| | c
| |
V V + + V =
| |
c
\ .
\ .
. 0 A V =
Where A is the magnetic vector potential, J
s
is the source current density,
is the
magnetic permeability,
o
is the electric
conductivity and .A = 0 is the Coulomb
gauge. In general, the transient analysis of the
transformer has two main parts: the
electromagnetic FE formulation and the
external circuit connections. Each part
(magnetic and electric circuit) yields its own
matrix equations that are coupled and solved
simultaneously at each time step and allows
us to model the transient dynamic behaviour
of the transformer. As will be clarified in the
following sections, when an internal fault
occurs on the transformer windings,
the distribution of the electromagnetic field
inside the transformer is fundamentally
altered as well as the terminal values in the
circuit domain. However, since the Maxwell
equations describe the physical behaviour of
any electromagnetic system regardless of the
type and condition of the system, the faulty
transformer behaviour still satisfies the
Maxwell equations and solving the
electromagnetic field in a faulty transformer
is reduced to solving these coupled field-
circuit governing equations. The principle
used for modelling internal winding fault is
to divide the winding across which the
internal fault occurs in two parts: the short-
circuited part and the remaining coils in the
circuit. Fig3 shows the corresponding circuit
and FE domain representation of the
transformer coil, assuming that an internal
fault exists on phase B of the transformer
Fig 3 : transformer winding model
high voltage (HV) windings. In order to
apply the internal fault, it is necessary to
modify the geometry domain as well as
circuit domain in the FEM. As illustrated in
Fig 3, limiting fault resistance (Rf) is utilised
to initiate the fault on the winding. The
severity of the fault, involving a fixed
number of turns on the winding, can be
controlled by different values of the fault
resistance, Rf, in the short circuit loop.
Indeed, the fault resistance represents the
resistive component of the dielectric material
in the dielectric equivalent parallel circuit
model of the shorted turns [8]. Definitely, the
severity of the fault depends not only on the
value of the faulty current, which is limited
by the fault impedance, but also on the
number of shorted turns. Thus, with the
developed FEM of the transformer, internal
faults can be simulated with different levels
of severity and at different locations along
the windings.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Time(second)
H
V
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
ia
ib
ic
2.9 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95
-5
0
5
s
t
e
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-50
0
50
100
150
i
n
r
u
s
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
ia
ib
ic
Fig4:HV current in steady state
Page 4 of 9
Analysis of Electromagnetic Forces in Distribution Transformers Under Various Internal
2.9 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 3
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
t(sec)
L
V
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ib
ia
ic
Fig5:LV current in steady state
Fig6:experiment measuarement
Table2: compare simulation with experimental result
quantity experimental simulation
HV voltage 20000V (rms) 20000V (rms)
HV current 5.77A(rms) 5.762A(rms)
LV voltage 400V(rms) 400V(rms)
LV current 289A(rms) 285.67A(rms)
Maximum flux density 1.764 T 1.777 T
MODEL VERIFICATION
Fig 4 and 5 represent LV current and HV
current of transformer in steady state. For
validate simulation result with experimental
result current ,voltage and flux density are
measure in laboratory . Fig 6 represent
transformer in laboratory. Experiment and
simulation result are compare with simulation
in table 2.
VARIOUS INTERNAL SHORT
CIRCUIT ELECTROMAGNETIC
FORCE ANALYSIS
leakage flux estimation
When power transformer is working in stable
operation, the flux density of iron heart and
current in the windings are close to the rating.
But when an internal short circuit happens,
the circuit current will be many times larger
than the rated current.
The transient magnetic flux, that is the
linkage and leakage flux, depends on the
magnetization characteristic of core [4].
Especially, when internal short-circuit
occurs, the leakage flux density due to short-
circuit current is increased enormously
several times than steady state operation. The
leakage flux consists of radial and axial
directions.
For calculation of electromagnetic forces,
magnetic flux density should be yielded first.
This purpose will be obtained by solving
electromagnetic potential vector equations
[7]:
{
0
( ) 2
0 ( )
J inw indings
otherw ise
A
V =
After calculation of electromagnetic
potential, the components of leakage flux are
expressed using vector potential as below
x y
B A iB jB = V = +
Where ,B
X
,B
y
,are directional components
of leakage flux density [T], respectively. J is
the current density,
0
is the air permeability.
A is magnetic vector potential.
Page 5 of 9
Analysis of Electromagnetic Forces in Distribution Transformers Under Various Internal
Flux density inside the studied transformer
generated by the FEM, under normal
operating condition and after a short circuit
fault arises along one of the LV windings
discs on phase A, is given in Fig7. Fig7.a
clearly reveals that the flux distribution in a
healthy transformer has a horizontal
symmetry axis that passes through the middle
of the transformer core limbs.
It was found through a large number of
simulations that the symmetry in the flux
distribution exists at all times during the
transformers operation and at different load
and supply conditions, even for the case of
unbalanced load or distorted supply, while,
when there is an internal fault, this symmetry
is lost (Fig7.b).
(a)
(b)
Fig7: flux density and flux line.
(a) healthy condition (b) fault condition
electromagnetic flux inside the faulty
transformer Modification of the
electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the
shorted turns can be justified by strong
leakage flux, despite the normal leakage flux,
around the shorted turns through air paths
and reduced flux lines inside the turns. As
stated earlier, the opposite MMF produced in
the shorted turns by the fault current, forces
the flux to surround the damaged turns. It
should be pointed out that although the
leakage flux and its radial component
enlarges in the fault region, but the
fundamental linkage flux of the transformer,
corresponding to the constant supplying
voltage, remains unaltered. In fact, the
linkage flux again passes as leakage flux
between the shorted turns and the rest of the
winding, but mainly in a radial direction
rather than axial.
electromagnetic force calculation
The electromagnetic force acting on the
transformer winding is caused due to short-
circuit current, and because leakage flux
density and magnetic flux density are
decomposed into their radial and axial
components, the electromagnetic forces may
also be composed into their radial and axial
components as
( )
y x x y
F I i B j B i F j F = + = +
where I is the winding section current .F
X
is
radial component of force and F
y
is axial
component of force. According to the
(formula), radial force depends on the axial
component of the magnetic flux density,
whereas the axial forces depend on the radial
component of the magnetic flux density [2].
SIMULINK RESULT
The results of radial forces under condition of
various internal faults are shown in table3.
The sing of Radial forces is positive if thats
directed to tank and its sign is negative if
thats directed to core. With respect to
results, its concluded that the faults between
HV and LV winding are very dangerous .The
axial and radial forces in this type of internal
short circuit (for a fault between HV and LV
in top of the winding) are shown in Fig8 .The
magnitude of forces under of this type of
short circuit are very intensive that can be
lead to destruction of winding, completely.
Radial forces under condition of various
internal faults are shown in table4. It can be
seen that magnitude of forces around fault
location are very high.
Page 6 of 9
Analysis of Electromagnetic Forces in Distribution Transformers Under Various Internal
Table 3: Radial force in LV and HV winding for various Internal fault types
Internal fault
types
Height of
winding
Top
1
2
3
4
MID
5
MID
6
7
8
9
Bottom
10
5% the
top of the
LV
winding
force in
LV (N)
714 40 -56 -14.5 16 -6 -6.4 -4.8 -6 7.2
force in
HV(N)
-56 -16 -110 -19 -71 -26 -46 -2 -7 -9.4
5% the
top of the
HV
winding
force in
LV(N)
37 6 8.5 -1.6 7 -1.25 -1.75 -1.25 1 2
force in
HV(N)
270 -210 -20 -15 -7 -5.2 -8.3 -4.23 -2.4 -1.6
HV to
LV
internal
fault
force in
LV(KN)
151 306.2 89.2 6.05 21.2 -0.5 -2.2 -1.8 -27.2 -11
force in
HV(KN)
-957 -294 15 18 1.78 5.3 6.69 4.47 4.87 -10
Table 4: Axial force in LV and HV winding for various Internal fault types
Internal fault
types
Height of
winding
Top
1
2
3
4
MID
5
MID
6
7
8
9
Bottom
10
5% the
top of the
LV
winding
force in
LV (N)
103.2 242 -52.8 -36.76 100 -20.66 -21.6 -8.7 -5.46 -0.5
force in
HV(N)
-250 170 -10 -40 -55 -30 10 -7 -6 0
5% the
top of the
HV
winding
force in
LV(N)
140 -10 -15 -20 -55 -65 -90 -100 -100
force in
HV(N)
275 -20 -25 -5 -53 -30 -15 -10 -4 0
HV to
LV
internal
fault
force in
LV(KN)
84.24 106.4 -262.8 -276.3 -395.8 -398.8 -402.3 -403.3 -398.3 -360
force in
HV(KN)
437.77 -209.1 -60.52 -26 -17 -9.8 -2 -1.79 -0.16 -4
Fig 8: Axial and Radial forces in HV to LV internal short circuit
EFFECT LOCATION OF THE FAULT
ON ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
In this section the location influence of
internal short circuit fault on electromagnetic
force is investigated. For a constant fault
severity on LV winding, the axial and radial
electromagnetic forces for 3 different fault
location are calculated. Radial forces in LV
winding for the 3 fault location are shown in
Fig 9.
Fig 9.a represents that for any of the 3 cases,
the radial force will increase just in the fault
location. This force may cause deformation
of winding in location of the fault. The
direction of radial force is to the core side.
Radial force in HV winding is also
represented in Fig 9.b. When fault occurs in
up or down part of the winding, the direction
of radial force in HV winding is to the tank
side. And when fault occurs in the middle of
winding, the direction of force is to the core
side. Axial forces in HV an LV winding for
the 3 different location of fault, are shown in
Fig 10. These figures represent that when an
internal short circuit occurs in a location, a
high axial force compresses the fault
location. For example when fault occurs in
the top of winding, the upper coils of winding
(that is shorted) are compressed.
Page 7 of 9
Analysis of Electromagnetic Forces in Distribution Transformers Under Various Internal
EFFECT OR INFLUENCE SEVERITY
OF FAULT ON ELECTROMAGNETIC
FORCE
In this section effect of fault severity to
electromagnetic force is investigate. Fault
severity changes due to the insulation
properties. For example as age of the
insulation increases, its resistance decreases.
For a constant location of fault (top of the
winding) the electromagnetic force in radial
and axial direction calculate for 3 various
severity fault .For modeling fault severity
are used various resistance.
The radial forces in LV winding are represent
in Fig11.a.This figure show that the axial
force is decrease with the fault resistance.
Radial and radial forces in HV are
represented in Fig 11.b.In HV side the axial
and radial forces are decrease with decrease
severity of fault.
Fig 12represent axial force in LV winding for
various severity faults. With increasing fault
resistance the current is decrease in shorted
winding and then current density is decrease
too and force is decreased.
(a) (b)
Fig 9:Radial force in LV and HV winding for various fault location
Fig 10:Axial force in LV and HV winding for various fault location
(a) (b)
Fig11 :Radial force in LV and HV winding for various fault location
Page 8 of 9
Analysis of Electromagnetic Forces in Distribution Transformers Under Various Internal
Fig12:Axial force in LV and HV winding for various fault location
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper investigated electromagnetic
force in axial and radial direction for various
internal faults in distribution transformer. by
attention the result conclude that axial and
radial forces in internal short circuit that may
deformation or destroy winding of
transformer in the fault location. This
conclude also that the faults between HV and
LV winding are very dangerous these type of
faults are more dangerous than three fault
short circuit .For short circuit of internal
winding, the radial force will increase just in
the fault location. The axial and radial forces
in this type of internal short circuit maybe
destroy the winding completely. It conclude
that internal winding fault in distribution
transformer should early detect before
extension in winding and unexpected
outages.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are highly grateful to the
HORMOZGAN Electric Power Distribution
Company for the provision of test facilities
and great support for experimental tests.
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