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Sorting Algorithms

The Following are the famous and frequently


uses sorts

Low level sorts:


* Bubble Sort
* Insertion sort
* Selection Sort
* Shell Sort
High level sorts:
* Quick Sort
* Merge Sort
* Radix Sort
* Heap Sort
Low Level sorts
Bubble sort
Rough Ideas:
=> Stable
=> But not suitable for high level sort is
needed
=> less memory consumes
=> Suitable for simple requirement
=> n*n comparison is needed for all the
conditions

Pros:
Simplicity and ease of implementation.
Cons:
Horribly inefficient.
Ideas of Bubble sort

Bubbling elements with largest value are The moving


slowly or bubbling to the top If no exchanges are made
during one pass over the data, the data have been sorted
and process terminates.
Advantages of Bubble sort
One of the primary advantages of the bubble sort is
that it is fairly easy to write (about 5 lines of code).
It is also fairly easy to understand in terms of a sorting
algorithm.

Unfortunately, the bubble sort is also a relatively


slow algorithm, taking O(n2) to complete sorting and
therefore, should not be used on large tables.
Disadvantage of Bubble sort

Disadvantages of this sort are:

(i) The use of swap (requiring three assignments) within


the inner loop;
(ii) The fact that moves are never by more than one
position at a time. (Compare selection sort which has no
moves in the inner loop and elements may
move large distances.)
Insertion sort

Rough ideas:

=> Memory wastage is there


=> But it is stable
=> Very adaptive when sort for a nearly sorted array
=> Consumes low process times
=> Sorting a reverse sorted array is a worst case

Pros:
Relatively simple and easy to implement.
Cons:
Inefficient for large lists.
Ideas of Insertion sort
– The approach of Insertion Sort:
It has to pick any value and insert it into its proper place in a
sorted sublist
Repeat until all values have been inserted
For more detail:
Consider the first item to be a sorted sublist (of one item)
Insert the second item into the sorted sublist,
shifting the first item as needed to make room to insert the
new addition
Insert the third item into the sorted sublist (of two items),
shifting items as necessary
Repeat until all values are inserted into their proper positions
Selection sort

Rough ideas:

=> O(n*n)
=> The selection sort works by selecting the
smallest unsorted item remaining in the list, and then
swapping it with the item in the next position to be
filled. The selection sort has a complexity of O(n2).

Pros:
Simple and easy to implement.
Cons:
Inefficient for large lists, so similar to the more
efficient insertion sort that the insertion sort should be
used in its place.
Shell sort
Rough ideas:

Nsquare (but fastest in nsquare family )


=> Adaptive for almost sorted
=> Take a quite long time for reverse order values
=> Taken a lesser time for sorting the most unique
values
=> So we can say it is not stable
=> Inherits the properties of an insertion sort
=> Memory wastage is there

Pros:
Efficient for medium-size lists.
Cons:
Somewhat complex algorithm, not nearly as efficient as
the merge, heap, and quick sorts.
Comparison of low level sorts
High Level sorts
Quick Sort

– The quick sort algorithm is based on a “divide and


conquer” algorithm.
– This algorithm compares the data values to a partition
element while partitioning into two sub-lists
– Then, it recursively sorts the sub-lists on each
side of the partition element
– The recursion base case is a list containing
only 1 element
– A very simple choice of the partitioning the element
is the first element, but that may not be best.
Graphical analysis

Quick sort
Worst case of Quick sort

Bubble sort faster than


Quick sort
BUT WHEN ?

Bubble sort
quick sort
➔ if most of element of an array are unique
➔ If an array is already sorted
➔ If an array is already sorted in a descending order

The Following are some analisys

Bubble sort
Quick sort Shell sort
-----------------------
------------------- -----------------------
real: 0.00
real: 59.66 real: 0.02
user: 0.00
user: 55.30 user: 0.03
sys: 0.00
sys: 1.81 sys: 0.00
Insertion sort
----------------------- HEAP sort
real: 0.00 -----------------------
user: 0.00 real: 0.01
sys: 0.00 user: 0.01
sys: 0.00
Radix Sort Disadvantages
The speed of Radix Sort largely depends on
the inner basic operations, and if the operations
are not efficient enough, Radix Sort can be slower
than some other algorithms such as Quick Sort and
Merge Sort. These operations include the insert
and delete functions of the sublists and the process
of isolating the digit you want.

If the numbers were all of equal length, but


many times, this is not the case. If the numbers are
not of the same length, then a test is needed to
check for additional digits that need sorting. This
can be one of the slowest parts of Radix Sort, and
it is one of the hardest to make efficient.
Continues...
Radix Sort can also take up more space than
other sorting algorithms, since in addition to the
array that will be sorted, you need to have a
sublist for each of the possible digits or letters. If
you are sorting pure English words, you will need
at least 26 different sublists, and if you are
sorting alphanumeric words or sentences, you
will probably need more than 40 sublists in all!
Radix Sort Disadvantages
Since Radix Sort depends on the digits orletters,
Radix Sort is also much less flexible than other sorts.
For every different type of data, Radix Sort needs to
be rewritten, and if the sorting order changes, the sort
needs to be rewritten again. In short, Radix Sort takes
more time to write, and it is very difficult to write a
general purpose Radix Sort that can handle all kinds
of data.

For many programs that need a fast sort, Radix


Sort is a good choice. Still, there are faster sorts,
which is one reason why Radix Sort is not used as
much as some other sorts.
Bucket Sort
●A bucket sort begins with a single-subscripted array of positive
integers to be sorted, and a double-subscripted array of integers
with rows subscripted from 0 to 9 and columns subscripted from
0 to n-1 where n is the number of values in the array to be
sorted. Each row of the double-subscripted array is referred to as
a bucket.
Algorithm(Bucket)
1. Each value of the single-subscripted array is placed into
a row of the buc
ket array based on the value's ones digit. This is called the
"distribution pass".

2. Loop through the bucket array row-by-row and copy the


values back to the o
riginal array. This is called a "gathering pass".

3. Repeat this process for each subsequent digit position


(tens, hundreds, th
ousands, etc.).
continues...
+ That the double-subscripted array of the buckets is ten times
the size of the in
teger array being sorted. This sorting technique provides better
performance than a bubble
sort, but requires much more memory.

+ This version of the bucket sort requires copying all the data
back to the origin
al array on each pass. Another possibility is to create a second
double-subscripted bucket
array and repeatedly swap the data between the two bucket
arrays.
Heap sort

The heap sort is the slowest of the O(n log n) sorting


algorithms,
but unlike the merge and quick sorts it doesn't require
massive recursion or multiple arrays to work.
This makes it the most effective options for very large
data sets of crore values.

Pros:
In-place and non-recursive, making it a good choice for
extremely large data bases.

Cons:
Slower than the merge and quick sorts.
Graphical analysis

Heap sort
Comparison of high level sorts
Stability

We say that a sorting algorithm is stable if, when two


records have the same key, they stay in their original order.
This property will be important for extending bucket sort to an
algorithm that works well when k is large. But first, which of the
algorithms we've seen is stable?

* Bucket sort? Yes. We add items to the lists Y[i] in order,


and concatenating them preserves that order.
Continues...

* Heap sort? No. The act of placing objects into a heap


(and heapifying them) destroys any initial ordering they
might have.

* Merge sort? Maybe. It depends on how we divide


lists into two, and on how we merge them. For instance
if we divide by choosing every other element to go into
each list, it is unlikely to be stable. If we divide by
splitting a list at its midpoint, and break ties when
merging in favor of the first list, then the algorithm
can be stable.
Continues...

* Quick sort? Again, maybe. It depends on how


you do the partition step.

Any comparison sorting algorithm can be


made stable by modifying the comparisons to
break ties according to the original positions of
the objects, but only some algorithms are
automatically stable.
THE END

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