1) How can data communications networks affect business?

Ans) Data communication is transfer of data by means of electrical or optical transmission from one user to other user. Communication networks collects data from computers and other devices transmit that data to central server .communication networks provide more use of computer for flow of data. Fast information flow can control the day-to-day business. This service transfers messages from one computer user to another computer user by electronic mail, discussion box, video streaming. Online services, transactions like accounting, purchasing and transferring projects and tracking internal process are controlled by these services. This not only controls but also provides faster service. 2) Three important applications of data communication networks for strategic, competitive advantage in business use. Ans)Types of application networks: 1) Groupware: It is software were group of people work together and more productively. Here people exchange ideas, issues, decisions and finalize the report. Here solution can be obtained fastly because some people have readymade solution. Types of groupware: Electronic Mail: It is a groupware tool and most heavily tool used today. Email can substitute telephone conversations. Document-based Groupware: It is known as Notes. Notes is database designed to store data and manage large collections of text and graphics to support discussions. Group Support Systems: It is tool designed to improve decision making that provide network systems and large screen video projection systems. These are equipped with GSS software that make participant to communicate, ideas, analyse and evaluate problems. Video Teleconferencing: this provides more cameras and several display monitor in meeting rooms. It is a real time example transmission of video and audio signal in different locations to have meeting. The advantage is time and cost savings.

2) Information Superhighway: it is known as Internet. It is collection of thousands of networks linked together.

E-mail on the Internet: E-mail user has their own storage on computer system. Email can be protected by password. An user can send data to one or more recipient accounts. Advantage of Email is confidentiality because of password. To send email we need internet access. Remote Login: Telnet is a Internet host that connect a user to host. User of one computer can access to other computer on internet by Telnet. In the telnet user computer is called local computer other computer is called remote computer. Discussion Groups: there are many groups on internet for discussion ,commonly used groups for business purpose :a) Usenet Newsgroups, b) listserv

Information resources: here we collect data from different networks or different hosts. There are six ways to find information: FTP: file transfer protocol Archie: Archie allows users to search most of publicly available anonymous FTP sites. Gopher: Allows user to access many resources of Internet Veronica: it is gopher-based resource that user can search gopher space. World Wide Web: this is type of information growing faster than internet. WAIS: wide area information service. 3) Optimal Routing: optimal routing is redesign of shortest path routing. Its based on optimization of an average delay like measure of performance. By splitting origin-destination pair traffic at strategic points, by shifting traffic gradually between alternative paths.

3) Discuss the importance of understanding the progression of communications systems from the 1800s to the present. Describe the 1/1/84 divestiture of AT&T and the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and the effects of these two significant governmental actions on data networking.
Ans) communication system situation from 19th century to present: In 1837 telegraph was invented In 1876 transmission of voice message through phone was invented In 1877 telephone system started in Canada In 1878 telephone system transformed and started in United States In 1879 long distance services started through direct dialling. In 1880 transmission of international calls through satellite started In 1970 MCI got chance to provide long distance service In 1984 AT&T split into two parts In 1985 cellular phones comes into market. In 1984, AT&T was divided into two parts, one is to provide long distance service to compete with interexchange carriers (IXCs) known as MCI and Sprint. Other is to provide local telephone services to homes and business. AT&T have banned to provide local services. RBOCs are banned to provide long distance service. The two significant government actions when US congress enacted the telecommunications competition and deregulation in 1996, the act replaced all laws.

4) Discuss the technological progression of information systems from the 1950s to the present, with a particular focus on the evolution of networks and data networking.
Ans) In 1950 batch processing done through punch cards. In 1960 batch processing is done by online. In 1970 online real-time systems change from discrete files to database files integrated systems. In 1980 full-fledged integrated systems are introduced. In 1980 database systems distributing data mining and warehousing information modelling in database design.in 2000 10g switch supporting oc192 fibre produced by Nortel increased use of web then increased use of wireless systems.

5) How do LANs differ from MANs, WANs, and BNs?

Ans) LAN (local area network): LANs are small in size, transmission of data is in limited area. LAN uses cables to which all devices are connected. Transmission speed of LANs are 10Mbps to 100Mbps. At present LANs work at 10Gbps. LANs uses topologies like ring, bus and star. MAN (metropolitan area network): MANs are used to cover distance over cities like city news channels covers the news all over city. Companies getting licence from government to provide service to city. now network operators began to change in systems, they provide two-way internet service. WAN (wide area networks): WANs extends their service to vast area like state and country. BN (back bone network): BNs are high-speed network that connects other networks of distance spanning up to thousands of miles.

6) What are the five layers of the internet model and what do each of these layers do? Describe, using a diagram, the five layers in the network model used in the book and what each of the layers do. Put three examples of standards on each of your layers in the diagram. Do this in detail, explaining how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using this model.
Ans) APPLICATION LAYER: The user creates a message at the application layer using a Web browser by clicking on a link. The browser translates the users message (the click on the Web link) into HTTP. The rules of HTTP define a specific PDU called an HTTP packetthat all Web browsers Must use when they request a Web page. The Web browser fills in the necessary information in the HTTP packet, drops the users request inside the packet, and then pas ses the HTTP packet (containing the Web page request) to the transport layer.
TRANSPORT LAYER: The transport layer on the Internet uses a protocol called TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), and it, too, has its own rules and its own PDUs. TCP is responsible for breaking large files into smaller packets and for opening a connection to the server for the transfer of a large set of packets. NETWORK LAYER: The network layer on the Internet uses a protocol called IP (Internet Protocol), which has its rules and PDUs. IP selects the next stop on the messages route through the network. It

places the TCP segment inside an IP PDU, which is called and IP packet, and passes the IP packet, which contains the TCP segment, which, in turn, contains the HTTP packet, which, in turn, contains the message, to the data link layer. DATA LINK LAYER: If you are connecting to the Internet using a LAN, your data link layer may use a protocol called Ethernet, which also has its own rules and PDUs. The data link layer formats the message with start and stop markers, adds error checking information, places the IP packet inside an Ethernet PDU, which is called an Ethernet frame, and instructs the physical hardware to transmit the

Ethernet frame, which contains the IP packet, which contains the TCP segment, which contains the HTTP packet, which contains the message. PHYSICAL LAYER: The physical layer in this case is network cable connecting your computer to the rest of the network. The computer will take the Ethernet frame (complete with the IP packet, the TCP segment, the HTTP packet, and the message) and send it as a series of electrical pulses through your cable to the server.

7) How are Internet standards developed? What is a defacto standard.

Ans) De facto standards are those that emerge in the marketplace and are supported by several vendors but have no official standing. For example Microsoft windows is a product of one company and has not been formally recognized by any standards organization, yet it is a de facto standard. In

the communications industry, de facto standards often become form al standards once they have been widely accepted.

True or false
1. According to John Chambers, CEO of Cisco (a leading networking technology company), the information age is the second Industrial Revolution. true 2. Due to recent advances in high speed communication networks, the information lag, or the time it takes for information to be disseminated around the world, has been significantly shortened. true 3. One perspective of data communications and networking as stated in the textbook, examines the management of networking technologies, including security, network design, and managing the network on a day-to-day basis and long term basis. true 4. The first electronic data communication system was the telephone developed by Alexander Graham Bell. false 5. The first transcontinental telephone service was established in the 1940s. False 6. An Inter-Exchange Carrier (IXC) provides only local telephone services to homes and businesses. false 7. Common carriers include the RBOCs, IXCs, and Cable TV companies. True 8. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 now permits the RBOCs to provide long distance outside the region in which they provide local telephone services. true 9. The Internet was started by the U.S. Department of defense in 1969 as a network of four computers called ARPANET. true 10. Telecommunications is the transmission of voice and video as well as data and implies transmitting a longer distance than in a data communication network. false

11.

A local area network (LAN) connects other LANs and BNs located in different areas to each other and to wide area networks in a span from 3 to 30 miles. false

12.

An intranet is a LAN that uses Internet technologies and is publicly available to people outside of the organization. false

13.

A car manufacturer may give access to certain portions of its network to some of its suppliers via Internet. This is an example of an Extranet. True

14.

The OSI model is the most widely used network model to develop and build networks today. True

15.

The network layer is responsible for routing messages from the source computer to the destination computer. True

16.

In the OSI model, the application layer is the end users access to the network. True

17.

The application layer is the seventh layer of the Internet model and provides the end users access to the network. True

18.

At the transport layer in the Internet model, TCP is responsible for breaking large files received from the application layer into smaller packets and opening a connection to a server for transferring the packets. True

19.

Ethernet is an example of a network layer protocol. False

20.

Data communication standards enable each layer in the sending computer to communicate with its corresponding layer in the receiving computer. True

21.

The specification stage of the formal standardization process consists of developing nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressed. True

22.

ANSI is a voting participant in the ISO. True

23.

Passive optical networking, a key trend for the future, means that virtually any computer will be able to communicate with any other computer in the world. False

24.

The high bandwidth requirements (high communications needs) for video have slowed its integration into computer networks. True

25.

An Application Service Provider (ASP) develops a specific system and companies purchase or rent the service without installing the system on their own computers. True