines.
Compression ratio
Mean
effective
pressure
13
In SI engines, the compression ratio is
limited by autoignition or engine knock.
Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto
cycle as a function of compression
ratio (k =1.4).
Example: Otto Cycle
Solution
15
Example
An Otto cycle having a compression ratio of 9:1 uses air as the working fluid.
Initially P
1
= 95 kPa, T
1
= 17
o
C, and V
1
= 3.8 liters. During the heat addition
process, 7.5 kJ of heat are added. Determine all T's, P's, q
th
, and the mean
effective pressure.
Assume constant specific heats with C
v
= 0.718 kJ/kg K, k = 1.4,
R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K
T2 = 698.4K
P2 = 2059 kPa
T3 = 3105.2 K
P3 = 9.15 MPa
T4 = 1289.4 K
P4 = 422 kPa
= 58.5%
MEP = 1298 kPa
16
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE
FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the
compression stroke, eliminating the possibility of
autoignition (engine knock). Therefore, diesel engines
can be designed to operate at much higher compression
ratios than SI engines, typically between 12 and 24.
1-2 isentropic
compression
2-3 constant-
volume heat
addition
3-4 isentropic
expansion
4-1 constant-
volume heat
rejection.
17
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE
FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
Process ab
Isentropic
compression
Process b c
Constant pressure
heat addition
Process c d
Isentropic
expansion
Process d a
Constant volume
heat rejection
- a=1,b=2,etc
Air-Standard Diesel cycle
2
3
v
v
v
v
r
b
c
c
= =
Cut-off ratio:
19
Thermal
efficiency of
the ideal Diesel
cycle as a
function of
compression
and cutoff
ratios (k=1.4).
Cutoff
ratio
for the same compression ratio
20
Example
An ideal Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18
and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 100 kPa, 27 C and
0.0018 m
3
. Utilizing the cold-air-standard assumptions,
Determine
(a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of
each process,
(b) the net work output,
(c) the thermal efficiency of this cycle, and
(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
Take : k=1.4, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, R=0.287 kJ/kg.K
Example: Diesel Cycle
Solution
An air standard diesel engine has a compression ration of 15/1. The
maximum and the minimum cycle temperature are 1650C and
15C respectively. The maximum pressure in cycle is 45 bar. Sketch
the cycle on PV diagram and determine :
i. Temperature (C) and pressure (bar) at the end of each process
ii. The net work output (kJ/kg)
iii. The thermal efficiency (%)
iv. MEP (bar)
Take : k=1.4, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, Cv = 0.718kJ/kg.K, R=0.287 kJ/kg.K
23
24
P-v diagram of an ideal dual cycle.
Dual cycle: A more realistic
ideal cycle model for modern,
high-speed compression ignition
engine.
QUESTIONS
Diesel engines operate at
higher air-fuel ratios than
gasoline engines. Why?
Despite higher power to
weight ratios, two-stroke
engines are not used in
automobiles. Why?
The stationary diesel
engines are among the
most efficient power
producing devices (about
50%). Why?
What is a turbocharger?
Why are they mostly used
in diesel engines
compared to gasoline
engines.
Modern CI Engine Cycle and the Thermodynamic Dual Cycle
A
I
R
Combustion
Products
Fuel injected
at 15
o
before
TDC
Intake
Stroke
Air
Air
TC
BC
Compression
Stroke
Power
Stroke
Exhaust
Stroke
Q
in
Q
out
Compression
Process
Const pressure
heat addition
Process
Expansion
Process
Const volume
heat rejection
Process
Actual
Cycle
Dual
Cycle
Q
in
Const volume
heat addition
Process
Process 1 2 Isentropic compression
Process 2 2.5 Constant volume heat addition
Process 2.5 3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3 4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4 1 Constant volume heat rejection
Dual Cycle
Q
in
Q
in
Q
out
1
1
2
2
2.5
2.5
3
3
4
4
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
5 . 2 3 2 5 . 2 5 . 2 3 2 5 . 2
T T c T T c h h u u
m
Q
p v
in
+ = + =
Thermal Efficiency
) ( ) (
1 1
5 . 2 3 2 5 . 2
1 4
h h u u
u u
m Q
m Q
in
out
cycle
Dual
+

= = q
( )
(

+

=

1 ) 1 (
1 1
1
1

c
k
c
k
c const
Dual
r k
r
r
v
o o
o
q
1
1
1

=
k
Otto
r
q
( )
( )
(

=

1
1 1 1
1
1
c
k
c
k
const c
Diesel
r
r
k
r
V
q
Note, the Otto cycle (r
c
=1) and the Diesel cycle (o=1) are special cases:
2
3
5 . 2
3
and where
P
P
v
v
r
c
= = o
Example: Dual Cycle
An ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air
as the working fluid. The state of the air at the beginning of
the compression process is 95 kPa and 293 K. The heating
process doubled the pressure at constant volume. If the
maximum temperature in the cycle is not to exceed 2200 K,
determine:
a) the thermal efficiency, and
b) the mean effective pressure (kPa).
Solution
a)
in
out
in
net
th
q
q
q
w
= = 1 q


where
( )
1 5
T T C q
out
=
u
and
( ) ( )
3 4 2 3
T T C T T C q
p in
+ =
u


( )( ) K K T T
k
14 . 971 20 293
4 . 0
1
2
1
1 2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

u
u

( )( ) MPa kPa P P
k
3 . 6 20 95
4 . 1
2
1
1 2
= = |
.
|

\
|
=
u
u

Table A-2
A newly designed car is powered by a 4
cylinder, air standard otto cycle 4 stroke
engine. The bore and stroke for each cylinder
is 73.0mm and 89.4 mm respectively.
Meanwhile the total length of the BDC is
98.9mm
References
1. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles, McGraw-Hill, 2008
2. Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 4
th
Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner, John M. Cimbala,
McGraw-Hill, 2012
3. Etc.