Scully (2012). Cancer of the Oral Mucosa. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075729overview. (Diakses pada 30 Januari 2013) WHO (2011).

Cancer Stats: Cancer Worldwide.

http://publications.cancerresearchuk.org/downloads/Product/CS_CS_WORLD.pdf (Diakses pada 31 Januari 2013) Janti Sudiono (2008). Pemeriksaan Patologis Untuk Diagnosis Neoplasma Mulut. Jakarta: EGC, pp: 10 Mitchell (2009). Buku Saku Dasar Patologis Penyakit Robbins & Cotrans Edisi 7. Jakarta: EGC, pp: 150 Henriques Aguida Cristina G, de Matos Felipe R, Galvao Hebel C, Freitas Roseana de A (2012). Immunohistochemical Expression of MMP-9 and VEGF in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue. Journal of Oral Science, 54: 105-111. Randhawa T, Shameena P, Sudha S, Nair R (2008). Squamous

cell carcinoma of tongue in a

19-year-old female. Indian Journal of Cancer ,45. 3 :128-30

Thompson LDR (2003). Squamous cell carcinoma variants of the head and neck. Current Diagnostic Pathology, 9: 384-396 Shiboski Caroline H, Schmidt Brian L, Jordan Richard C K (2005). Tongue and Tonsil Carcinoma: Increasing Trends in the U.S. Population Ages 2044 Years. Cancer, 103 (9): 1843-1849 El-Mofty S (2010). Early detection of oral cancer. Egyptian Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 1: 25-31 Gosselin BJ (2011). Malignant Tumors of the Mobile Tongue.

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847428-overview#a0104 (Diakses pada 31 Januari 2013)

Cotran, RS., Kumar, V., Robbins, SL (2007). Buku Ajar Patologi Edisi 7 Volome 2. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. pp: 610-614. Silverman S, Eversole LR, Truelove EL (2001). Essential of Oral Medicine. London: Bc Decker Inc. Epstein JB (2003). Oral Cancer. 10th Ed. Greenberg MS, Glick M, Editors. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc. Mao L, Hong WK, Papadimitrakopoulou VA (2004). Focus on Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Cell. 5:311-6.
Liod M Nyhus, MDS, Robert J Baker, MD, Anatomy of the Tongue and Lip, Mastery of surgery, volume I, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto, 109-110

Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt MLB, Mohammad S (2011). Oral Cancer: Risk Factors and Molecular Pathogenesis.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177522/ (Diakses pada 27 Februari 2013)

http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/D1/D970.long

Zhao M, Sun J, Zhao Z (2012). TSGene: a web resource for tumor suppressor genes. Nucleic Acids Research, 41: D970-D976 Gamudi D and Blundell R (2010). Tumor Suppressor Genes. Research Journal of Medical Sciences, 4: 280-284. Ai L, Stephenson KK, Ling M, Zuo C, Mukunyadzi P, Suen JY, Hanna E, et al., (2003). The p16 (CDKN2a/INK4a) Tumor-Suppressor Gene in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Promoter Methylation and Protein Expression Study in 100 Cases. The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, 16(9):944. Xing EP, Nie Y, Song Y, Yang GY,Cai YC, Wang LD, Yang CS (1999). Mechanisms of Inactivation of p14ARF, p15INK4b, and p16INK4a Genes in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 5: 27042713 Agrawal A, Yang J, Murphy RF, Agrawal DK (2006). Regulation of the p14ARF-Mdm2-p53 pathway: An overview in breast cancer. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 81 : 115122 Pinto A.E, Andre S, Laranjeria C, Soares J (2005). Correlations of cell cycle regulators (p53, p21, pRb, and mdm2) and c-erB-2 with biological markers of proliferation and overall survival in breast cancer. Path 37: 4551. Pinto-de-Sousa J, Silva F, David L, Leitao D, Seixas M, Pimenta A,Cardoso-de-Oliveira M (2004). Clinicopathological significance and survival influence of p53 protein expression in gastric carcinoma. Histopathology 44: 323331 Moll UM, Petrenko O (2003). The Mdm2-p53 interaction. Mol. Cancer Res, 1: 10011008. Cheng TH, Hsu PK, Li AFY, Hung IC, Huang MH, Hsu HS (2009). Correlation of p53, MDM2 and p14ARF protein expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol , 135:15771582

Bradley G, Irish J, MacMillan C, Mancer K, Witterick I, Hartwick W, Gullane P et al (2001). Abnormalities of the ARF-p53 pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Nature, 20 (5):654658
http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v20/n5/full/1204131a.html

Hsieh R, Sausa FB, Firmiano A, Nunes FD, Magalhaes MHC, Sotto MN (2006). Genetic Analysis of p16 Gene by PCR-SSPC Teqhnique and Protein p16 Expression in Oral Mucosa and Skin Melanomas. Rio de Janeiro, An. Bras. Dermatol. Vol 81, No. 5.
Primer sequences Exon ARF exon 1 CDKN2A exon 21 CDKN2A exon 22 CDKN2A exon 3 CDKN2A promoter ARF RQ-PCR Product size (bp) dHPLC temperature (C)

F 5CGTGGGTCCCAGTCT3
R 5ATCTGTTTACGAAATCACAC3 F 5GGGGCTTGTGTGGGGGTCTG3 R 5CAGCACCACCAGCGTGTC3 F 5GACCCCGCCACTCTCACC3 R 5GTGCTGGAAAATGAATGCTCTG3 F 5CGGTAGGGACGGCAAGAGAG3 R 5CCTGTAGGACCTTCGGTGACTGA3 F 5GAGCCCAGTCCTCCTTCCTTGC3 R 5CGCCGCCCGCTGCCTGCT3 F 5GGTTCTCGCAGTACCATTGAA3 R 5TGTTCGCCTCAGTTTCCCA3 P 5CCTCCCTTCACACAGCCCCTCAATC3 F 5GAGGTCCGGGTGGGAGTGGG3 R 5GAAAGCGGGGTGGGTTGTGG3

366 247 308 169 334 72 675

61-68 64-68 63-69 59-60

cDNA p14ARF

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564502/

Laud K, Marian C, Avril MF, Barrois M, Chompret A, Goldstein AM, Tucker MA et al (2006). Comprehensive analysis of CDKN2A (p16INK4A/p14ARF) and CDKN2B genes in 53 melanoma index cases considered to be at heightened risk of melanoma. Journal of Medical Genetics, 43 (1): 39-47

http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/17/2/414.long 28feb2013

http://books.google.co.id/books?id=wtHHlPdVOdMC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=karsinoma+sel+skua mosa+rongga+mulut+lidah&source=bl&ots=Hlb_n7SnIU&sig=kz07IFtP-2IWrEw4YCv1KscKHY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FdsJUYDTMMPtrAfRmYHIAg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=kar sinoma%20sel%20skuamosa%20rongga%20mulut%20lidah&f=false

http://books.google.co.id/books?id=cv46oAFyQNgC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=p14arf+siklus+sel& source=bl&ots=iqEQDJEYgv&sig=3aBZiL3mCnPi7hoXBPCgUMf4c8Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dqcPUdGUIMrt rQfIxoDgBw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=p14arf%20siklus%20sel&f=false (4feb)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16142358 4feb

http://books.google.co.id/books?id=PgUFJg_f4YC&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296&dq=Anatomy+of+the+Tongue+and+Lip,+Mastery+of+s urgery&source=bl&ots=f_Yf7JvKK9&sig=BCbU1Nq2OwlTrqpXo9vh4ZzNbI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ccc2UcC1MoOQrgfh84CABw&ved=0CCkQ 6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Anatomy%20of%20the%20Tongue%20and%20Lip%2C%20 Mastery%20of%20surgery&f=false (6 maret) http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CDKN2A

Faktor Pemicu : Merokok, Konsumsi Alkohol, dsb.

Sel epitel skuamosa rongga mulut normal

DNA demage Aktivasi tumor suppressor gene Aktivasi p14ARF Gen p14

Mengikat MDM2

p53 meningkat Tidak mengikat MDM2

MDM2 mengikat p53

G1 arrest, apoptosis terhenti

DNA repair, proliferasi sel terhambat

p53 inaktif

Siklus sel berlangsung terus menerus

Proliferasi sel meningkat

Karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut