Lectric Power Transmission

EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems
Lecture 11: Electric Power Transmission Overhead Line VS Underground Cable 21/02/2013
Panida Jirutitijaroen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
2/19/2013
EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen
Detailed Syllabus
31/01/2013 05/02/2013 07/02/2013 14/02/2013 19/02/2013 21/02/2013 05/03/2013 07/03/2013 12/03/2013 14/03/2013 Three-phase power systems: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase systems. Delta-Wye connection. Relationship between phase and line quantities Three-phase power systems: Per-phase analysis. Three-phase power calculation. Examples. Generation: Simple generator concept. Equivalent circuit of synchronous generators Generation: Operating consideration of synchronous generators, i.e. excitation voltage control, real power control, and loading capability 1st Mid-term test AC circuit, power factor, power factor correction, 3-phase circuit (Tutorials 1-3) Generation: Principle of asynchronous generators. Examples. Transmission: Overhead VS Underground cable. Transmission: Four basic parameters of transmission line. Transmission: Long transmission line model, Medium-length transmission line model, Short transmission line model. Transmission: Operating consideration of transmission lines i.e. voltage regulation, line loadability, efficiency. Examples. Distribution: Principle of transformer. Ideal transformer. Reflected load. Impedance matching. Practical transformer. Three-phase transformer. Examples Per unit analysis: Single-phase per unit analysis. Per unit analysis: Three-phase per unit analysis. Examples. 2nd Mid-term test Generators, transmission lines, and transformers (Tutorials 4-6)
EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen 2
19/03/2013 21/03/2013 02/04/2013

2/19/2013
Learning outcomes Outline References
IN THIS LECTURE
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Learning Outcomes
Use electrical engineering principles to explain the basic operation of the electrical generator, transmission line and transformer in an electrical energy system and able to identify and construct their equivalent circuits appropriately.
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Outline
Overhead transmission line Underground cable Transmission line design consideration
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Reference
Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis, Electrical Power System Essentials.
Chapter 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy Appendix E The Representation of Lines and Cables
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Isolated grids Advantage of Interconnected System
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORKS

2/19/2013 EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen 7
A Three-Phase Circuit System

Generation (11 36 KV) Transmission (110 765 KV) Industrial customer (23 138 KV) Commercial customer (4.16 34.5 KV) Residential customer (120 240 V)
3-Phase Generation system.
3-Phase Transmission system.
Generation
Three-phase voltage source
Transmission and Distribution

Three transmission lines
Load
Three-phase load
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Isolated Grids
- Early electric power plants are built in a remote area. -By integrating these areas, the grid became more stable and reliable. -Economic operation, be able to dispatch/use the cheap units. -Safeguard during emergencies
Source: http://www.edisontechcenter. org/HistElectPowTrans.html

Advantage of Interconnected System

Better system efficiency
Allow different choices of energy source: wind, solar, geothermal.
Improve reliability
In case some generator fail, the other can help to support the system.
Smaller frequency deviation

When a load increases, an immediate reaction of a generator is a drop in frequency because the mechanical torque can not be adjusted instantanously. With interconnection, more generators can share this effect which helps to alleviate the frequency drop.
Cover large geographical area

Integration of renewable energy sources.
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10
(Future?) Electricity Grid in Asia Pacific

Solar power, geothermal, wind and wave energy from Australia. Geothermal power of Indonesia's volcanoes. Wind farm-lined in South China Sea to China . Hydro power in Laos. Solar power in Thailand. Natural gas from Burma, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
The plan would entail building a 10,000-kilometer long electricity transmission system stretching from Beijing to the Great Australian Bight.
2/19/2013
Source: The benefits of an intercontinental energy grid by Stewart Taggart http://www.sciencealert.com.au/opinions/2 0092001-18696.html
11
US Electric Power Grid
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Singapore Electric Power Grid

Fully underground cable. 400 kV grid 230 kV Northern/Southern block
To alleviate power quality issue.
66 kV/22 kV distribution
Solar that Floats on Water
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIBcQe5tbxU
Types of Transmission Lines

Overhead transmission line
Main features of overhead transmission lines Issues with overhead transmission lines
Underground cable
Types of underground cables Issues with underground cables
Comparison between overhead lines and underground cables.

Cost Electrical properties
Main features of a transmission line Issues with overhead transmission lines
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
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Overhead Transmission Line

Support structure Conductors Insulators Shield wires (earth wire)
Source: http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/LandandDevelopment/ DDC/devnearohl_final/appendix2/

High Voltage Conductors
3M Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR)

Source: http://www.realwire.com/release _detail.asp?ReleaseID=13698
2/19/2013
Source: http://www.faqs.org/secfilings/091214/COMPOSITE-TECHNOLOGYCORP_10-K/
Insulators
Insulators are used to isolate the transmission lines from the tower that is connected to ground. Traditionally insulators are made from glass or porcelain. For new technology, insulators are made from composite materials
Source: Electrical Power System Essentials by Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis 2/19/2013 EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen 19
Shield (Ground) Wires

Small lightening currents can still hit the tower or the three-phase conductors. Protected against large lightening currents.
Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

Galloping Lines
Conductor vibration damper
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ko4g oyw1Q84&feature=related
Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

Severe Weather Impact on T-Lines
Severe weather swept through west central Minnesota on Aug. 1, 2011. The tower was designed to withstand 120 mph winds. The transmission line operated reliably since it was energized in 1978 2005 Hurricane Rita Damage to Gulf Transmission Lines
Environmental Impact
Something you dont see in Singapore.
These pictures are taken by my friend (P. Boonyasiriwat) in Phuket, 09/2011.
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Underground cables Types of underground cables Issues with underground cables
UNDERGROUND CABLE
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Underground Cable
The main difference between underground cables and overhead transmission line is that for underground cable the conductor must be insulated from the ground.
1938 G.B. Shanklin, engineer of the cable section of the General Electric Company, points out one of the three gas channels in a section of gas-filled cable.
2/19/2013
Source: http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/014005.htm
25
Types of Underground Cables

Two types of cables Pipe-type
All three phase conductors are contained in one pipe.
Self-contained
Individual phase conductor in each cable.
Pipe-Type cable
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Self-contained cable
Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/understanding-underground-electric-transmission-cables
Types of Insulation
Three main types of insulation Paper-Oil insulation
High-pressure, fluid-filled pipe (HPFF) Self-contained fluid-filled (SCFF)
Paper-Gas insulation
High-pressure, gas-filled pipe (HPGF)
Plastic insulation
Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
High-Voltage Underground Cable

Liquid channel
Source: Electrical Power System Essentials by Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis
6/10 kV cable
Self Contained Liquid-Filled (SCLF) Cables
Source: http://coppercanada.ca/ publications/pub21e/21 e-Section6.html
2/19/2013
Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
220/380 kV cable
High Pressure Liquid-Filled Pipe-Type Cables (HPLF)

Singapore Underground Power Cables

Voltage Level 400 KV 230 kV 66 kV
Cable Type
Insulator
Single-core selfcontained
fluid-filled Polypropylene Laminated Paper (PPLP) insulated with copper conductor and seamless aluminium sheath 1000 MVA
Single-core selfcontained
Either fluid-filled kraft paper insulated or XLPE insulated with copper conductor and seamless aluminium sheath 500 MVA
Single-core
XLPE insulated with copper conductor and seamless aluminium sheath 100 MVA
Power rating
Source: SP powergrid http://www.sppowergrid.com.sg/items2.htm
2/19/2013
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Underground Cable Construction
Source: http://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/pub lications/electric/electric11.pdf 2/19/2013 EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen 30
Issues with Underground Cables
Source: SP Powergrid Working together to prevent cable damage 2/19/2013 EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen 31
Underground Cable Damages
Source: SP Powergrid Working together to prevent cable damage 2/19/2013 EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen 32
Singapore Power Cable Tunnel
Source: www.straitstimes.com Singapore Power staff and the media on a tour inside the Labrador Substation that is 30m underground. -- ST PHOTO: CAROLINE CHIA Source: www.singaporepower.com.sg September 17th 2012, Singapore Power today announced a S$2 billion Transmission Cable Tunnel Project to ensure that households and businesses in
Singapore continue to enjoy reliable, secure and quality power supply to meet future demand. Two cross-island cable tunnels will be constructed 60
metres underground to provide a long-term solution to the on-going upgrading and renewal of the power cable grid infrastructure in Singapore. The deep tunnels are designed to overcome the existing congestion of underground space and utility services in Singapore. They will facilitate faster and more efficient maintenance and replacement of cables, thereby reducing the frequency of road-digging works and thus minimising inconvenience to the public in the long run.
Electricity Cable Tunnel Project

18.5km long NorthSouth tunnel 16.5km long EastWest tunnel
Sewage, current power grid and natural gas pipes: 1-3 meters deep Underground MRT: 30 meters deep
Drainage system: 40 meters deep

Electricity transmission main artery: 60 meters deep
Cost Comparison
Median ratio of underground to overhead costs*
3.8 to one at 115 kV 6.1 to one at 230 kV 8.5 to one at 345 kV 9.7 to one at 400 kV
The ratio may go even higher for life cycle cost that includes maintenance, outage repair costs.
Source: Report of the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission To the Governor and The General Assembly of Virginia Evaluation of Underground Electric Transmission Lines in Virginia, HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 87 2006, available online http://jlarc.state.va.us/reports/Rpt343.pdf
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Overhead/Underground Comparison
Overhead Lines Lower construction cost and cable cost. Advantage of air for cooling and insulation of the line. Vulnerable to strong wind and severe weather. Negative visual impact. Easier maintenance/repair work Underground Cables Expensive pipe work and cable cost (because of the special insulations) Less vulnerable to the severe weather because it is buried underground. Environment and aesthetic advantage. Tedious and costly maintenance/repair work.
What about electrical properties?

Why Three-Phase? (again)
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Summary
Transmission network helps to improve system efficiency, reliability, and reduce frequency deviation. Advantages and disadvantages of overhead transmission lines and underground cables
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Next Lecture (05/03/2013)

Four basic parameters of a conductor model.
2/19/2013
39

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EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

19/03/2013 21/03/2013 02/04/2013

Learning outcomes Outline References

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Isolated grids Advantage of Interconnected System

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORKS

A Three-Phase Circuit System

3-Phase Generation system.

3-Phase Transmission system.

Transmission and Distribution

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Source: http://www.edisontechcenter. org/HistElectPowTrans.html

Advantage of Interconnected System

Smaller frequency deviation

Cover large geographical area

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

(Future?) Electricity Grid in Asia Pacific

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

US Electric Power Grid

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Singapore Electric Power Grid

Solar that Floats on Water

Types of Transmission Lines

Comparison between overhead lines and underground cables.

Main features of a transmission line Issues with overhead transmission lines

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Overhead Transmission Line

Source: http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/LandandDevelopment/ DDC/devnearohl_final/appendix2/

High Voltage Conductors

3M Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR)

Shield (Ground) Wires

Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ko4g oyw1Q84&feature=related

Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

Severe Weather Impact on T-Lines

These pictures are taken by my friend (P. Boonyasiriwat) in Phuket, 09/2011.

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Underground cables Types of underground cables Issues with underground cables

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Types of Underground Cables

High-Voltage Underground Cable

Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)

High Pressure Liquid-Filled Pipe-Type Cables (HPLF)

Singapore Underground Power Cables

Source: SP powergrid http://www.sppowergrid.com.sg/items2.htm

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

Underground Cable Construction

Source: http://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/pub lications/electric/electric11.pdf 2/19/2013 EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen 30

Issues with Underground Cables

Underground Cable Damages

Singapore Power Cable Tunnel

Electricity Cable Tunnel Project

Drainage system: 40 meters deep

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen

What about electrical properties?

Why Three-Phase? (again)

EE2022: Electric Power Transmission by P. Jirutitijaroen