Physics72.1 Activity Manual

tec
35
TffiI
ry"tivity
manual
<S tf
o o
*
ro
----)=
r{
tllP LIBRARY
PhysicsT2.l
[ctiuitytlanual
Prepared by
Alvin Baclig Marilou Cadatal Ma. Adoracion Manuel

(Phys 72.1 Lab Manual Authors 2004)
B'i
;l
CA
2 {
VfiAf,8IJ qI}!
wrPro06t4bt
0 0c 35
fsqr
Laal
The Lab Manual Authors 2004 Percival Almoro
L. f)uo
--
Ar*%
"^{ $o-&,'"V
Alvin Baclig
Johnrob Bantang Roland Caballar Marilou Cadatal Albert Francia Ma. Adoracion Sheila Marcos Maricor Soriano Junie Jhon Vequizo
Manuel
'
Edited by: Maricor Soriano Cover Design : CorleonTorralba
Copynght @ Lab Manual Authors 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any lorm or by any means, including photocopy, without written permission from the Lab Manual Authors
Published by the Philippine Foundation for Physics, Incorporated for the exclusive use of the National Institute of Physics, UP Diliman
TaB[coffGoffi
Circuit Analysis..... Resistors in Series and Parallel
Kirchhoff's
......., ....47 Rules.... ......59 Magnetic Field ..r.... ......71 Magrtetic Field Sources ....... ....79 Electrornagnetic lnduction.:.....,.!..
Optical Disk: Reflection and
..
....37
Refraction.. lmage Formation using Thin Lenses .;.....
...... 101 ..... 1 15
HffiffidHMffiM
Name: lnstructor: Qate Submitted: Section:
1.
Give at least two rules in drawing electric field lines'
2.
Since a free charge moves in an electric field by the action of the electric force, work is done by the field in moving the charge from one point to another. The work done per unit charge
by the electric field is called the
3.
Define in your own words what equipotentiallines are.
4.
ln this activity, the two disc electrodes aie placed at coordinates

of the electrolytic tank.
and
[b 00mna[ Affihoms M
E{bcftde'FtdH aM EWEpofteffiafi Hmes
5.
The unit of potential difference,is

potential difference is
: and the device used for, measuring
6.
lf the potential at two points is known, how would the magnitude of the electric field for a
finite path length be determined?
O[db 00msa[AffiM8M
mffibffiffimmmffirm
At the end of this activity, you should be able to:
. . .
Draw the equipotential lineS due to a charge distribution. Calculate the electric field in the vicinity of a charge distribution from the equipotential lines. Draw the electric field vector at a specific point in the equipotential line.
Every charged body creates an electrostatic field in its surrounding. lf another charge is
electric field
is the
potential difference,
placed
Coulombic force is exerted on the charge due to t his field. A quantity related to the
in the vicinity of this field, a
which is readily measurable.

ln this activity, we will be able to connect the relationship between.the abstract concept of electric field and a measured quantity, the potential difference.
The electric field E is defined as the electricalforce F per unit charge.qo,
LVnu =Vu
rM -Yu - :-/!- = Qo;
A.-
lE
.dl
(2)
=F
Qo
(units: V)
(units: N/C)
(1)
where Wn, is the work done in moving the charge from point A to B.
Points that have the same electric potential difference define an equipotential line. No work is done in moving a charge along the equipotential line. Similarly, no work is done when a charge moves perpendicular to the field.
The electric field is visualized using electric field lines. These are imaginary lines drawn through a region of space indicating the direction and the relative magnitude of the electric field. The electric field vector is tangent to the field line at any point, and the field strength is proportional to the density of the field lines. Electric field lines are directed from positive to negative charges.
lf the potential difference between two points is known, the electric field can be determined. lts magnitude is given by
.
where
An indlrect method of
quantifying the
electric field due to a charge distribution is done by considering the electric potential difference associated with the field. lt is defined as the work done per unit charge by the electric field on a charge moving from one point to another. For finite displacement di from point to point.B, the potential difference is
t-t
ll
lEl =
LVno _
Lt,
(3)
Llt is the perpendicular distance
between two equipotential lines. On the other hand, the electric field lines are directed towards decreasing potential.
O n'h
MffidAffihoms
EffiF[d1dffiEsfrnffiffidUffi
The electric field lines and the equipotential an isolated positive charge lines distribution are shown in Figure 1. Circles equipotential lines represent constant potential corresponding difference between'any two adjacent lines. The arrows show the electric field lines.
of
the to a
Figure 1. Electric field lines and equipotential lines of a positive charge

distribution
&&
ffi.ffi % Electrodes {1} Power Supply; {2} Frobe; {3} Connectors Electrolytic Tank
Voltmetsr
Figure 2. Actual setup,
Part A. Tracing Equipotential Lines
Adjust the voltmeter knob to the 20V

setting.
1. Fill three-fourths
with water. Position the two disc electrodes at coordinates (0, 8) and (0, -4). Attach the connectors to the
of the electrolytic tank
probe, power supply and voltmeter as shown in Figure 2. After your instructor has.inspected your setup, turn on the
power supply.
With the probe tip on the electrolytic tank, determine 10 coordinates with a potential value of 1V. Do not make a table of values. lnstead, plot the coordinates in Graph 1 of your data
sheet.
[db
n0amorafl
Affihoms
2@@4
Eilbeftdo F[c{H mifl
Emdpmeffid
LM
4.
Trace the equipotential line defined by all the coordinates having a potential of
1V.
these points to an adjacent equipotential

line.
5. Obtain also coordinates for potential

values of 2Y until 6V with an increment is advisable to locate of coordinates near the edges of the tank.
3.
in potdntial
2.
1V. lt
Get the values of AVfrom the difference between the 3V line and adjacent equipotentiaf line used in step
6. 7.
1.
Replace the disc electrodes with long rods oriented perpendicular to the yaxis. Repeat steps 3 to 5.
Plot the coordinates in Graph 2.
4.
Obtain an estimate of the electric field magnitudes at the points defined'in step 1 using equation'3.
5. Jabulate values of A/, LY and electric field magnituoe lEl in Data Tables 1
and 2.
Part B. Drawing Electric Field Lines

Using Graphs 1 and 2, locate the points of intersection of the 3V equipotential line with r = 0, 2,4,6.
6.
2.
Get the values of A/ by measuring the perpendicular distance from each of
Draw the electric field vectors with the appropriate magnitudes and directions in Graphs 'l and 2. Use a scale of I cm: { VolUcm.
I I I
Gutienez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1 Laboratory Manual, 2d ed. (2001).

Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineeis, 4s ed., W.H. Freeman & Co. USA (1999).
Young, H., University Physics, 8h ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. USA (1992).
http://physics. syr. edu/courses/PHYY222. 03Fblllmanualsffields. pdf
O Ldb
MM
&ffihors
2O@4
E{be0de Ffldd mO equh@fteffi@ Lhets
Oltnfhffi]MAsdbffiffiits
It
l l
Hffimmmffimos
Name: Group Members:
lnstructor:
Score: Date Performed: Date Submitted: Section:
Graph the equipotential lines for a two disc electrode and indicate the value of each potential line. Draw the electric field lines with appropriate magnitude and direction for the 3V potential line at.x = 0, 2,4 and 6. Do not forget to indicate the sign of charge for each disc. Graph 1. Electric potential and electric field for two disc electrodes.
I \ \ \ a
\
f
\
7
[db fl[roa[Asoflhm
EIb@b F[d]d
Data Table
ffi Eq@dewmd eh@
1. Electric field magnitude for two disc electrodes.
Graph the equipotential lines for two rod electrodes, and indicate the value of each potential line. Draw the electric field lines with appropriate magnitude and direction for the 3V potential line at I = 0, 2,4 and 6. Do not forget to indicate the sign of charge for each rod.
Graph
2.
Electric potential and electric field for two rod electrodes.
ar
T
a
!
a
I I I I
O[b nn@e[Anffiffi
Elbeftde FtetH
Data Table
@np@ffiafl
Etues
2.
Electric field magnitude for the two rod electrodes.
O Lab
trlmnd Affihous
2@CI4
T
l l
EbeCIdeFrefldaM
emfum [h6
1.
The direction of the electric field is indicated on field lines. Why are there no electric field lines directed along equipotential lines?
2. The equipotential lines of an electrode
with uniform charge distribution are shown in Figure Explain why, in the presence of another electrode, the charge distribution in each electrode is no longer uniform.
1.
3.
lf there are excess charges, where would these be located? How would the presence of excess charges affect the equipotential lines?
4.
For the electrode configurations in Graphs 1 and 2, comment on the electric field
b.
nearthe edges ofthe tank.
lr
li,
ll
I I I I I
ln what region(s) does the electric field have the greatest field strength? How is this
determined from the plot?
i
I
I I
I I I I I I
OLdbn0ffiaflAffiffi20.M
10
L
I
0mmil's [anfl
Name: lnstructor:
Date Submitted: Section:
1. ln your own words, what is Ohm's Law?
How is an ohmic material different from a non-ohmic material in terms of voltage versus
current behavior?
3.
.The constant of proportionality relating the resistance of an ohmic conducting wire to its
length and cross-sectional area
is
, which varies almost
linearly with
The Sl unit of this constant is
4.
The two materials that will be investigated in the experiment in terms of their voltage and
current responses are the
O&dbtua{Affihm2004
11
-=
-".-
@hmn's LNM
S: W#t
must be done before measuring the resistance of the 2-m wire using an ohmmeter?
6.
ln using the power supply, always set the current adjustment knob to
and set the voltage adjustment knob to
. The knob that will be used to
vary the current or voltage
outPut
of the power supply ,is
O[dbMAdhmffiA
12
Ohmn'sW
, 'r '
Differentiate materials based on their voltage versus current curves. Calculate the resistance of a wire given its resistivity, length, and radius. Compare calculated resistance with measured resistance of a conductor.
positive point charge is placed in a region of uniform electric field established by a potential difference the charge will move along the direction of the electric field. The movement of charges from one point to another due to a potential difference in a conductor is known as the electric current. ln the early nineteenth century, G.S. Ohm
lf a
discovered
the relationship of
potential
difference and current.
investigate the relationship between the current through and potential difference across different materials and relate them to material
properties.
ln this activity, we will
The ratio of the applied voltage to the current of a metallic conductor is constant
as long as its temperature is kept constant. This ratio is defined as the resistance R of the conductor. This result is known as
Ohm's law.
nonlinear voltage versus current behavior, and they are called nen-ohmic.
The resistance of a non-ohmic material is not constant but is voltage- or currentdependent
Mathematically,
expressed as
Ohm's law may R=LY
be (1)
to be propoftional to its
arca A.
For an ohmic material, resistance is found length Z and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional
where AZ is the potential difference across the metal conductor measured in volts (V), the current through the conductor measured in amperes (A), and R is the resistance of the conductor measured in ohms (O).
is
ft,=p L A
(2)
where the constant of proportionality p is called the resistivity of the conductor. The Sl unit of p is the ohm-meter (O.m).
constant over a long range of applied voltage. These materials are said to be ohmic. A plot of voltage versus cunent yields a straight line for these materials. However, there are materials that show
For some materials, the resistance
is
The resistivity of any metal varies almost linea.rly with temperature. lt is usually given in terms of its value at 20oC, 4s, snd the temperature coefficient of resistance a. At some other temperature I gfuen in oC, the
resistivity is
p(r)= p,ol+ a(r -zo)l
(3)
O[dbflMafAffihoms
13
@hmo's
llaw
Table 1 shows
ps and a based on the
Ma'terial
on
(uC).cm)
z(oC-1)
resistance of some common metals at 0'C.
Tabte 1. Resistivities and temperature

coefficients of common metalsl
llnstitute
of Science and Technology Laboratory Handbook
Silver Copper Aluminum Gold Tin German Nickel Mercury
1.65 1.78
3.21
2.42 11.3 33.0 95.7
0.0040 0.0042 0.0038 0.0040 0.0045 0.0004 0.0009
tr
*ARNTNG
To avoid damage to the meters, always start with the meter on its least sensr'tiye scale. lncrease the sensitivity of the meter only as needed
for accurate
remember
least sensitive scale before

another measurement.
to return the meter on
measurement,
and
its
making
Always measure voltage across a device by connecting the meter in

parallelto the device or material.
Always disconnect
the device or material from the circuit when
measu ring its resistance.
1. 2. 3.
PASCOTM Power Supply
Multimeter
4. 5. 6. 7.
DigitalThermometer 2-m German Nickel Resistance Wire Micrometer Caliper Bulb and Socket Connectors
When using the PASCOTM power supply, always set the current adjustment knob to maximum and the voltage adjustment knob to minimum. You are only allowed to
adjust the voltage knob.
Do not touch any exposed metal in the setup when the power supply is
switched on, to avoid shocks or burns.
Part A. Variation of voltage with current of a 2-m resistance wire
1.
Measure the wire temperature using the digital thermometer and measure its diameter using the micrometer caliper. its Obtain the best estimates temperature and the diameter and record these values in Data Table 1.
2.
of
Measure the resistance of the 2-m, wire using an ohmmeter and record in Data Table 1.
O
I
[b
nnamua0
Adhm
L4
[--
@hmo's 3. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure

1.
Law
1.
By adjusting the voltage knob of the power supply, vary the output cunent of the power supply.
for
6.
From the display of the power supply, take five readings of current and voltage uniformly increasing values of curent. The suggested increment step is 0.1 A.
Tabulate all measured values of current and voltage in Data Table 2.
Figure {. Measurement of voltage and cunent of the 2-m'resistance wiie.
Pail B. Variatlon
Figure
'1.
oJ Gurrent
wlth Reslstance
1. Use the same atrangement 2.
as shown in
Starting from zero, adjust the voltage knob of the power supply until curent is read in the cunent display. Record the coresponding voltage in Data Table 3. Keep this voltage constant throughout this part of the experiment.
Measure the cunent and resistance for different lengths (refer to Figure 2) from 200 cm by increments of 20 cm, Tabulate all measured values in Data Table 3.
3.
Figure 2. Measurement of current for different lengths at constant voltage.
Part G. Varlation of Voltage with Reslstance
1.
Connect the apparatus as shown in Figure 3. Make sure that,one probe d the voltmeter is fixed at terminal A, and the other probe indicated by C is set at
different positions:
2.
constant throughout tlris part

experiment.
Starting from zero, adjust the voltage knob of the power supply urrtil current is read in the current display. Record this in Data Table 4 and keep this current
of
the
Figure 3, Measurement of voltage for different lengths at constant cunent.
Oltdb
Affihoms m@4
15
qhmoh
LENM
3.
the corresponding voltage

resistance. Record in Data Table 4.
Set probe C at terminal B and measure

and
voltage and resistance readings for 5 other lengths. Record all values in Data
table 4.
4.
Decrease the length of the wire between terminals A and probe C by moving the probe at increments of 20 cm. Obtain
Part D. Variation of Voltage with Gurrent of a small light bulb increase the voltage
1.
Set up'the circuit as shown in Figure 1, but instead of using a 2'm resistance wire use a small light
at 0.1
increments.
3.
bulb.
Beyond
2.
Take readings of voltage and current for increasing voltage. Start with 0 V and
1 V, you may increase the increment to 0.5 V. You may opt to take more readings as you deem necessary' Record allvalues in Data Table 5.
I I ! I
Gutierrez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1 Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. (2001)' Tipler, P., Physics for scientists and Engineers, 4h ed., w.H. Freeman & co. usA (1999). Nathaniel P. Hermosa ll for suggesting part D of the experiment. http://www. istonline. org. uUHandbooUl ST%20Laboratory%20H andbook' pdf
OrLafhn0aroalAffiffi2ff4
16
OnmilBW
Group Members:
lnstruc'tor:
Data Table
1. Measured and,estimated values of resistivity and resistance.

BEST ESTIMATE VALUES
Calculations
O[dbMaroaflAffioms20o4
@thmn's
Law
Data Table 2. Voltage vs. Current
MEASURED PARAMETER Constant Resistance

(Ohmmeter reading):
Data Table
3. Cunent vs. Resistance

MEASURED PARAMETER
Constant Voltage (Voltage Display reading):
Data Table 4. Voltage vs. Resistance
MEASURED PARAMETER
Constant Current (Current Display reading):
[db Mma[AdM2O@4
@hm's Law
Data Table 5. Voltage vs. Current for the light-bulb
[b Mffiafl Affihcxb 20@4
@hmnh
Law
1.
Graph
Using the data in Data Table 2, plot the voltage against current in the grids provided below.
1.
t
o)
o)
= o
Current (A) Slope:
y- intercept:
% deviation:
2.
Graph 2. Using the data in Data Table 3, plot the variation of cunent with the reciprocal of the resistance.
3
c o
J
1/Resistance (1/C))
O Ldb
ffia[Adhm2mx]
20
:JIP LIBRARY
dcz
Slope:
3f f511 :-ooy
qmb[nM
y- intercept:
% deviation:
3.
Graph
3.
Using the data in Data Table 4, plot the,voltage against resistance.
ot (5 g
Resistance (Q)
y- intercept:'
% deviation:
Calculations for the slopes, y-intercepts and
o/o
deviations for Graphs { to 3
E fr
l.
I
, -.
StAfir";* * *'
-'r. ri'ti "_
-.
" !
'
ii
L
:j:,
@hmn's
Law
of the
4.
Graph
4. Using the data in Data Table 5, plot the voltage against current response
light btrlb in the grids provided below.
o) (5
Current (A)
@[ah nnmnar[AffiM2ff04
22
@hmo's LaNM
1.
Describe the shape of each curve in Graphs 1, 2 and 3. What does this imply? What is the significance of the slope and y-intercept of each curve?
Using the data in Data Table 4, plot the resistance versus length and determine the slope of the best-fit line.
o o c (U
.u)
to
Length (cm)
Slope:
Calculations
eLdbMAffihoms2o04
23
qhmob INM 3.' Calculate the resistivity pfrom the slope obtained in number 2. Compare this result with the
,p calculated in Data Table 1. Show all your computations.
4.
Describe the shape'of the voltage versus cunent plot of the light bulb. Compare this with the voltage versus current plot of the 2-m resistance wire. What does this impty?
5. Cite and discuss
possible sources of errors in the experiment.
LS Mama[ Adhm20@4
24
GflrcuffiAmaffirch
Name: lnstructor:
1.
What is the effective resistance for two resistors, Rr and R2 when they are connected in (a) series and (b) parallel?
2.
lf the color bands of a certain resistor are Orange, Violet, Red and Gold. What is
resistance?
its
3.
Kirchhoffs Loop rule is a consequence of the conservation of Kirchhoffs Junction rule is a consequence of the conservation of
while
4. The resistors that will be used in the experiment

Rr=
Re= Rs=
are
5. ln measuring
the voltage, the voltmeter should be connected
to the
with the
resistor. On the other hand, the ammeter should be connected

resistor to measure the current
O [,ab n0monafi Autrhoms
25
GErenn0G
Amailys0s
For questions 6 and 7 consider the circuit on the right.
Vr-E-
6.
Write down the loop equation for loop ABEFA using appropriate sign conventions, '
Write down the junction equationfor junction B.
O[dbtrMAffiMruJ.
26
HreUMMMMrc
. . .' .
Give the appropriate resistance value from the resistor's color bands. Demonstrate correct and proper implementation of a circuit diagram. Calculate the effective resistance of resistors connected in series and parallel.
Determine the current passing through the circuit element and the corresponding potential drop using Kirchhoffs Rules.
A circuit is a closed conducling network that provides continuous . flow of cdrrent throughout the path. A complete circuit includes ' one several 'sources of (emf) etectromotive force that supply current to the circuit elements. One of the basic components you may find in a circuit is a resistor. Typical circuits would havb several
or
resistors connected in complex networks. The primary use of resistors is to limitthe current or control the voltage across othbr
components. ln this activity, we wiJl investigate the cunent passing through and the potential difference across individual resistors in circuits.
A circuit element that has a specific resistance value between its ends is called a resistor. For commercially available
.
iesistors, the resistance
is marked with
three or four color-coded bands. For any network of resistors one can always find a single resistor that could replace the network. The resistance of this single resistor -is called the effectlve resisfance. Resistors. may be connected in sen'es,' in parallel, or in series-parallel comblhations. Resistors connected one aftei the,other are in senes while resistors whose ends are connected together by wires are in panllel.
Many electrical circuits Er coooocted into complex ne{works that cannot be reduced to simple series-parallel combinations. ln the arialysis of such circuits, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff developed two rules known as the Krchhoffs Loop and Junction Rules. These rules are consistent with the principles of
conservation
respectively.
conservation
of energy and the of electric charge,
The Loop Rule"'(or the voltage rule) states that the algebraic sum of the.
potentia! difference, V, around a closed loop is zero.
For
resistors connected
in series;
the (1)
eftective resistance of the ciicuit is:
XP=
R,f
.=4,
+ Rr + R3 +...*
Ro.
A .
loop
is
loop) (3) ddfined. as any closed.

(any closed
conductingpath in a network. The Junction Rule (or the current rule) states thEt the algebraic :sum of the cunents, d through any junction is zero.
For n resistors conneeted in parallel, the

effective resistance of the circuit is:.
ll1ll/.'\ .+_+ *.*.*_ R$4'Rr& no -= OLdbtrMAffihmm4
\al
27
G[renn[G
Ama[ys0s
xI=
(any
junction)
(a)
When going around
a loop and
Equivalently, the sum of the currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction.
ZI**,*, =ZI***r
meet.
(any junction) (5)
passing through an emf source, the potential difference is taken to be positive when the emf is traversed towards the positive terminal; it is negative when traversed towards the negative terminal. When passing through a resistor, the potential difference is taken to be negative if it is traversed in the same direction as the assigned current; it positive the traversed opposite direction.
A,,junction is defined as a point in a circuit where three or more conductors
The following sign
conventions
are
recommended for the loop rule:
is
if
in
WARNING
To avoid damage to the meters,
Power Supply Digital Multimeter
always start with the meter on its leasf sensitive scale. lncrease the sensitivity of the meter only as needed for accurate measurement, and remember to return the meter on its least sensitive scale before making another measurement.
Voltages are measured across (connected in parallel to) the circuit element. Currents
are measured through

Always disconnect
(connected
in
series with)the circuit element.
Reeistors
a resistor from the
Circuit Board {Breadbaard}

Connectors
circuit when measuring its resistance.
Part
A. Resistors in Series and Parallel

R: [(10A+B)* 10c] f) *D
Black Brown Red OrmgeYellow Green Blue Violet Gray White
1.
Read the color bands indicated in the resistor and tabulate the corresponding resistance values (&) in Data Table 1. The resistance is R: (10A+B)*10c1 Q+ D where A, B, C, and D are the color bands. The values of A, B and C are read according to Table 1; while D,
0t23456789
Table 1. Numerical Equivalents of the Resistor Color Bands
@LatbflflmuaflAffihm
28
G0reuffi Anoa[ye0s
the tolerance value, can be

(1Oo/o),
Silver Gold (5%) or No Color (20%).
Gircuit Diagrams for Part A
2.
Measure the resistance of each resistor using an ohmmeter and record the value in Data Table 1.
the color bands for each resistor,

calculate theoretical effective resistance (Rd for circuits 1, 2 and 3, and record in Data Table 2.
Using the resistance values indicated by
the
circuit I
4. Setup
Rr, Rz and R3 according to the diagram for circuits 1, 2 and 3. Without connecting yet the 5-V power supply, measure the effective resistance (R/,
record the value
across P and Q using an ohmmeter and
in
Data Table
2.
Compare this with the theoretical value by obtaining the percentage deviation.
5.
Circuit 2
R1
Connect the 5-V power supply into the resistor network to make a complete circuit. Measure the voltage across and current passing through each resistor for each circuit, and record the values in Data Table With the measured voltage and current values calculate the resistance (&) using Ohm's Law.
3.
Circuit
6.
Measure the effective voltage (V,/ and effective current (I*t) for each circuit and record them in -Data Table From these values calculate the effective resistance (&7) and compare with theoretical value in Data Table 2. Get the percentage deviation.
Rr:
R2:
V:5.0 V 1.0 kfi

1.2 kc)
4.
R:: 1.5 kf)
Part B. Kirchhoffs Rules
Circuit Diagram for Part B
1.
Using circuit 3, connect a 4.5-V power supply between & and R3 creating a Two-Loop Network as illustrated in
circuit 4.
R1
Rz
2.
Adjust each power supply as close as possible to the values specified in the circuit. Measure and record the output voltage in Data Table 5.
Circuit 4
R1
Vr :5.0 V
1.0
kQ
V2:4.5 V
Rz:
1.2 kC)
Rr:
1.5
kQ
O rLah n0aro6fl Affihoms
29
Cmenn[G
am0sens
3. Following
indicated current the directibns, measure the currents Ir, Iz and 13 using an ammeter. The negative
sigrl in the readings should not
be
4.
discarded, What is the significance of a negative measured value? Measure also the voltage Vr, Vz and V: across each resistor using a voltmeter. Record the values in Data Table 5' Calculate for the currents Ir, Iz ?rtd Ir passing through resistors Rr, Rz and &,
sPecified theoretical voltage values in circuit 4
respectivelY
using the
and the resistance lpep the color bands by applying the Kirchhoffs Rules. Present your solutions clearly on the space provided. lndicate also the directioh of the cuirerts through eacr, resistor. Solve also for the theoretical vOltage Vr, Yy and V3 acrOss eaCh resistor. Compare these currents and voltages with the measured value .bi obtaining the percentage deviation. Tabulate all computed values in Data Table 5.
r
I !
Gutienez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1Laboratory Manual,2nd ed. (2001). (1999). Tipler, p., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4h ed., W.H. Freeman & Co. USA (1992)' Young, H., University Physics, 8th ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co' USA
ll
l
[db Maroaf AsdffimO4
30
GfircuffimM]UBrc
Narne: Group Members:
lnstructor:
Data Table
1. Resistance values of the resistors.
Data Table
2.
Effective resistance values.
Calculations of the theoretical effective resistance for Data Table 2
O ttarh fl[mnafl Asdhoms
@eum amahens
Data Table 3.. Experimental resistance values from voltage and current measurements.
Galculations of the resistance values of Data Table 3
Experimental effective resistance values from effective voltage and effective current measurement.
Data Table
4.
Calculations of the effective resistance value of Data Table 4
O[db
MM Affihorsffi4
32
@reu0G amahens
Data Table
5. Circuit 4: Twoloop network.
Calculations for the theoretical values of Data Table 5
o[dbMMAffiM2004
G0reoffi Ama$sns
1. From Data Table 3, what can you conclude about the currents
connected in series? For resistors connected in parallel?
and voltages for resistors
From your conclusion in the previous question, derive the equations for the effective
resistance for resistors in series and parallel.
3.
Do resistors connected in series and parallel obey conservation lanrs? Explain.
O[dbMmdAsffibffi804.
lr*-._
34
GEreu0G
Amalysfls
4.
The direction one goes around a circuit loop makes no difference in the Loop Rule (voltage rule) equation obtained for the loop. Show this explicitly by going around the loops (in circuit 4) in the opposite directions.
5.
Apply the loop theorem to the big outer loop (traversing V1, Rr, Rz and V) of circuit 4 and show that it is redundant or unnecessary if you are already using the two inner loop equations.
- 6--Ca!Eider the two loop network (circuit 4).
lf Rr = & = Rr, wh?t would be the effect if you are power supplies ( e.g. V, = Yz = 5.0 V)? for level the two usin!-Ih6same-y_q|!_?ge
OrLdb0flmudAdhoms
35
G0r@uflt Ama[ys0s
7. What are the sources
of error in the,experiment?
O Lab nnarod]
Affihm
2O@4
36
BGffiffiffismSGffimdpardm[
Name: lnstructor:
1.
What is the effective resistance for two resistors, Rr and R2 when they are connected in (a) series and (b) paratlel?
lf the color bands of a certain resistor are Orange, Violet, Red and Gold. What is
resistance?
its
3.
A resistor has a measured resistance of28 kA. What are its appropriate cotor bands.
4.
The resistors that will be used in this activity are
Rr=
Rz= Rs=
OBSfiIffiaflAffihoremO4
37
I I
.
MtomsflmSedffiffiMilh$
5. ln ,measuring
the,voltage, the 'vsltmetershould be connected
to the
with the
curfent.
resistor. On the otherrhand.the arnmeter should be connected
oLdbffilAffi@4
38
BcTffirc
I I I
f,m
Soffiosamd Pamflh[
Give the appropriate resistance value from the resistor's color bands. Demonstrate correct and proper implementation of a circuit diagram. Calculate the effective resistance of resistors connected in series and parallel.
A circuit is a closed conducting network that provides continuous flow of current throughout the path. A complete circuit more sources of one includes electromotive force (emfl that supplies current to the circuit elements. One of the commonly used elements you may find in a circuit is a resistor. Typical circuits would
a a
or
complex networks. The primary use of resistors is to limit the current or control the
voltage across other components.
ln this activity, we will investigate the current passing through and the potential difference circuits. across individual resistors
have several resistors connected in
in
A circuit element that has a specific resistance value between its ends is called a resistor. For commercially available
in senes while resistors whose ends are connected together by wires are in parallel.
For n resistors connected in series, the effective resistance of the circuit is:
resistors, the resistance is marked with three or four color-coded bands.

For any network of resistors one can always find a single resistor that could replace the network. The resistance of this single resistor is called the effective restsfance. Resistors may be connected in series, in parallel, or in serles-parallel combination. Resistors connected one after the other are
R"r
For
--.R, +,R, + R,
+...*
Rn.
(1)
resistors connected in parallel, the effective resistance of the circuit is:
11111 +.- +...+ + Rn Rl R1 R3 R,f -.
(2)
ffitd}?.tffiiM; :ryt: --.....;#Y1.]::.:,,".* ffiry[;trrle:i:lr ::{'"'.:: : 1" .f]Eea: ffi&iri"f?w&ia
Resistors Digital Multimeter Power Supply Connestors

@
Gircuit Board (Breadboard)
Lah nflamam[ Affihoms
39
Resffims h Sedes ffid
MilH
WARNING
To avoid damage to the meters, always start with the meter on its least sensrffve scale. lncrease the sensitivity of the meter only as needed for accurate measurement, and remember to return the meter on its least sensitive scale'before
making another measurement.
Voltages are measured across (connected in parallel to) the circuit element. Currents are measured through (connected in series with) the circuit element.
Always disconnecf a resistor from the circuit when measuring its resistance. When measuring the effective resistance of a network of resistors, disconnect the network from any emf source.
1.
Read the color bands indicated in the resistor and tabulate the corresponding resistance values (&) in Data Table'1.
across points P and Q using an ohmmeter and record the value in Data
(&/
Table
To read the resistance value using the

cglor bands, follow the illustration below, with the bands as A, B, C and D.
2. Compare this with the theoretical value by obtaining the

percentage deviation.
Blac.k
0123456789
L
Brown Rcd OrangeYdlow Green Blue Violet Gray White
Connect the 5-V power supply into the resistor network to make a complete circuit. Measure the voltage across and current passing through each resistor for each circuit, and record the values in With the measured Data Table voltage and current values calculate the resistance (&) using Ohm's Law.
3.
Table
Numerical Eguivalents of the Resistor Color Bands
The resistance is p= (10A+B)'t0cle + D. The values of A, B and C are read according to Table 1. The tolerence value D can be Silver (10%), Gold (5%) or No Colot (207o).
Calculate the effective resistance for each circuit with the resistance values
Record the values in Data Table 4, and compare with the theoretical effective resistance flom Data Table 2 by calculating the percentage deviation.
7. and Measure the effective voltage effective current (Ln) lor each circuit and record them in Data Table From the these values calculate effective resistance and compare with theoretical value in Data Table 2. Get the percentage deviation.
obtained from Data Table
3.
2. 3.
Measure the resistance of each,resistor using an ohmmeter and record the value in Data Table 1.
(Vl
5.
the color bands for each resistor,

calculate
Using the resistance values indicated by
(&d
theoretical effective for circuits 1, 2 and 3, resistance (n and record in Data Table 2.
Setup Rr, & and R, according to the diagram for circuits 1, 2, 3 and 4. Without connecting yet the 5-V power supply, measure the effective resistance 40
the /
4.
O[ fhMMAdhm2o04
RmB0oms
h Sed6
amd
PadilH
Gircuit Diagrams
&r
Circuit
Circuit 3
Circuit 2
Circuit 4
V:5.0 V
R1=
1.0 kC) 1.2
Rr:
&:
kO
r.s
ko
t I I
Gutierrez, R. et. at., Physics 72.1 Laboratory Manu al,
2nd
ed. (2001).
Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4u ed., W.H. Freeman & Co; USA (1999).
Young, H., University Physics, 8h ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. USA (1992).
Oftarh [SamuaflAffih@ms
4t
RmHGoms [m Sedmamd
mmH
l i
lr ltl
I
CEdbtrhmanammm4
42
BmtMre[mSoffim0ffi
lnstructor:
Score: Date Performed: Date Submftted: Sectfon:
Data Table
1.
Resistance values of the resistors.
Data Table
2.
Effective resistance values.
Calculations of the theoretical effective resistance for Data Table 2
OLabMaroEfAffihoms
43
tudffims h Sedes md MIH

Data Table
3.
Experimental resistance values from voltage and current measurement.
I
2
Calculations of the resistance values of Data Table 3
Data Table
4.
Calculated effective resistance values from resistance in Data Table 3'
-)
*i
{ {
Calculations of the effective resistance values of Data Table 4
Experimental effective resistan@ Values from effective voltage and effective current measurement.
Data Table
S.
Calculations of the effective resistance value of Data Table 5
OEdbMaMAdhm2tr4
44
tuffimshSed6ffidMIh[
1'. From Data Table 3,
irvhat can you conclude about the currents and voltages for resistorc connected in series? For resistors connected in parallel?
From your conclusion in the previous queslion, derive the equations for the effective
resistance for resistors in series and parallel.
lf the effective resistance of a circuit is to be kept constant, how will the addition of more resistors affect the accuracy of the computed effedive resistance for series and parallel circuits?
OEdbtrIcMAffihm20D4
45
Rosbtoms
flm
Sedes amd
PadlH
values of the resistance of Explain the discrepancy between the computed and measured 4. are the sources . individual resistors as well as the effective resistance of each circuit. What "exPeriment? the
of
error
in
O Lab
Mmafl Affihm 2m4
46
ffiremmffisBuhs
Name: lnstructor:
Kirchhoff's Loop rule is
a consequence of the conservation of
Kirchhoff's Junction rule is a consequence of the conservation of
2. The resistors that will be used in the experiment

Rr=
'Re
are
Rs-
&-
For questions 3 to 5 consider the circuit on the right.
Write down the loop equation for loop ABEFA using appropriate sign conventions.
Lffi MmaflAffihoms
47
ffimdhffimiles
4,
Write down the junction equation for junction B.
5.
Can we consider point A as a junction? Explain.
oE-snnMAdhm
48
ffiremmffismum
I
Demonstrate correct and proper implementation of a circuit diagram. Measure the current passing through the circuit element and the corresponding potential drop.
Analyze multi-loop circuits using Kirchhoff's Rules.
When you look inside your computer or any electrical device, you will find circuits that are much more complex than'resistors in series or in parallel. lndeed, many electrical circuits are connected into complex networks such as multiple-loop networks involving two or more emf sources that cannot be reduced to simple series-parallel combinations. ln the analysis of such
circuits, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff developed two empirical rules known as the Krchhoff,s Ru/es
passing through and the corresponding potential drop across a circuit element in a
multi-loop circuit using Kirchhoff's Rules.
ln this activity, we will determine the current
Krchhoffs Ru/es consists of two rules known as the Krchhoffts Loop and Junction Rules. These rules are consistent with the principles of conservation of energy and the conservation charge, respectively.
Equivalently, the sum of the currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction.
of
electric
The Loop Rule (or the voltage rule) states that the algebraic sum of the potential difference, Z, around a closed
loop is zero. 2V =
}r"n",",,n, =ZIr*n, (anY junction) (5) A junction is defined as a point in a circuit where two or more conductors
meet.
The following sign
conventions are
A .
loop
is
toop) (3) defined as any closed

(any closed
recommended for the loop rule:
conducting path in a network.
The Junction Rule (or the current rule) states that the algebraic sum of the currents, 1, into any junction is zero.
(any junction) (4)
When going around a loop and passing through an emf source, the potential difference is taken to be positive when the emf is traversed towards the positive termirtal; it is negative when traversed towqrds the negative terminal.
When passing thr:ough a resistor, the potential difference is taken to be negative if it is traversed in the same direction as the assigned current; it is
n-Eth
n0ma[ Affihors
49
ffifirehhoflfls Ruhs
positive
if
traversed
in
the
opposite
direction.
Resistors
Two Power Supplies
Digital Multimeter
Circuit Bqard (Breadboard)
IIwnRNTNG . .
. To avoid damage to the meters, always start with the meter on its leasf sensitive lncrease the sensitivity of the meter only as needed for accurate - scale. measurement, and remember to return the meter on its least sensitive scale before
making another measurement.
Voltages are measured across (connected in parallel to) the circuit element. Currents are measured through (connected in series with) the circuit element)
Always disconnect a resistor from the circuit when measuring its resistance. When measuring the effective resistance of a network of resistors, disconnect any emf source in the circuit.
Read the color bands indicated in the resistor and tabulate the corresponding resistance values (&) in Data Table 1.
value D can be Silver (10%), Gold (5%) or No Color (20Yo)2.
To read the resistance value using the

color bands, follow the illustration below, with the bands as A, B, C and D.
Measure the reisistance of each resistor using an ohmmeter and record the value in Data Table 1.
3.
Setup
Two-Loop Network
as
illustrated in circuit 1.
4. Adjust
Black Brown Red OrangeYellow Green Blue Violet Gray White
each power supply as close as possible to the values specified in the circuit. Measure and record the output
0123456789
voltage in Data Table 2.
Table 1. Numerical Equivalents of the Resistor Color Bands
5. Following the indicated current
The resistance is R: (l0A+B)*lOclO + D. The values of A, B and C are read according to Table 1. The tolerance
@
directions, measure the currents lr, lz and ls using an ammeter. The negative sign in the readings should not be discarded. What is the significance of a
[,ab M]mooafl Aeufrhoms
50
rl
...,,
ffiflmdhhoffis
Riles
negative measured value? Measure also the voltage Vr, Vz and V3 across each resistor using a voltmeter. Record the values in Data Table 2.
6.
Table 3.. Present your solutions on the

space provided.
Gircuit Diagrams
Rr Rz
Calculate for the currents 11, 12 and 13 passing through resistors Rr, & and R3, respectively using specified theoretical voltage values in circuit 4 and the resistance from the color bands by applying the Kirchhoff's "Rules. Present your solutions clearly on the space provided. lndicate also the direction of the currents through each resistor. Solve also for the theoretical voltage Vr, Y2 and Yr across each resistor. Compare thesd currents and voltages with the measured value by obtaining the percentage deviation. Tabulate all computed values in Data Table 2.
the
Circuit 1. Two-loop Network

R+
Rr
Rz
loop network as shown in circuit

Measure currents
11, 12, 13, 14, 15
Connect Ra in circuit 1 creating a three2.
v2
described by step 5. Measure also voltages Vr, Vz, V: and Va ?croSS e?Gh resistor. Record the values in Data
Table 2.
and
16
as
J,,
I5
Circuit 2. Three-loop Network Vr=5.0V

Rr = 1.0 kQ Rs = 1.5 kO
Vz = 4.5
Rz
Calculate all the currents indicated in the circuit and the voltage across each
resistor as
V'
kC)
described
Tabulate all all computed values
by step 6.
in
= 1.2 kO
Data
Rr = 3.3
Gutienez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1Laboratory Manual,
2nd
ed. (2001).
I
I
Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4h ed., w.H. Freeman & co. USA (1ggg). Young, H., University Physics, 8th ed., Addison-wesley pubrishing co. usA (1gg2).
OLahfl0madAffihoms
51
I
, i+iirtoh;altr
..
ffiflmdilmflfs Rdb6
eLffiAnMAffimz@@4
BUM
Date Performed: Date Submitted: Section:
Data Table
1. Resistance values of the resistors.
,Data Table 2. Circuit 1: Two-loop network.
[db Uma[Affihomsm4
ffituhthoffis Riles
Calculations for the theoretical values of Data Table 2
Data Table
3. Circuit 2: Three-loop network.
Ldb
n[ffi6{
Affihoms
,,
3 ,
'ffih@sBry
,
Calculgtions for the th06retical values of DataTable
O llrfh CI0arod Asdhme 2O@4
55
ffikehMfls RMbs
1.
Consider the outer loop of the two-loop network (circuit 1). lf you add all the measured voltages, taking into account the proper sign convention, what would be the obtained value? What rule does it explicitly verify? What is the significance of this rule?
2. The direction one goes around a circuit loop makes no difference in the Loop Rule (voltage
rule) equation obtained for the loop. Show this explicitly by going around the loops (in circuit 4) in the opposite directions.
3.
Apply the loop theorem to the big outer loop (traversing V1, Rr, & and Vz) of circUit 2 and show that it is redundant or unnecessary if you are already using the two inner loop equations.
O Ldb Maroafl Audhoms
s6
ffiffioffistutles
4.
Consider the three-loop network (circuit 2). lf R, = & = & = fu, what would be the effect if you are using the same voltage level for the two power supplies (e.g. Vr yz= 5"0 V)? =
5. What are the sources of error in the experiment?
@LffimroaflAdhoms
57
i",,',
",-
ffiftreHMffisMbs
O Ldb nnamdl Aroffihoms
58
Name: lnstructor:
1.
Give three factors that affect the magnetic field intensity inside a very long solenoid.
2. What is the unit of magnetic field intensity?
3.
What do you think is the purpose of the
f.ffilbutton
in the data acquisition program?
4. Where do you think will the magnetic
field sensor be placed to yield a maximum magnetic position field intensity? Mark the with an "x".
O Ldb
0[ma[ Asffihoms tu@4
CIflagreffie F[e0d
5.
What qouid possibty hqppen when you leave the power supply switched ON continuously?
O[SMMAsffimm4
60
magffifficftil
At the end of this activity, you should be able to: Measure the magnetic field produced by a solenoid using a computer-interfaced magnetic field sensor. Observe the variation of the magnetic field inside and outside a solenoid'
I I
Establish the relationship between the magnetic field and the current passing through the solenoid as well as the numtier of turns per meter in a solenoid using graphical analysis'
Calculate the value of the permeability constant,us.
produces a magnetic field. lf we consider many closely-spaced, current-carrying loops forming a coil, we can treat the system as'a source of magnetic field. These coils of current-carrying wire With a large number of
single loop
of wire carrying current
turns are commonly found inside a doorbell, a transformer, or an electric motor. ln this activity, we will measure the strength of the magnetic field produced by loops of current-carrying wire and how the field
strength
is
related
to the physical
characteristics of the looP.
d,
r,d
rq
1 "+
When an electric current flows through a wire, a magnetic field is produced arpund the wire. The magnitude and direction of the field depends on the shape the wire makes a nd the d ireetion a nd m agnitude of
A solenoid is a wire tightly wound into a
I I
helix of closely spaced turns to produce a strong, uniform magnetic field in the region surrounded by its loops. The magnetic field
I I
IE
the current passing through the wire' lf the wire is wrapped into a loop, the f ield near the center of the loop is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. When the number of turns of the loop is increased, the magnetic field at the center increases.
produced by a very long solenoid is dependent on its linear density, the permeability of the core material, and the
current flowing through the wire'
ri
tr tr
Windows PC Tape and Cardboard
Vemier Magnetic Field Sensor PASCO Portrter SUPPIY
tabPro lnterface
Meter Sticlt
Connectors
C["dbMaMAffihoms
Magmeffie File[H
U*ARNTNG
. . This experiment requires fairly
currents to Slinky. Toggle OFF the power supply switch when you are not taking measurements.
large flow through the wires and
. ll Is lmportant to zero out the sensor

first before making any magnetic field
Magnetic position, Field Sensor in switch OFF the power supply then click l?;]to zero out the sensor.
measurements. With the
The Slinky, connectors, and possibly the power supply may get hot if left ON continuously.
Part
1.
A. Preliminary Experiment
Connect the Vernier Magnetic Field Sensor to Channel 1 of the LabPro lnterface. Set the switch on the sensor
to High.
Stretch the Slinky until it is about 1 rn in length. Use the tape and cardboard to hold the Slinky at this length.
2.
3.
Setup the circuit and equipment

shown in Figure 1.
as
Figure 1. Experimental Setup
4. Connect
the interface to a computer. Configure the interface setup in the computer. A graph will appear on the
screen. The horizontal axis should have a time scale from 0 to 20 sec while the vertical axis should have a magnetic
display of the magnetic field intensity.
6.
Switch OFF the power supply, and with the Magnetic Fietd Sensor in position,
field scale from -0.3 to +0.3 mT (milliTesla). , The graph window is a

Close the circuit (switch ON the power supply) and measure a steady current of 2.0A. Place the Magnetic Field Sensor between the turns of the Slinky near its and center. On the screen click rotate the sensor to determine which direction gives the largest magnetic field reading. This will be the orientation of the sensor for all the magnetic field measurements for the rest of the experiment.
7. Stick the
5.
Iffil
Magnetic Field Sensor at different locations along the Slinky to explore how the field varies along the length. View the field vs. time graph and determine the region of the curve where the current was flowing for that particular position. Select this region on the graph and determine the average field strength by clicking on the Sfafi.sfics button. Tabulate the average magnetic field intensity wit|r the corresponding position in Data Table 1. Measure also the magnetic field intensity at both ends (or just outside),'and a distance away from the ends of the solenoid.
i I
I
@ Latb N0amcna[
Affihoms
62
Magmcffie F0c{H
Part B. The Relatlonshlp between Magnetic Field and Gurrent 1. Place the Magnetic Field Sensor
between the turns of the Slinky near its center. Alw4ys orient the sensbr to read the maximum magnetic field.
Part
Magnetic Field and Spaclng of

Turns
1.
G.
The Relationship between
2.
'
Adjust the power suppty so that a 0.5A current will flow through the coil when the switch is ON.
Stretch the Slinky to about 0.5 m in length. Count the number of turns in the Slinky and measure its length. lf there have been any unstretched part of the Slinky at the ends, consider them as
one tum.
3. On the screen clis,k FGffi] to begin data

4.
collection. qofs-the switch for at least 5 seconds'6uring oitJ Sllection.
Adjust the power supply so that a 1.5A current will flow through the coil when the switch is closed. On the screen click l@1 to begin data collection. Close and hold the switch for about 1O seconds during data collection.
4" Frorn the magnetic field vs. time graph,
Determine the average magnetic field intensity in the region of the curve where the cunent was flowing in the wire. Record the average field in Data Table 2. Store the cunent graph.
5. Draw the field vs. time graph displayed on the computer screen in Data Graph 1. lndicate the region(s) when the cunent is flowing.
the average field for the region where the cunent was flowing in the wire.
determine
Record ,th length of the Slinky, the number of turns per meter and the average magnetic field in Data Table 4.
Repeat steps 4 and 5 for current values
of 1A until 2.sA'with an increment of

0.54.
7.
6.
Change the length of the Slinky by adding an increment of 0.25 m and

repeat the procedure for.Part C until the length of 1.25rir. Each tlme, zero the Magnetic Field Sensor with the current OFF. ' . Make qure that the cunent remains at 1.5 A eaoh time the power supply is.I$med ON.
Count the nUmbqr of turns in the Slinky and measure its length. lf there have been any unstretched part of the Slinky at the ends, consider them as one turn. Calculate the number of turns per meter of the stretched portion. Record the length, turns, and the number of turns permeter in Data Table 3
Gastineau, J. et. al., Physics with Computers using Lqgger Pi6ty,2nd ed.,, Vernier,sdtwarc andTechnology, USA (2000). Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4h.ed., W.H. Freeman & Co. USA ("t$g)
O {tdb 08mua[
Audhm 2004
63
OrlarbMmuaflAffim2@4
mcm
lnstructor:
Data Table
1. Magnetic field intensity of solenoid for various positions.
Length of the Slinky:
Data Table
2.
Magnetic field intensity vs. Current
O [lb
Mma[ Affihors M
65
rm
Magmeffie F[c[d
'Data Graph
,l.
Magnetic field intenSity measurements for different current settings.
F
E
E o ir o o c CD o
Time (sec)
Data Table
3. Some specifications of the solenoid.

Length of Solenoid (m) Number of Turns
Turns/Unit Length (m'')
Data Table
4.
Magnetic field for different number of turns per meter.
Gurrent Reading:
Number of turns in Slinky:
OLdbnnaroafiAffibm
NM
Mrumeffie FAe0d
1.
Graph 1. Using Data Table 1 , plot the magnetic field stiength vs. time for different positions in the solenoid in the grids provided below.
E
TL
y
o
o o
E o) (E
Position (m)
What can you say about the relative magnitude of the magnetic field at different positions in the solenoid?
2. Graph 2.
Using Data Table 2, plot the magnetic field strength vs. current through the solenoid in the grids provided below.
F
TL
g
.o
()
o) (E
Current (A)
OBdbMMAdM2004
Magooeffie F[@[d
3. Graph 3.
Using Data Table 4, plot the magnetic field strength vs, turns per meter in the solenoid in the grids provided below,
F
E
.q
LL
o c
t) (s
Turns/meter (m')
l
l
I
I
I ! I I I
[b
CI0amuar0
Affihoms
68
,i
Magmeffie Ffletld
1.
Describe tlte shape of the curve in Graph 2. How is the magnetic field related to the cunent through the solenoid? Determine the best-fit line equation of the curve. (Note the constants and their units.) What is the significance of the slope and y-intercept of the curve?
2.
Describe the shape of the curve in Graph 3. How is the magnetic'field related to the tums/meter of the solenoid? Determine the best-fit line equation of the curve. (Note the constants and their units.) What is the significance of the slope and y-intercept of the curve?
3.
Find out the equation that describes the'magnetic field inside a long solenoid. Define the variables and their significance; and include the units for each variable. Cite your reference. Do your results agree with the equation? Explain.
OrLclh trhnmaflAsdhms
69
Magmffie
Ffl@tld
4.
Calculate the experimental Value of the permeability cons-tant"iAusing your graphs, Lo6k up the theoretical value of ps and obtain the percent deviation. Accourtt fof anY discrepancy.
,
Was yout'sliniiy positioned.along. afi east-west, north-south, or on some bther axis? Will
this:-,ltave'.any.effe{j-onyour.measurements?
oLab mMa@busA@94
70
m
Name: ',lnsJructor:
ffiilSrcffi
1.
Give three examples of magnetic sources.
The anowhead of a calibrated compass point towards of the earth.
The North Geographic pole of the earth is near the

the earth
of
4.
Describe briefly a method of determining the polarity of a magnet.
OLdbtsMaflAffioms
'm@dFEhWs@nre
OLdb MeMAdhoms
20@4
v2
magmffiGfficmSmrcm
. . I .
tdentify different sources of magnetic fields. Determine the polarity of a permanent magnet. Determine the polarity of an electromagnet. Visualize the draw the magnetic field lines produced by a magnetic source.
One of the earliest devices used by sailors
to navigate vast oceans is a compass. A compass is in fact a small magnet. The compass needle will tend to align with the direction of any magnetic field source. The
compass usdd for sea navigations interacts with the magnetic field of the earth. The earth is actually a large magnet having North and South Pole. The North Magnetic Pole is near the earth's South Geographic Pole, and conversely the South Magnetic Pole is near the North Geographic Pole of the earth.
compass points to the North Geographic Pole of the earth - this implies that the arrowhead of the compass is attracted to the South Magnetic Pole of the earth. Opposite magnetic poles attract each other and like magnetic poles repel each other.
Aside from magnetic sources such as

permanent magnets and the magnetic field due to earth, moving charges or currentcarrying wires also produce magnetic field around its vicinity. A common example of a magnetic field source due to currents is an electromagnet. lt is a coil of wire connected to an electromotive .force (emfl source delivering current through the circuit.
The arrowhead of a calibrated compass is the North Pole of the compass. A calibrated
re
Solenoid Ear Magnets
WARNING
Compas
#
73
This experiment requires fairly
large currents to flow through the wires of the solenoid. Toggle OFF the power
supply switch when you are not
taking measuremenfs.
.
PASCO Power Supply Connectors
The solenoid, connectors, and possibly the power supply may get hot if left ON
continuously.
O[SffilamuilAffihoms
MagmdeFflolHSffic6
Part A. Galibration of the Gompass 1. Using a string, suspend a bar magnet

with an established polarity.
2. Using a compass, determine the polarity of the electromagnet
2. The suspended magnet will rotate and align with respect to the earth's
lndicate the positive (+) and the negative (-) terminal of the power
supply and the appropriate poles of the electromagnet in Data Figure 1.
4.
magnetic field. The North Pole of the magnet will be attracted to the South Magnetic Pole of the earth. Take note where the South Magnetic Pole of the earth is oriented relative to the room. Away from any magnetic sources, place a compass on a flat surface.
Answer the questions in Data Table 1.
Place the compass at different positions around the electromagnet. Take note of the deflection of'the compass needle.
5.
3.
4.
From the observed compass needle deflection, deduce the magnetic field lines produced by the electromagnet. Draw the magnetic field lines in Data
Figure
1.
it:r
Part B. Polarityr of a Magnet 1. Place one end of a bar magnet with

unknown polarity near the compass.
Part D.
1.
Determination of the PolariQr of a Magnet using an

Electromagnet
Use the electromagnet setup shown in Figure 1. Take note of the established polarity of the electromagnet. Open the switch (turn OFF the power supply). lnsert almost half of the length of a bar'magnet of unknown polarity into the solenoid.
lr: rt.
lh,
ll'
lr I,
2. Answer the questions in Data Table 2.

Part G, The Etectromagnet 1. Setup the solenoid circuit as shown in Figure 1. Make sure that the power
supply has
your setup.
Ir,
:il
'ii
2.
of 1.5 - 3.5 V, Make sure that the windings of the
reading
solenoid are correctly implemented in
3.
Close the switch (turn ON the power supply). Note any observed effects.
the questions in Data Table 3.
4. Answer
$alenoil
Figure 1. The electromagnet setup,
On6{hN[moa0Affihoms
74
MamcfficEhmSm6
' .
Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4h ed., W.H. Freeman & Co. USA (1ggg).
Young, H., University Physics,
8th
ed., Addison-wesley Publishing co. usA (1gg2).
o e^arliImodAffi@re 2m4
75
MagmeffiG FndH S@wG@
@ rLarh
Mmuafi AffiMms
ffiSmm
Group Members: lnstructor: Date Performed: Date Submitted: Section:
Data Table
1. Calibration of the compass.
1. ls the compass
arrowhead pointing to the North Geographic Pole?
2.
Explain your answer.
ls the compass calibrated?
Data Table
2.
Determining the polarity of a bar magnet using a compass.
1. ls the compass
arrowhead pointing towards the end of the magnet?
2.
ls the end of the magnet near the compass the North Pole?
Exptain how you obtained your answer.
Lffi N[muaflAffihoms
77
li
I
magnffi@ FfldHSorees
Data Figure 1. The magnetic field lines produced by an electromagnet.
What can you say about the direction of the magnetic field lines outside the
electromagnet?
Data Table
3.
Determihing the polarity of a bar rnagnet using an electromagnet.
Explain how you obtained your answer.
O[dbtuuaflAffihore
78
Name: lnstructor:
The induced emf is proportional to the time rate of change of
2.
Give three way.s wherein the magnetic flux can be changed.
3.
State in your own words the concept behind Lenz's Law.
4.
What is the purpose ol tne cornpass in the experiment?
O[dbMlMAdhoms20E4,
v9
Ahemqnmme
5. vvhat
{he purpose of the garvanometer in the experiment?
ftdhcmm
6'
\Mat are the three core materials that will be used in part C of the experiment?
C[r-n{hn0mua[Ambm
80
EffiomaumffiG[muGffiom
. . '
Demonstrate Faraday's, Lenz's law and the RightHand-Rule using an electromagnetic induction setup.
Determine the effects of different factors (i.e., magnetic field strength and rate of change) on the induced current and induced emf.
Understand how circuit.
s galvanometer and a solenoid behave in an electromagnetic
induction
Appreciate technological importance of Faraday's Law.
loop without having to connect it to an electromotive force (emf) source? The answer is yes, and this can be done by changing the amount . of magnetlc field passing through the loop. ln the early
lf we are given an isolated loop of wire, will it be possible to produce a current in the
magnetic field produces an induced emf and current in such a loop of wire. This is the practically the electricity basis generated in power plants.
of
all
'1830's,
M.
Faraday
and J.
a
independently discovered that
Henry changing
ln this activity, we will investigate the process of magnetic induction and determine the factors that influence
induction effect.
Faraday's Law of induction states that the induced emf is the negative time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
circuit,
orientation of the area with respect to the magnetic field.
=_d2*=_r(N?';) dt dt
where
(1)
the number of
is the induced emf and @, is the flux through the circuit defined as magnetic
magnetic
field
lines
E passing through a closed loop with N number of turns of wire.
of area A
by
The magnetic flux can be changed
changing the magnetic field strength, changing the current that is the source of magnetic field, changing the area of the circuit, varying the number of turns of the wire in the circuit, and changing the
The negative sign in equation (1) indicates the direction of the induced emf or current. This is given by the Lenz's Law. lt states that the direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to oppose the cause producing it. When a loop of wire is exposed to an increasing magnetic field, the loop will induce a current such that the induced magnetic field is opposite the direction of the external magnetic f ield experienced by the loop. On the other hand, if the loop is exposed to a decreasing magnetic field, it will induce a current such that the direction of the induced magnetic field is along the direction of the external magnetic field.
The right-hand-rule is a useful tool in determining the direction of the induced

81
[b
n0ffiora0 Affihoms
geemommmehfueffim
current in a loop. The right thumb gives the direction of the induced magnetic field while
the curl of the fingers indicates the direction of the induced current through the loop.
Secondary $olenoid
TPrimary $olenoid
W
Bar Magnets of different strengths
lron Rod
ilmm,ffi
Aluminum Rod
Metric Ruler or Meter Stick
$ompass
PASCO Power Supply
terminal of the galvanometer. Refer to the circuit diagram shown in Figure 1.
tr*ARNING .
.
This experiment requires fairly
2. The human body may be considered a

large resistor. Since the voltage is small, the effective current passing
through the body will be very small. lt is safe to ask your classmate to hold on to the terminal ends to act as the large resistance.
Ps&,er Supply
large currents to flow through the wires of the
solenoid. Toggle OFF the power supply switch whew you are not
taking measurements.
The solenoid, connectors, and possibly the power supply ryay get hot if left ON
continuously.
Part A. The Galvanometer
1. For any induction experiment,

important
to know the direction of the induced current in the circuit. A
it
is
Larg Resistance
deflection of the galvanometer indicates the direction of a current in the circuit. To establish the direction the galvanometer deflection to known current direction, connect one terminal of the PASCO power supply with 1.5 3.5 V reading to one terminal of the galvanometer. The other terminal of the power supply is connected to a large resistance that is connected to the other
of
Galvanomler
Figure 1. Establishing galvanometer

deflection.
3.
From the polarity of the power supply, relate the galvanometer deflection to the direction of the current flow. The
@ rlarh CI0aroail
Affihors
82
geemommcmeffi
conventional current flow is always from
the positive terminal of the source. A

galvanometer deflection to the right indicates positive current direction and a deflection to the left is negative current direction. lt is convenient to have a
magnitude galvanometer deflection, and take note of its direction. Record the reading in Data Table 1.
of the
5. With part of Magnet 1 inside the coil,

slowly move Magnet 1 away from the coil maintaining the same speed as much as possible as it was moved into the coil. Record the magnitude of the galvanometer deflection and the current direction in Data Table 1.
conventional current entering the
positive galvanometer terminal to give a positive direction.
Part B. lnduction Experiment
1.
6. 7.
Connect the galvanometer to terminals larger coil with the greater number of turns) as shown in Figure 2.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 with the magnet's motion faster than before
of the secondary solenoid (the
Using Magnet 2 repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 with the same polarity orientation used for Magnet 1. Record all observations in Data Table 1. Try also to perform the experiment with the polarity of your
magnets reversed.
Part G. lnduction Experiment lt 1. Setup the primary solenoid circuit
shown in Figure 2. Make sure that the power supply has a reading of 1.5 - 3.5 V
as
Figure 2. Secondary solenoid circuit.

2.
Determine the relative strengths of the bar magnets using a compass. Place the two magnets side by side with their North poles near the compass. Move one of the magnets in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner while keeping the other magnet stationary. Observe the deflection of the compass needle. lf there are two sources placed near a compass, the stronger source will most likely influence the compass needle
deflection.
Figure 3. Primary solenoid circuit.

2.
Open the switch (turn OFF) and insert the primary solenoid into the secondary
3.
Label the - stronger bar magnet

Magnet 2.
as Magnet 1 and the weaker bar magnet as

J.
solenoid already connected

galvanometer.
to
4.
Move Magnet 1 slowly toward the coil. Take note of the polarity of the magnet moving into the coil. Read the relative
Close and open the switch (turn ON and OFF the switch). Note the magnitude and direction the galvanometer deflection in each case. Record the reading in Data Table 2.
of
@LabMamnaflAffihoms
83
meemomnapeme flmftrydfrm
4.
Place an iron rod inside the primary solenoid. Repeat step 3. Perform the same experiment using an aluminum rod. Record all observations in Data
Table 2.
into the secondary solenoid. Make
series of observations of the magnitudes
of the deflections as the switch is

primary solenoid
opened and closed, withdrawing the' primary solenoid 1 cm between the observations. Record the length of the
Part D. lnduction Experiment lll 1. Measure the length of the Primary solenoid and record measurement in
Data Table 3.
2.
still inside the
secondary solenoid in eEch case as well as the magnitude of the deflections in Data Table 3.
Using the same setup and result in Part C, insert into the primary solenoid the metal rod that produced the highest galvanometer deflection magnitude.
4.
3.
With the switch open, insert the primary solenoid with the metal core completely
lgnoring the direction of the current, find the average magnitude deflections for each observation. Plot a graph of the average deflection magnitude versus the length of the primary coil.inside the secondary coil.
I t I I
Gutierrez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1Laborator:y Manual,2nd ed. (2001).
Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4h ed., W.H. Freeman & Co. USA (1999)"
Young, H., University Physics, 8th ed.,'Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. USA (1992).
O [lb N0ama[ Asdh@us
84
Group Members: lnstructor:
Date Performed: Datei Submitted: Section:
Data Table
1. Galvanometer deflections from motion of magnet.
F {.4
tr E'
G
Motion toward the solenoid
Motion away from the solenoid
Motion toward the solenoid
Motion away from the solenoid
C[dbMMAffihm2004
85
geemomnrycme hftrcffiom
Data Table
2. Galvanometer deflection for different primary solenoid core materials.
O [alb Mamsafl
Affihm
geemommeffio
Data Table
Meffim
3-
Galvanometer deflection for different primary solenoid length inside the
secondary solenoid.
Length of the Primary Solenoid:
Data Graph 1. Average galvanometer deflection versus length of the primary solenoid inside the secondary solenoid.
c o
oa
s.0 aa
(5() (rg
L-
o o o
E'= g6 o0) >E

o
(E
CD
Length of the Primary Solenoid lnside the Secondary Solenoid (cm)
OLdbflfimeflAffihoms
mecmonnamme
flmdu@ffim
[db
WhroaflAsffih@re
2@4
E0ecfuornryMo
flmftreffiom
1.
Consider a solenoid connected to a galvanometer as shown in the figure below. What will be the deflection of the galvanometer if the N-pole of a magnet is moved towards the solenoid? What will be the effect on the deflection of the galvanometer if the S-pole of the magnet is moved towards the solenoid instead? Explain.
2.
Consider a bar magnet dropped through a loop of wire connected to a galvanometer. (The normal of the loop is parallel to the direction of the drop.) Explain and discuss what would be observed on the galvanometer as: a. the magnet enters the loop. b. the magnet is in the middle of the loop. c. the magnet leaves the loop.
O Lab fiIlmsafl Affihoms
89
@ffim
3.
Describe the change of the flux through a loop of wire rotated in a uniform magnetic fleld as'shown in the figure on the right. Relate the change in flux to the induced current in the loo.p. Explain.
E rieto
xx
CedbMfficf Affihm
90
flffiffimrcffi
Name: lnstructor:

"
1.
How is an alternating curent produced?
When the output of the generator or the AC source is sinusoidal, what'is the waveform that you woutd expect for the current through an inductor, resistor, or capacitor connected to the AC source?
Which channel of the oscilloscope serves as the reference channel?
O [tb
ffMdAordhoms
91
ffidheffiom0oAGffi
4.
What is the frequency of the AC source in the experiment?
What is the phase relationship between the voltage across an inductor and the voltage
across a capacitor when the two elements are connected in series?
[db n0aMAnffiM 2904
[MUffimMMGGffiM
Determine the response of resistors, inductors, and capacitors to sinusoidally varying voltage by simulating circuits using computer software, Electronics Workbench.
I I
Observe the phase relationship between passive devices Represent the phase relationship between passive devices using a phasor diagram.
When a coil of wire is rotated with constant angular frequency in a steady magnetic field, an alternating current (AC) is produced in the wire. The same phenomenon occurs when a magnet or source of magnelic field is moved near a stationary coil of wire. These effects are drawn from the principles of magnetic induction. Devices based on this principle of current induction are used frequently in electronics as a current source. Any device that you plug into a wall outlet
uses AC. Even industrial power-distribution systems operate with AC since electrical energy can be transported over long distances at very high voltages and low currents, with minimum energy losses.
(R) inductors (L) and capacitors (C),
ln this activity, we will learn how resistors
connected in series and in parallel, behave in circuits with AC sources.
An AC source produces an emf that varies sinusoidallywith time. Unlike direct current
(DC) that does not vary with time, AC current changes direction, alternating
periodically from one direction to the other.
by a phase factor d. ln certain cases where Zn is in phase with V,o,,r",&0.
When an AC source is used in a circuit; the current through an L, C, or R also vary sinusoidally with time.
The voltage and cunent amplitudes for individual circuit elements may be
proportional but in general, there is a phase difference between voltage and current. For a R, and C connected in series, the current through each is in phase with the AC source. The voltage across the inductor (21) leads the source voltage (V,o*n) by 90o. On t he other hand, t he voltage across t he capacitor (26) lags V*,,n by 90o, while the voltage across the resistor (Vn) lags Y,*,,"
Z, and C connected in parallel, Z*, Vr., Vc are in phase with Y,ou,"r. The current through the i nductor, I T,lags V,ou,"" by 9 0o. On the other hand, the current through the capacitor, .Ic, Ieads V rou,""by 90o, while the current through the resistor, /p, is in phase with V,*,",.
For a
,R,
The phase relationship between sinusoidal
voltages
or
currents
can also
be
I,
represented by phasors. These are vectors that rotate counterclockwise with constant angular velocity equal to ,the angular frequency of the s inusoidal quantities. T he angle between the vectors represents the phase difference between the voltages and currents. Diagrams containing these phasors are called phasor diagrams.
O Lah
nnmd] Affihors
93
flffi@ducffi@m 0o AG Ghcuflts
The ratio of the voltage amplitude to the current amplitude is called the impedance, Z. Mathematically, V:IZ. Nole that it has a
form similar to V:IR, with Z in an AC circuit
as the analog of
lt in a
DC
circuit.
tr
Electronicsworkbench
bulb 1ko
1H
10 pF
Figure
{.
RLC in series
Figure 2. RLC in parallel
Part A. Resistor, lnductor, and

Gapacitor in Series (RLG in Series)
1. ,Using Electronic Workbench, implement
5.
the inductor. Draw this waveform in

Graph
1.
Determine the voltage waveform across
the circuit in. Figure 1. The
circuit components are connected in series.
Part B. Resistor, lnductor, and Gapacitor in Parallel (RLG in

Parallel)
2.
across the AC power supply
Connect Channel A of the oscilloscope
reference channel'and connect bhannel across the resistor. Be sure to connect the ground channel of the oscilloscope. properly implemented, the oscilloscope should display the phase relationship between Vp and Vrourr".
as
1. Using Electronic
When
.
2.
Workbench, implement the circuit in Figure 2. The circuit components are now connected parallel to the AC source. Rotate the circuit elements by selecting circuit then rofafe on the taskbar. Connect Channel A of the oscilloscope
3.
note of the volts/division time/division settings of

oscilloscope.
Draw the waveforms in Graph 1, Take

and
the
4.
Transfer channel B of the oscilloscope across (before) the capacitor. Draw the corresponding waveform in Graph 1.
reference channel and connect Channel B across the resistor. Be sure to connect the ground channel of the oscilloscope. properly implemented, the oscilloscope should display the phase relationship between Vp and Vr^r"".
across the AC power supply .as
When
O Lab Mamoafl Affihoms
94
flffi0&neffiombAGffib
3.
note of the volts/diVision and time/division settings of the

oscilloscope.
Draw.the waveforms in Graph 2. Take
4.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the inductor and the capacitor.
. !'
Tiplerr P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4s ed., W.H. Freeman.& Co. USA (1999).
Young, H., University Physics, Sth ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. USA (1992).
OGdb Mma0Affihoms
9s
[ffidue
om Go AG Gtucu[Gs
Orlarh'fllmaeflAdhm
ffimmHmffi
Group Members: lnstructor: Score: Date Performed: Date Submitted: Section: Graph 1. Voltage across the AC source, resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected in series,
Volts/d ivisi on
(V,,*):
Ti me/d ivis
on
(V, *,""1'.
Volts/division (I/p): Time/division
.. (Zp):
Volts/division Time/division
(V1): (V1):
Volts/division (Vd: Time/division (Vs):
Graph 2. Voltage across the AC source, resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected in parallel.
Volts/divisi on (V,ou,""):
Ti me/d ivisi
on
(V,ou,",):
Volts/division Time/division
(Zp): (Vx):
Volts/division (Y):
.-Time/division (V1)i:
97
Volts/division (26): Time/division (Vg):
O db' NflmndAffihoms M
0ffihreffiombAGGhcffi
A. RLG in Series 1. What is the reference channel used in Figure 1? Why is there a need for a reference
channel?
What is the phase difference bet.ween the applied voltage and the voltage across the
resistor? Across the capacitor? Across the inductor?
3.
Draw the phasor representations of V,ou,n, Va, Vr., and Vs.
4.
Draw the phasor representations of Ip,
11,,
?nd Ig.
OLabflflmudAdhm
9B
fltu&noffiom
AG Gtucure
RLC in Parallel
Based on Graphs 1 and 2, is the phase difference between the applied voltage and the voltage across the resistor, capacitor, and inductor the same as tfrat in the ieries RLC circuit? Explain.
2.
Are the phasor representations of vottage and cunent the same as that in the RLC series circuit? !llustrate why.
3. What is the value of,tle
impedance of circuit 2? Show all compuiations. How will the impedance be affected.if the capacitor is removed?
OEdbtrMAffihmffi4
99
Meffim0oAGffi
[h
fl0amuafl Asdhoms
CIffim[Erekmffiffi,amffiffi]om
1.
What optical element(s) will be used to generate multiple parallel rays from a single light
source?
2.
What is the relationship between ffre angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a light ray incident on a plane minor? How about for a curved minor?
3.
Along which axis of the optieal disk should the flat surface of the semicircular glass be placed when investigating Snetl's law?
OEalbtrhuaflAffious
101
@DbkMod mflildffin
4.
Briefty describe a method of determining the index of refraction of the semicircular glass.
5.
ln your own words, what is critical angle?
rlah MamEfl Aroffihoos
CIffiflEreKBffiMMMMffiM
I I I
lnvestigate the reflection and refraction of light using an optical disk. Measure the index of refraction of a material using the optics set-up. Trace the path of light as it emerges from optical materials of different geometries.
The complete description of electric. and magnetic fields, and their interaction are summarized in four equations known as Maxwell's equations. .The formulation of
these equations led to a breakthrough in the understanding of tight as they revealed that light is in fact, an electromagnetic wave traveling with speed c. tf we treat light waves as rays traveling in straight paths and consider the limit where the wavelength
of light is much smaller than the dimensions
of any obstacles it encounters, the study

referred to as geometric optics.
is
ln this activity, we will study by geometric methods the effects of propagation of light as it encounters a surface separating two
media.
When light sfrikes a smooth interface separating two transparent media of

different indices of refraction, part of the incident light is reflected while part of it is refracted or transmitted into the second media. This is illustrated in Figure 1.
between the reflected ray and the normal is referred to as the angle of reflection. ln general, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.as stated by the law of reflection.
0r:0t'
(Law of
Reflection)
(1)
A common optical device that exhibits the

medium 1, n
interface
1
law of reJlection is the mirror. There are two types of mirrors, plane mirrors and spherical mirrors. Spherical mirrors can either be convex (diverging) or concave (converging).
B. Refraction
Figure 1. Reflection and refraction at an interface of two media with indices of refraction nl efrd n2.
A. Reflection The angle d, between the incident ray and the line perpendicular to the interface, called the normal, is referred to as the angle of incidence. On the other hand, the angle d7'
Lab Mmuafl Anffihoms ?0oA
The ray that enters the second medium is called the refracted ray. The angle 02, which the refracted ray makes with the normal, is celled the angle of refraction. lt depends on the angle of incidence and the relative speed of light in the two media. lf v1 and v2 is the speed of light in the first and second medium respectivel!, fi ?nd 0, are related by
103
@ffiGdDhkMbeffiomiffiffictum
ll :sin4 Yr
-i-sindz. v2
e)
Equation 2 is commonly expressed as
emerges tangent to the interface. ln this case,-d, is So. The critiial angle for two media can be found from Snell's law where' 0t = 0" and 0z = 9d. Hence,
O
nrsin?r=r4sin2, (Snell's Law)
(3)
where nr ?fid n2 ?ra the indices of refraction first and second medium, respectively. lt is defined as the ratio oJ the speed of light in vacuum (c) and the speed of light in the medium (v).
=r* '[t)
{crjticatanste)
(5)
0,,
of the
For angles of incidence greater than
there is no refracted ray and the incident ray is completely reflected. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
n=
c'
(index of refraction) (4)
G. Total lnternal Reflection
When
reached such that
is greater than n2, ? caftain
the
d1 is
refracted ray
& @t
5
Light Source 2. Optical Bench 3. Optical Disk "4. Parallel Ray Lens
1.
7. cylindrical lens (semi-circular 8. mirror 9. triangular glass

10. trapezoidal glass 11. double convex lens 12. double concave lens
glass)
5. Slit Plate 6. SIit Mask
OLabUruaflAffiM2004
104
WGd MdctuflbffimmdRdmeffim
Part A. Alignment of Optics 1. Mount the light source and the optical disk on the optical bench. The side of
the disk with grids should face up.
3.
Rotate the optical disk such that the
incident"ray strikes the mirror
at
2. 3.
Produce multiple rays by placing the slit plate between the light source and the opticaldisk.
different angle of incidence. Obtain the corresponding angle of reflection and record it in Data Table 1. Note that the angles of incidence and reflection are always measured with respect to the normal.
Make the rays
in step 2
parallel by
4.
placing the parallel ray lens between the slit plate and the optical disk. Adjust the slit plate and the phrallel ray lens such that the parallel rays coincide with the grids of the optical disk.
Rotate the disk to change the angle of incidence. Obtain the corresponding angle of reflection for each angle of incidence. Record your results in Data Table
1.
5.
4.
Place the slit mask between the parallel ray lens and the optical disk to produce a single ray cOincident on the 0'-f,axis of the optical disk. This ray will serve as the incident ray when verifying the laws of reflection and refraction.
Repeat steps 2 to 4 for a convex mirror as well as a concave mirror. Record your results in Data Table 1.
Part G. Ray Tracing for Plane and Spherical Mirrors
1. lmplement
surface.
Figures 2a
Part 1,
B. Reflection by Plane and
slit could be adjusted to allow two or more rays to be incident on the minor
- 2c. The single
Spherical Mirrors
Rotate the optical disk such that the single ray coincides with ff-T' axis df the protractor side of the optical disk.
Place the plane mirror on the disk such that the mirror coincides with the 9f-9f axis or the component axis of the optical disk. Make sure that the incident ray strikes the center of the mirror and that the reflected ray coincides with the axis.
2.
tr-f
REMINDER
lf the reflected ray does not coincide with the 0o-0o axis, the mirror might not be properly aligned with the component axis or the optics might
not be aligned.
Reflection of light from different refracting media.
Figure
2.
Dashed lines indicate
the
optical axis.
O rlarh n0am6fl Affihoms
105
OfficdmhRffifromffiffi
2:
Observe and draw
the path of the' incident rays after being reflected by the mirror on Data Figure 1.
2.
3.
of
Rotate the optioal disk to vary the angle incidence until 90o. Observe the refracted ray as the disk is rotated.
Part
D.
Reflection and Refraction
in Glass
Obtain the critical angle and fecord it in Data Table 4.
1. Replace
4.
5.
the mirror with the semicircular glass (cylindrical lens). The flat surface of the glass should coincide with the component axis of the optical disk. Make sure that the incident ray strikes the center of the glass and that the reflected ray coincides with the 0'-f
axis.
glass.
Part
Using the critical angle, calculate the index of refraction of the semicircular
Calculate the speed of the incident ray inside the semicircular glass.
Ray Tracing for Different Refracting Media
F.
2. Turn the optical disk such that the

irfcident ray strikes the flat surface of the glass at a 10o angle. Obtain the angles of reflection and refraction. Record your reading in Data Table 24.
1.
lrnptement Figures 3a
slit could be adjusted to allow two or

more rays to be incident on the different refracting media.
- 3e. The single
3. 4.
5.
Obtain the angles
of
2.
reflection and
refraction for angles of incidence equal to 20o, 3Oo, 4Oo, and 50o. Record the results in Data Table 2A.
the
Calculate for the index of refraction of semicircular glass. Record the calculated values in Data Table 2A.
Rotate the optical disk by 180o such that the incident ray strikes the curved side of the semicircular glass. Make sure that the incident ray strikes the center of the
A4
(d)
Draw the corresponding ray traces of the path of the incident li$ht as it passes through the different refracting media in Data Figure 2.
glass and that the reflected

coincides with the 0o-0o axis. Repeat steps 2 to 4.
ruY
6.
7.
Record the angles obtained as well as the calculated,index of refraction in Data Table 28.
Part E. Total lnternal Reflection 1. Place the semicircular glass on the optical disk such that lts flat side
coincides with the component axis of the optical disk and the incident ray strikes the center of the curved side of the glass.
Figure 3. Ray tracing for different refracting media. Dashed lines indicate the
optical axis.
O ILah n0anouafl Affihoms
106
@fficdM#Mboffimffiffiffim
Gutienez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1Laboratory Manual,2nd ed. (2001).

Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4h ed., W.H. Freeman & Co. USA (1999).
a
I I
Young, H., University Physics, 8th ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. USA ('!992).
PASCO Scientific lnstruction Manual and Experiment Guide for lntroductory Optics System (1eeo).
O[{b00roaflAnffihm
@Ncd
mffiMbcdm
mdRffimsffiom
n-'lh
nnmuaflAffihm
108
CIredErck
amflBffiffihm
lnstructor:
Data Table
1.
Reflection by plane and spherical mirrors.
Angle of reflection (degrees) Angle of incidence {degrees)

Plane Mirror
Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
pata Figure 1. Ray tracing for plane and spherical mirrors.
[db 0flmuail Affihorc
mCI4]
109
WErekRdffiMReftmstrm
Data Table 2A. Reflection and refraction in glass with the incident ray striking the flat surface.
Calculations
Data Tabte
surface.
28. Reflection
and refraction in glass with the incident ray striking the curved
Galculations
O[tb n0ma[AnffiM
x10
Wcd ffiMbe,fiommd
Criticalansle,
0.:
Rffidffiom
lndex of refraction of glass,
n::
Speed of light inside the semicircular glass
Data Figure
2.
Ray tracing for different refracting media
eLabnnMAffihoms
111
qffiGd Erek
Rffiedmom
ffi ffidfrom
j.
ls the law of reflection obeyed for all types of reflecting surfaces? Explain.
2.
light in figures A and B belorru. lf Snell's'Law is to be used to Trace the path of the incident .refraction, Which medium sho.uld be used as the incident medium determine the angle of air or semicircular glass? Explain.
3.
Explain the diffgrence in the calculated indices of refraction in Data Table 2A and 28. is the difference exPected?
OEbmmodAudMffiA
LL2
@red Dhk Meeffiom
ffi Rffimdffion
4.
is used as the angle of incidence in Data Table 28, will you obtain
ln Data Table 2A, the angle of incidence is 01 and the angle of refraction is 02. lf the angle dz d1 as the angle of refraction? Justify your answer.
5.
ln part E, explain why the ray is not transmitted beyond a definite angle. Beyond this definite angle, will the reflected ray still obey the law of reflection?
6.
Describe the relation between the incident and the rays that emerge from the glass in Data Figure 2c.
[alb flflmuaf Asffihoms M
113
WGdWkRdbffimffiRffisffim
ffiruommffimmmummhmm
1.
How is the focal length oif a lens dEtermined from the object and image positions? What are the assumptions made in deriving the thin lens equation?
The figure below shows the incident side and the transmission side of,a convex lens. Label
on the figure where the foltowing quantities can be found: real object, real image, virtual
object, virtual image.
Lens
3. A magnification less than one means that the image produced the object while a
magnification greatqr than
is
is
one means that the image
than the obJect.
O Ldb
Mma[
Asflhore
2@@4
115
@tu@wmffi@
4.
How is the equivalent focal length of two lenses in contact determined?
5. What are the three principal
rays used in ray-tracing method for thin lenses?
O[db N[ffia$Auffhm
[maUGffiffihmU$mmmhmsm
. , .
Observe the formation of images by a thin lens or a combination of thin lenses. Determine the focal lengths of a convex and a concave lens using image formation and the thin lens equation. Draw ray diagrams representing the formation of images.
One of the important properties that may be
effect establishes
derived from the wave nature of light is refraction, where the direction of light propagation is altered at the boundary between two different rnedia. A lens is an example of an optical component that refracts a light beam that passes through it in such a way as to form an image. Such
the the basis microscopes, cameras, telescopes, and of optical devices using lenses in general.
of
are formed by
ln this activity, we will explore how images
single lens and

'
combination of lenses.
lf an object is placed in front of a lens, an image is formed whose position and size can be determined by graphical and
algebraic means.
where h'is the height of the image and h is the height of the object. lf M > 1, the image formed is larger than the object while M < 1 means that the image iS smaller. A negative M implies that the image' formed has an inverted orientation with respect to the object. A positive M means that the image has the same orientation as the object.
The image position s'is related to the object position s by the equation
s'st
where
111
()
f is the focal length of the lens. The is the distance between the length focal center'of1he lens and focus F of the lens. Equation 1, called the thin lens equation,. was derived on the assumption that the
thickness of the lens is negligible compared to the object and image distances, and that the light rays are very'close to the optical
axis.
produce an image may be treated as a single lens. lf the individual focal lengths, f1 and fz a,ta known, the equivalent focal length f of this lens combination may be
calculated
Two thin lenses placed in contact such as to
from
111
(3)
-r--f1'f,
The lateral magnification of .the object

given by the equation
is
=L=
-r'
(2)
Equations (1), (2), and (3) obey the sign conventions given in Table 1. The signs are based on whether the objects and images are located on the front or back surface of the lens relative to the light source.
CrdhtrMAsdMs2ff4,
tL7
@tuMmW@ffimffi
+ (real object) for objects in front of the surface (incident side) - (virtual object) for objects in back of the surface (transmission side) + (realimage) for images in back of the surfaee (transmission side) - (virtual image) for images in front of the surface (incident side) + lf the lens is convex /converging - lf the lens is coniave/diverging '
Focal ray - A ray that passes through the first focal point F1 of the lens and emerges parallelto the axis.
(a)
lens'
(b)
Figure 1. The first and second focal points Fr and F2ol a (a) convex and a (b) concave
Table 1. Sign convention for lenses.

Ray tracing is a graphical method of finding the position and size of the image formed by a lens. Three principal rays are drawn as they bend through the center and focal points of the lens as shown in Figure 1. The three principal rays used in ray diagrams are Parallel ray - Aray parallelto the axis that is bent through the second focal point F2 if the lens is convex (or bends away from the lens as if it came from F2 if the lens is concave). Central ray - A ray through the center of the lens and continues undeflected.
The three rays origiriate from the same point of an object and intersect. at a
common image point after emerging from the lens. Any two of the three principal rays may be used to locate the image.
Most imaging systems employ combinations of lenses. Both thin lens equation and ray diagrams may still be used but should be applied one lens at a,time. For a two-lens combination, the image formed by the first lens becomes the object for the second lens. The final image is thus the image formed by the second lens out.of the first image.
Light.source Cross-arrow target Optical b'ench Viewing Screen convex lens 1 (f =75 mm) convex lens 2 (f =150 mm) concave lens (f = -150 mm) component mount
OtdbflflmaflAffiM M
118
@ryWffigrffimffi
Part A. Focal lengths of convex lens { and convex lens 2
1.
2.
Make sure that the two lenses are

attaqhed on the same component mount to make them approximately in contact.
Mount the light source, the cross-arrow target (object), convex lens 1 and the
viewing screen on the optical benoh.
2.
By adjusting the positions of the lens, object and screen, locate where the sharpest image is formed. Record your
measurements in Data Table 1a.
3. By adjusting the positions of the ' components, locate where the sharpest image is forrned. Record all
measurements in Data Table 3.
4. 5.
this
Determine the equivalent focal length for combination lenses using Equation 1.
of
From the masured object and image distances, determine the focal length of convex lens 1 using Eguation 1. Obtain the best estimate of the focal length and record in Data Table 1a.
4. Repeat the above procedure for convex
Using the calculated equivalent focal length and the average focal length of convex lens 1 obtained in Part A, determine the focal length of the concave lens using Equation 3. Record
all results in Data Table 3.
lens 2 and record your measurements in Data Table 1b. Determine the focal length of conv6x lens 2 and obtain also the best estimate for its focal length.
Part D. Gonvex lens { and Goncave lens combination (not in contact) 1. Mount the light source, the object,
convex lens 1 and the viewing screen
on the optical bench.
2.
Part B. Gombination of two convex lenses 1. Mount the light source, the object, convex lens 1, convex lens 2 and the viewing screen on. the optical bench.
Make sure that the two lenses are not in contact.
2.
By adjusting the positions of the components, locate where the sharpest image is formed making sure that this first image is reduced. Record this distance in Data Table 4.
Place the concave lens before the first image, By dbing this, the first image will become the virtual bbject of the concave lens. Note that you do not need to form the sharpest image on the screen at this
By
adjusting
the
positions
of the
3.
components, locate where the sharpest image is formed making sure that this final image has a magnification of 3. Verify the magnification using image and object sizes. Take note of all pertinent measurements and observations related to the final image formed and record them in Data Table 2.
4.
point. Record this distance
in
Data
Table 4.
Now move the viewing screen such that the sharpest final image is produced. Record all pertinent measurements in Data Table 4.
Part G. Gonvex lens I and Gondave lens combination (in contact)
1. Mount the light source, the object,

convex lens 1, concave lens and the viewing screen on the optical bench.
From the measured otiject and image distances, determine the fOcal length of the concave lens.
O[dbtrMAuflhm200
119
@tumffiCIne@ffim
I I I I
Gutienez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1Laboiatory Mandal,2nd ed. (2001). Tipler, P., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4h ed., W.H. Freeman & Co. USA (1999). Young, H., University Physics, 8th ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. USA (1992).
PASCO Scientific lnstruction Manual and Experiment Guide for lntroductory Optics System (1eeo).
e Edb nnmuaflAdbm
120
Moffimrcmummffiffi
lnstructor:
Data Table
l.a Focal length of Convex Lens 1.
Best Estimate of focal length of convex lens 1: Galculations
Data Table
1.b Focal length of Convex Lens 2.
Best Estlmate of focat length of convex lens 2: Galculations
OESMmaflAffihmffi4
L21
@tumffimmWffikmffi
Data Table
2.
Formation of a magnified image using a combination of two convex lenses
Galculations
Data Table
3. Concave-Convex lens 1 combination (in contact)
Calculations
OLatb mrudAffihoms
@
Data Table
hfuflmmm
4. Concave-Convex lens 1 combination
(not in contact)
Galculations
CLah trhrocflAffihm
r23
@tuffiWffih6
Draw the ray diagram for a convex lens using the values in Data Table 1a. Labelthe objec{, image and the foci of the lens.
2.
Draw the ray diagram for the two convex lens combination using the values in Data Table 2'
Labelthe obiec{, image and thefociof the lenses.
OtLalb
MmaflA@oms
L24
3'
-,
P,"y]he ray diagrqm for the concave lens-convex lensl combination using the values
Data Table 4. Label the object, im4ge and the foci of the tenses.
in
4,
Compare the values of the focal length of the concave lens obtained from part C and part D of the procedures. Account for any discrepancies. Explain .
O [.db rohmanaflAffihoms ZO@4
125
MWtuMmWmffimffi
Wlmoud
Affiore
2O@4
Hms

Physics72.1 Activity Manual

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Physics72.1 Activity Manual

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

tec

Alvin Baclig Marilou Cadatal Ma. Adoracion Manuel

The Lab Manual Authors 2004 Percival Almoro

Edited by: Maricor Soriano Cover Design : CorleonTorralba

Copynght @ Lab Manual Authors 2004

Circuit Analysis..... Resistors in Series and Parallel

Refraction.. lmage Formation using Thin Lenses .;.....

...... 101 ..... 1 15

Give at least two rules in drawing electric field lines'

Define in your own words what equipotentiallines are.

ln this activity, the two disc electrodes aie placed at coordinates

E{bcftde'FtdH aM EWEpofteffiafi Hmes

The unit of potential difference,is

: and the device used for, measuring

finite path length be determined?

in the vicinity of this field, a

which is readily measurable.

The electric field E is defined as the electricalforce F per unit charge.qo,

rM -Yu - :-/!- = Qo;

Llt is the perpendicular distance

Figure 1. Electric field lines and equipotential lines of a positive charge

Figure 2. Actual setup,

Part A. Tracing Equipotential Lines

Adjust the voltmeter knob to the 20V

of the electrolytic tank

Eilbeftdo F[c{H mifl

these points to an adjacent equipotential

5. Obtain also coordinates for potential

Part B. Drawing Electric Field Lines

Get the values of A/ by measuring the perpendicular distance from each of

Gutienez, R. et. al., Physics 72.1 Laboratory Manual, 2d ed. (2001).

E{be0de Ffldd mO equh@fteffi@ Lhets

Score: Date Performed: Date Submitted: Section:

ffi Eq@dewmd eh@

1. Electric field magnitude for two disc electrodes.

Electric potential and electric field for two rod electrodes.

Electric field magnitude for the two rod electrodes.

2. The equipotential lines of an electrode

nearthe edges ofthe tank.

Date Submitted: Section:

1. ln your own words, what is Ohm's Law?

length and cross-sectional area

, which varies almost

The Sl unit of this constant is

. The knob that will be used to

vary the current or voltage

of the power supply ,is

difference and current.

ln this activity, we will

The resistance of a non-ohmic material is not constant but is voltage- or currentdependent

Ohm's law may R=LY

For some materials, the resistance

p(r)= p,ol+ a(r -zo)l

ps and a based on the

resistance of some common metals at 0'C.

Tabte 1. Resistivities and temperature

Silver Copper Aluminum Gold Tin German Nickel Mercury

2.42 11.3 33.0 95.7

0.0040 0.0042 0.0038 0.0040 0.0045 0.0004 0.0009

least sensitive scale before

to return the meter on

Always measure voltage across a device by connecting the meter in

the device or material from the circuit when

measu ring its resistance.

ll1ll/.'\ .+_+ ..*_ R$4'Rr& no -= OLdbtrMAffihmm4