Lehigh University

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Fritz Laboratory Reports Civil and Environmental Engineering
1-1-1961
A survey of literature on the stability of frames
L. W. Lu
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Lu, L. W., "A survey of literature on the stability of frames" (1961). Fritz Laboratory Reports. Paper 1762.
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,-,
. ..
WELDED CONTINUOUS FRAMES AND THEIR COMPONENTS
A Survey of Literature on the Instability of Frames
by
Le-Wu Lu
This work has been carried out as a part of an in-
vestigation ~ p o n s o r e d jointly by the Welding Research
Council and the Department of the Navy with funds furnished
by the f.ollowing:
American Institute of Steel Construction
American Iron and Steel Institute
Office of Naval Research (Contract Nonr. 610(03) )
Bureau of Ships
Bureau of Yards and Docks
Reproduction of this report in whole or in part is
permitted for any purpose of the United States Government.
Fritz Engineering Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
De cember 1961
/
Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No. 276.2
276.2
ABSTRACT
It is well known that a building frame, unrestrained
against sidesway at the floor levels, may buckle as a unit
in the lateral direction when the applied load has reached
certain critical value. This phenomenon is often referred
to as "frame instability". A great deal of research work
has been done on this problem in the past, and numerous
methods are now available for obtaining exact and/or approxi-
mate solutions.
This paper contains a general survey of the various
frame instability theories, discussions of several recent
papers, and a review of current and future research trend.
A list of references and summaries of solutions for some
practical frames are also included.
..
276.2
....
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. A GENERAL SURVEY OF FRAME INSTABILITY, THEORY 6
3. LIST OF REFERENCES AND SUMMARIES OF SOLUTIONS 10
40 REVIEW OF qERTAIN REFERENCES 12
5. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 21

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Appendix A
Appendix Bl
Appendix B2
. 'Author Index
24
A-I
B-1
B-9
276.2
-1
1. INTRODUCTION
..
..

One of the basic assumptions made in the plastic theory

of structural analysis is that no instability of any type
should occur prior to the formation of the plastic mechanism.
In general three types of instability are encountered in the
design of metal structures; namely, 1) Local instability of
elements which make up the cross section of the member, 2)
Instability of individual members under the combined action
of axial force and bending moment, and 3) Overall instability
of the entire structure. In the past fifty years extensive
studies have been made on various phases of these instability
problems. Systematic reviews of the knowledge accumulated
from the investigations on the first two types of instability
have recently been This report is intended to
present a survey of the current state of knowledge relating
to the problem of overall instability.
L "Guide to Design Criteria for Metal Compression Members",
Chapter 3, Column Research Council, 1960
2. "Strength and Design of Metal Beam-Columns" by W. J.
Austin, Proceedings of the ASCE, 87, (ST4), (April 1961)
3. "A Survey of Literature on the Lateral Instability of
Beams" by G. C. Lee, Welding Research Council Bulletin,
No. 63, August, 1960
276.2 -2
-.

The various phenomena of overall instability of a portal

frame, which is not from sidesway movement, are
illustrated in Fig. 1. Depending on the geometry and the
loa4ing condition of the frame, one of the following two
types of failure may occur:
(1) .When a symmetrical frame is loaded by symmetrical
forces, it is possible that the frame may pass from a
symmetrical, stable deformation configuration to an un-
symmetr+cal, unstable configuration (Cases Ia and Ib). At
this instant the whole frame has lost its resistance to any
externally imposed lateral force. The load-deflection
is therefore characterized by a sudden shift from a situation
where the deformation increases with the applied load to one
where large deflection develops without any further
increase of load. The behavior is analogous to that of a
centrally loaded column, in which bifurcation of the equili-
brium position is possible when the critical condition is
reached.
(2) When a frame (symmetrical or unsymmetrical) is sub-
jected to combined horizontal and vertical forces (Gase II),
or when an unsymmetrical frame carries beam loads, the frame
deforms laterally upon the application of the first load.
The resulting change in geometry induces additional bending
moments to the individual columns. The entire structure may
'(
276.2
-3
-.
. ~ .

.,

become unstable in a manner much like an eccentrically loaded

column. A typical load-deflection relationship for this type
of overall instability is shown as a dashed line in Fig. 1.
After reaching the point of instability, the structure con-
tinuous to deform with a decrease of load. At the present
time very limited information is available concerning this
type of failure.
This survey is mainly concerned with overall instability
problems of the first type. A close examination of Cases Ia
and Ib will reveal that the nature of these two cases is
quite different, even though they both may be considered as
initial motion problems. In Case la, where the loads are
applied directly to the columns, the frame usually carries
little or no primary bending moment. Therefore only the
column action alone needs to be considered in the instability
analysis. If the analysis is carried beyond the elastic
limit, then the well-known tangent modulus concept for
centrally loaded columns may be adopted. Tpe theory of
stability forproblems of this type has been well-developed
and a great number of practical structures have been studied.
An excellent review of the existing methods of solution is
contained in Ref. (57)
276.2 -4

...
.,

Most structural frames are designed to support loads

primarily by bending action such as Case Ib of Fig. 1. All
the members of the frame are subjected to both axial force
and bending moment. Therefore, in performing stability
analysis of such structures not only the column action should
be taken into consideration but also the bending action. The
problem becomes more in that yielding may occur
in part of the members prior to the occurrence of instability.
Since 1958 a research program on "Frame Stability" has
been carried on at Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh
University. The aim of this program is to develop methods
for the solution of various instability problems associated
with the design of single and multi-story building frames,
with particular emphasis on problems in the inelastic range.
This survey summarizes an extensive literature search
made prior to the investigation. However, literature pub-
lished since that time has also been added. Although pri-
marily concerned with the instability of building frames, the
survey includes some published information related to contin-
uous columns and trusses. The following major items are
contained in this paper:
1. A list of references published on the subject of
overall instability
276.2
-5
,t-
2. Summaries of existing solutions to some practical
structures
..
3.
of several important papers.
4.
A general survey of. the historical development.
Possible areas for future research in this field are'
i
suggested in the summary in Art. 5.
.,

276.2 - -6
2. A GENERAL SURVEY OF FRAME INSTABILITY THEORY
- .
The importance of considering overall stability in de-
s i ~ i n g structural frameworks was first recognized in the
latter part of the last century in connection with the investi-
gations of the stability of compression chords in trusses.
I 2 3 13 . " 1 12
Pioneer studies made by Zlmmermann " and Muller-Breslau '
in this field established the well-known determinant criterion
for buckling analysis. Their methods were modified and ex-
of structures by prager,25 Hsu,53
63
Kavanagh. In 1919 the first
tended to various types
Winter et al,54 and Wessman and
systematic method for the analysis of plane frameworks was
5 8 11 72
presented by Bleich" , Extension of Bleich's method
18
to space frames was made in 1928. The stability of pin-
jointed and rigid-jointed frameworks was treated in a general
manner by Mises and Ratzersdorfer.
14
,15 A summary of their
work is contained in Ratzersdorfer's book.
2l
The slope-
deflection method .of indeterminate analysis was applied to
investigations of the stability of rectangular frames by
Chwalla and Jokisch
44
in 1941. An analytical method of
stability analysis, suitable for the solution of tall build-
ing frames, was recently proposed by Merchant and his asso-
i t
81,90,92,107
c a es. :

All the above-mentioned methods, often referred to as

analytical methods,7
2
involve the setting up of a system of
simultaneous equations and the evaluation of the associated
276.2 -7
. ~ .
...
determinants. For complex structures the numerical work re-
quired in the analysis is sometimes prohibitive. However,
with the advent of electronic digital computers, such
approaches have shown great promise in recent years.
85
The energy method was applied by Kasarnowsky and
Zetterholm,17 and by F. Bleich and H. Bleich
30
to study the
stability of continuous columns elastically supported at
intermediate points. A solution of the lateral instability
of building frames by the energy method was presented in
1960 by Johnson.
131
In 1937 Lundquist
27
,3
1
applied the principles of the
moment distribution method to stability computations and
devised the fundamental "series" and "stiffness" criteria
for structures without joint translation. A rigorous proof
of the convergence of Lundquist's method and of the uniqueness
of the results was given by Hoff.
42
,45,4
6
The proof also
resulted in Hoff's criterion for stability. Lundquist's
series criterion was generalized by Masur and Cukurs 99" to
include out-of-plane buckling. Modifications of the basic

moment distribution method for structures with joint

lation have been proposed by Loh,49 Winter et al,54,
83 96
Masur, and Livesley and Chandler
trans-
Perri 56
,
276.2-
-8
\ ~
..
The theoretical development in stability analysis out-
lined above is limited to structures whose members are
stressed primarily by axial forces at the instant of in--
stability. A number of investigators have studied the effect
of primary bending moment in the members on the instability
of rigid frames. Chwalla
33
was the first to obtain an exact
solution to the sides way buckling of a simple frame under
transverse beam load. He showed analytically that for a
sYmmetrical frame carrying symmetrical load the type of
instability is characterized by a bifurcation of equilibrium
positions, with a sudden change of the load-deformation re-
lationship. In 1940 Puwein
38
presented an approximate solu-
tion to the instability of a portal frame carrying a uni-
formly distributed load. His work was extended to frames
with partial base fixity and to gable frames. Very recently,
Masur et a1
10l
,14
2
succeeded in modifying Bleich's method,
the slope-deflection method, and the moment distribution
method so as to include the effects of bending moment and
the associated deformations. By using these modifications,
various instability problems of this type can be investigated
in a systematic manner. A limited number of experiments on
model frames have been conducted by Chwalla and Kollbrunner
35
and by Lu
137
for the verification of the theoretical solutions
mentioned above
276.2 -9
~ In recent years the plastic method of structural analysis
has been rapidly developed and extensive applications have
been made in the design of building frames. This has aroused
increased interest in the problem of the stability of par-
tially plastic structures. The physical nature of the problem
and the mathematical complexity involved have been discussed
77 91 114 113 136 139
by Merchant," Wood, and Horne ' in England. In
1954 Merchant?7 suggested that for practical purposes it might
be reasonable to consider the actual failure load (the inelastic
instability load) of an elastic-plastic structure as some
function of the elastic buckling load and the simple plastic
load. Bolton,102 Salem,108 Ariaratram,118 and Low
120
have
tested several series of model steel frames to observe the
magnitude of the frame instability effect on the actual load-
carrying capacity. Their results ~ a v e shown some degree of
correlation with the empirical approach proposed by Merchant.
Wood
l13
in his studies on plastic instability of frames intro-
duced the concept of "deteriorated critical load" as theoretical
tests for the stability of partially yielded structures. In a
~ I
recent review prepared by Horne
139
the importance of considering
deformation effects in the inelastic instability analysis was
stressed. In 1960 Lu
137
presented an analytical solution to
the sidesway buckling of portal frames in the plastic range.
This solution takes'into account the influence of residual
..
stresses and inelastic deformations. Recent tests conducted
on model steel frames of wide-flange shape have verified the
theoretical solution.
146
276.3
3. LIST OF REFERENCES AND SUMMARIES OF SOLUTIONS
-10
,.
In the course of investigations on frame instability,
an extensive list of references pertaining to the
has been prepared which is believed to be rather complete.
The list is given in Appendix A. All the papers are
arranged according to their date of publication, so that a
general idea of the historical development in this field
may be seen.
To aid the practicing engineer in estimating the critical
loads of building frames, . summaries of solutions
which appeared in various publications are tabulated in
Appendix Bl (for frames carrying axial forces only) and in
Appendix B2 (for frames carrying axial forces and bending
moments). For a majority of the cases included in these
appendices, convenient formulas or tables for determining
the effective column length factors are provided. The length
factors given by these formulas and tables are applicable only
to the case of elastic buckling. For frames and loading
conditions listed in Appendix Bl, the inelastic buckling loads
can be determined by applying the usual tangent modulus modi-
fica tion. Unfortunately, no similar modification may be
applied to frames with members yielded' by combined axial
thrust and end moments. Therefore, it is not possible.t6
276.2 -11
~ "
-'

adopt the concept of effective length in dealing with the

inelastic buckling of frames of the type included in
Appendix B2.
For convenience of reference, an author index of the
listed publications is given immediately after Appendix B2.
276.2
4. REVIEW OF CERTAIN REFERENCES PERTAINING TO
FRAME INSTABILITY IN THE PRESENCE OF PRIMARY
BENDING MOMENTS
-12

In the following, brief descriptions of a few papers

pertaining to the elastic and inelastic instability of frames
subjected to primary bending moments are given. The papers
were selected with 'the intention to present a descriptive
outline of the current state of knowledge in this field.
"DIE STABILITAET LOTRECHT BELASTETER RECHTECKRAHMEN" by
E. Chwalla. (Ref. 33)
This paper contains the first investigation of the effect
of primary bending moment on frame instability. ~ h e author
considred a portal frame with symmetrical loads applied trans-
versely on the beam and used the classical approach of inte-
grating a system of differential equations which define the
equilibrium of various members in the buckled state. The
bending moments present in the members and their increments
after buckling were taken into account in establishing, the
basic equations. From the resulting solutions of the
differentia'l equations, he showe.d theoretically the existence
of the point of bifurcation on the load-deformation curve of
the frame (see Fig. 1).
Chwalla, also determined the exact buckling loads of
several frames with uniform member sizes and subjected to
two concentrated loads at various points on the beam.
276.2 -13
His results indicate that the presence of bending def.ormation
causes only a small reduction of the elastic buckling loads
and for simple frames the deformation effect may be disre-
garded in practical computations.
In a later paper by Chwalla and KOllbrunner,35 experi-
mental verification of the theoretical solution was presented.
"STABILITY OF FRAMES IN THE PRESENCE OF PRIMARY BENDING
MOMENTS" by E. F. Masur, I. C. Chang, and L. H. Donnell.
(Ref. 142) .
The authors developed a systematic method of analyzing
the elastic stability of frames against sidesway buckling.
Two possible avenues of approach are presented: (1) an

equilibrium analysis based on "slope-deflection equations"

(2) a moment distribution technique. Both of these methods
are extensions of classical methods that do not take the
effect of primary bending moments into account. The basic
idea underlying their methods of solution is to consider the
variation of the equilibrium conditions when the structure
is in its slightly buckled configuration.
The methods described in this paper were illustrated by
reference to the simple portal frame previously investigated
by Chwalla.
33
It is shown that the governing expressions
obtained by the application of the slope-deflection method
are identical with those given in Chwalla1s paper. Numerical
276.2 -14

results determined by the moment distribution procedure and

the use of Masur's boundedness principles
83
also showed close
agreement with Chwalla' s results.
A discussion of the effect of prebuckling deformations
and bending moments was presented in connection with the
study of the stability of a gable frame. The authors indi-
cated that in some cases the buckling strength of frame.s
could be increased due to the presence of primary bending
moments.
"THE FAILURE LOAD OF RIGID JOINTED FRAMEWORKS AS INFLUENCED
BY STABILITY" by W. Merchant. (Ref. 77)
The author was the first to point out the effect of
overall instability on. the load-carrying capacity of rigid
frames. Although this paper deals only with some funda-
mental concepts of instability, it has stimulated 'other
investigators to study the various plastic instability
problems, particularly those related to multi-story building
frames.
102
,104,108,113,118,120
The paper contains the following:
1. A discussion of the factors influencing the ultimate
strength of isolated columns. It is shown that for columns of
intermediate length the failure loads may be expressed em-
pirically in term of the Euler load, the yield load, and some
arbitrary parameters representing the initial imperfections.
276.2
-15

2. A proposed approach for determining the actual

failure load of structures (inelastic instability load). By:
analogy from the case of isolated columns, the author suggested
that it might be possible to consider the elastic critical
load and the simple plastic load of a structure as the basic
parameters for the determination of its true ultimate load.
3. Brief of the physical significance of
the elastic critical load of a structure.
"THE STABILITY OF TALL BUILDINGS" by R. H. Wood. (Ref. 113)
In this paper the author observed that for multi-story
frames ultimate strength design is no longer synonymous with
simple plastic design and that the actual failure load of a
tall bUilding frame is the deteriorated critical load of the
frame after yielding occurs at several plastic hinge locations.
In general, the failure load predicted by simple plastic load;
cannot be reached and may be considered as an upper bound to
the actual ultimate load.
Three examples were given, showing the effect of pro-
gressive yielding on the buckling strength of frames. The
first example refers to the failure of a four-story frame
acted upon by combined horizontal and vertical loads. Sidesway
of the whole frame _.is allowed. The principal bending moment

, i
276.2 -16
is about the weak axis of the columns. The computed failure
load of this frame by considering the combined influence of
plasticity and stability is about 78% of the plastic load.
In the second example the same frame is analyzed, but with
bending moment applied about the strong axis. The apalysis
shows that at failure only four hinges formed out of the
required ten. The ultimate load is approximately 88% of
the plastic load . The third example is a two-bay four-story
frame tested as a demonstration. The observed maximum load
is about 84% of the computed load.
The author also discussed the restraining effects of
floor slabs and walls. He suggested that a limited amount
of composite action with floors and walls should suffice to
avoid the necessity of including instability effects in the
design ofmany frames.
"THE BEHAVIOR OF UNCLAD FRAMES" by W. Merchant, C. A. Rashid,
A. Bolton, and A. H. Salem. (Ref. 114)
The paper presents a summary 'of the results obtained
from a large nUmber of experiments conducted on model
triangular trusses, Warren girders (rigid-jointed), and
portal frames. The tests were performed for obtaining
experimental evidence of the empirical approach proposed
by Merchant.
77
276.2 -17
..
The authors made statistical analyses on the test
results with the hope that some simple relationships might
be obtained for expressing the observed ultimate load in
terms of a few theoretical parameters (such as the elastic
buckling load and the plastic limit load). Unfortunately,
after testing numerous possible combinations of the para-
meters in the analyses, it was not possible to
find a definite relationship which may be used to compute
the inelastic instability load with a known degree of
accuracy
.The authors also presented statistical correlations
of a large number of theoretically calculated instability
loads with some selected parameters. The theoretical loads
were determined for one and two story frames using the
idealized elastic-plastic relations so that
all yielding was concentrated at the hinges. It was found
that nearly all the theoretical points fell within the bounds
established by the analysis of the experimental results.
"SOME MODEL TESTS ON MULTI-STORY--RIGID 'STEEL FRAMES" by
M. W. Low. (Ref. 120)
This paper describes a series of thirty-four model frame
tests designed to investigate the effects of overall instability
on load carrying capacity. All the models had a span length
of 15 in. and a story height of 7- in. and were constructed of
-18

mild steel bars 1/4 in. wide having a thickness ranging

from 0.198 to 0.250 in. Three-, f i v e - ~ and seven-story
single-bay models were tested as plane frames free to sway.
Vertical loads were applied to the beams at the quarter
points, and some frames were also subjected to small hori-
zontal loads at all the panel points.
The author reported that all thirty-four test frames
failed in some form of sway mode and thirteen of them ex-
.hibited a marked instability collapse. The results ob-
tained from the experiments were plotted non-dimensionally
in the form suggested by Merchant.?? The plot seems to
indicate that for most cases Merchant's simple formula
L = 1 + 1
Wf ~ ~
for estimating the inelastic instability load of frames is
rather conserva tive. (In the above expression Wf= actual
failure load, W
u
= simple plastic load, and W
cr
= elastic
critical load)
The test results also show that the reduction of
ultimate load due to frame instability is higher for taller
frames. The average reductions for the three-, five-, and
seven-story frames were found to be 'around 10, 30, and 35
percent of the simple plastic load, respectively.
276.2 -19
"STABILITY OF ELASTIC AND PARTIALLY PLASTIC FRAMES" by
L. W. Lu. (Ref. 137)
This investigation is converned with the instability
of pinned-base portal frames in the elastic and partially
plastic range. The frames were acted upon by a uniform load
on the beam and two equal concentrated loads on the columns.
It was assumed that failure occurred by sidesway buckling
in the of the applied loads.
The following are presented in this study:
1. An exact solution for the elastic buckling of such
portal frames, taking into consideration the effects of
primary bending moments and deformations. The method of
solution is similar to that suggested in Ref. 142.
Numerical results for some typical frames were obtained and
compared with the buckling loads observed from model
frame tests. Satlsfactory agreement was found between
theory experiments.
2. A precise method of analyzing rigid frames stressed
into plastic range. The method takes into account the
effects of axial force, yielding, deformation, and residual
stresses. It can be used to determine the stiffness of
".
columns at any stage of loading and the strength of frames
which are prevented from sidesway movement.

J
, -

276.2 -20
3. The development of a numerical procedure for deter-
mining the sidesway buckling strength of partially yielded
frames. The procedure is based on a modffied moment diatri-
bution method in which all the necessary constants are
modified for the combined effects of axial force and in-
elastic action
The inelastic solution developed in this investigation
has been checked by experiments conducted on small steel
frames of WF shape (see Ref. 146). The test results have
shown good correlation with the theoretical predictions.
".;:" .
\
,
...
276.2 -21
5. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
(1) Stability of Frames with Axial Loading
The theory of stability for structures whose members
are subjected to axial forces only has been fully developed,
and numerous methods for determining the instability load
of various types of frameworks are now available. For com-
plex structures, however, the numerical work involved in
the stability analysis is often excessive, d ~ s p i t e the.re-
cent improvements in the basic technique. 83,86.,130,140 The
work remaining in this area of instability analysis is then
to simplify the existing procedures to the extent that the
required computations can be readily performed in design
offices. Furthermore, the possibility of obtaining exact
solutions on digital computers should also be explored.
In contrast ~ o the extensive theoretical research in
this field of framework stability, little experimental work
has been done in the past. During the preparation of this
survey, it was found that many existing solutions lack
experimental verification. This is particularly true when
instability occurs in the inelastic range. Recent research
conducted at Fritz Engineering Laboratory has shown that the
presence of cooling residual stresses could cause marked
decrease in the inelastic buckling strength of axially loaded
steel columns. ~ ~ Similar reduction of strength may be anticipated
~ ~ i'Basic Colu.rnn Strength" by L. S. Beedle and L. Tall, Proc.
of ASCE, 86, (ST?), (July 1960)
276.2 -22
.
..
in frames and truss-type structures. A certain amount of
experimental research seems to be necessary in order to study
the extent of such reduction and to develop methods of
estimating it.
(2) Stability of Elastic Frames with General Loading
It has been indicated in Art. 2 that comparably few
solutions exist in the literature that deal with the in-
stability of frames subjected to loads which produce bending
moments as well as axial forces in the members. The calcu-
lation of the critical loads in frames using the available
solutions is often very tedious, and accurate numerical re-
suIts have been obtained only for single bay, single story
frames. Much more theoretical and experimental research is
needed for obtaining solutions to more practical structures,
such as multi-story frames and rigid-jointed trusses.
Another possible area of future research is to develop
new approaches to this type of stability problem. For
example, an adaptation of energy principles might result in
a possible alternative to the existing methods.
(3) Stability of Partially Plastic Frames with General
Loading
In recent years, _because of the rapid development in the
plastic method of designing structures, increased attention
has been given to the overall instability of elastic-plastic

-.
276.2 -23
frames. Although some advance has been made in clarifying
ideas on the sUbject and in devising some simple fuethods of
estimating the inelastic instability load, a great deal of
research work is yet to be done in this new field of
stability analysis. In the following some major areas for
future research are outlined:
1. Theoretical investigations of the inelastic in-
stability of multi-story frames subjected to 1) vertical
load (eigen-value type problem) and 2) combined vertical
and. horizontal loads (beam-column type problem)
2. Experimental studies of the various instability
problems associated 1/Irith multi-story buildings, using model
frames of wide-flange shapes. In the light of the results
obtained from the experiments, it may be possible to check
more closely the validity of Merchant's empirical approach
77
and the concept of "deteriorated critical load" introduced
by Wood
l13
in calculating instability load.
3. Exploration of the possibility of improving the
stability of multi-story frames by introducing diagonal
bracing in the plane of the frames.
The research program on "Frame Stability" currently being
carried out at Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh University,
is directed along the lines suggested above.
:.
-,,'" .... \

276.2 -24
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is part of the general investigation "Welded
Continuous Frames and Their Components" currently being
carried out at the Fritz Engineering Laboratory of the Civil
Engineering Department of Lehigh University, under the
general direction of Dr. Lynn S. Beedle. The investigation
is sponsored jointly by the Welding Research Council and the
Department of the Navy, with funds furnished by the American
Institute of Steel Construction, American Iron and Steel
Institute, Office of Naval Research, Bureau of Ships, and
Bureau of Yards and Docks. Technical guidance for the pro-
ject is provided by the Lehigh Project Subcommittee of the
Steel Structures Committee of the Welding Research Council.
Dr. T. R. Higgins is Chairman of the Lehigh Project Sub-
committee.
The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation
to Dr. George C. Driscoll, Jr. for his valuable suggestions
which have been incorporated in this paper.

276.2
Load
I I
f<::l'f
0--'-"'"
~ - . - - - . . . ~
POint of 1(I b) V-i-POint of Instability
Bifurcation
-- -""""-
"," ""
/' "
// "
// - ~ ~
/ I I
/ I (II) I
/
/
/
/
Horizontal Deflection of Column Top
- 25
".'
Fig. I
TYPES OF OVERALL INSTABILITY
276.2
APPENDIX A
LIST OF REFERENCES
The references are listed according to
their date of pUblication.
A-l
.,

" 1. Muller-Breslau, H.
DIE GRAPHISCHE STATIK DER BAUKONSTRUKTIONEN, Vol. 11.2,
A Kroner, Berlin., (1908).
2. Zimmermann, H
. DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT DES GERADEN STABES MIT MEHREREN
FELDERN,Sitzungsbetichte de.r preus 51 is chen Akademie
der Wissenschaften, p. 180, (1909).
3. Zimmermann, H.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT DER DRUCKGURTE OFrENER BRUECKEN,
W. Ernst und Sohn,
4. Timoshenko, s.
EINIGE STABILITAETSPROBLEME DER ELASTIZITAETSTHEORIE,
z. angew. Math. und Phys., 58, p. 337, (1910).'
1919
5. Bleich, F.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT ELASTISCHER STABVERBINDUNGEN, Der
Ei senbau, 10, p. 27, 71, .117, 163, (1919).
1920
6. Ljundberg,' K.
BEITRAG ZUR BERECHNUNG AUF KNICKUNGBEANSPRUCHTER
RAHMENGEBILDE, Der Eisenbau, 11, No. 1"4, p. 243,
(July 1920)
276.2 A-2
7.
8.
Westergaard, H. M.
BUCKLING OF ELASTIC STRUCTURES, Trans. of the ASCE, 85,
p. 576, (1922).
Bleich, F.
EINIGE AUFGABEN UEBER DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT ELASTISCHER
STABVERBINDUNGEN, Der Eisenbau, 13, No. 2, p. 34,
(Feb. 1922), No.6, p. 124, (June 1922).
.'
1923
9 Mi s es, R. v
UEBER DIE STABILITAETSPROBLEME DER ELASTIZITAETSTHEORIE,
Z. angew. Math.und Mech., 3, No. q, p. 406, (1923).
10. Krohn, R.
KNICKFESTIGKEIT, W. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, (1923).
11. Bleich, F.
THEORIE UND BERECHNUNG DER EISERNEN BRUECKEN, Julius
Sprlnger, Berlin, (1924).
" 12. Mul1er-Breslau, H.
DIE NEUEREN METHODEN DER FESTIGKEITSLEHRE UND DER STATIK
DER BAUKONSTRUKTIONEN, 5th ed., Leipzig, (1924).
13. Zimmerman, H.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT DER STABVERBINDUNGEN, W. Ernst und
Sohn, Berlin, (1925).
14. Mises, R. 'v., and Ratzersdorfer., J.
DIE KNICKSICHERHEIT VON .FACHWERKEN, Z. angew. Math. und
Mech., 5, No.3, p. 218, (1925) .
15. Ratzersdorfer, J
.DIE KNICKSICHERHEIT VON RAHMENTRAGWERKEN Z. ~ n g e w .
Math, und Mech., 6, No.3, p. 181, (1926).
276.2 A-3

.,
16. Bleich, F.
BERECHNUNG STATISCH UNBESTIMMTER TRAGWERKE NACH DER
METHODE DES VIERMOMENTENSATZES, 2nd_ed.,. Julius
Berlin, (1926).
17. Kasarnowsky, S. and Zetterholm,' D.'
ZUR THEORIEDER SEITENSTEIFIGKEIT OFFENER FACHWERKBRUECKEN,
Der Bauingenieur, 8, p. 763, (1927).
Bleich, F., and Bleich, H.'
DIE STABILITAET RAEUMLICHER STABVERBINDUNGEN, Z. d.
Oesterr. Ing. und Arch.-Vereins, p. 345, (1928J
19. James, B. W.
PRINCIPAL EFFECTS OF AXIAL LOAD ON MOMENT-DISTRIBUTION
ANALYSIS IN RIGID STRUCTURES, NACA, TN 534, (1935).
20. Timosheriko, S.
THEORY OF ELASTIC STABILITY, Chapters I and II, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, (1936).
21. Ratzersdorfer, J.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT VON STAEBEN UND STABWERKEN, Julius
Springer, Vienna, (1936).
22.
'."
Borkmann, K.
CHARTS FOR CHECKING STABILITY OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS IN
TRUSSES, NACA TM 800, (1936).
23. Bleich, F.
STAHLHOCHBAUTEN, Julius Springer, Vienna, (1936).
Hertwig, A., and Pohl, K.
DIE STABILITAET DER BRUECKENENDRAHMEN, Der Stahlbau, 9,
No. 17, p. 129 , (Aug. 1936).
25. 'Prager, W.
ELASTIC STABILITY OF PLANE FRAMEWORKS, J. of Aero.
Sci., 3, No. 11, p. 388, (Sept. 1936).
" "
276.2
A-4
..
..
1936 (Cont.
l
d)
26. Puwein, M. G
DIE KNICKFESTIGKFIT DES STOCKWERKRAHMENS, Der Stahlbau,
9, No. 26, p. 201. (Dec. 1936).
27. Lundquist, E. E.
STABILITY OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS UNDER AXIAL LOAD,
NA CA, TN 617, (1937,).
28. Borkmann, K.
CHARTS FOR CHECKING THE STABILITY OF PLANE SYSTEMS OF
RODS, NACA, TM 837, (1937).
29. Puwein, M. G.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT DES STOCKWERKRAHMENS, Der Stahlbau,
10, No.1 (Jan. 1937).
30. Bleich, F., and Bleich, H.
BEITRAG ZUR STABILITAETSUNTERSUCHUNG DES PUNKT.WEISE
ELASTISCH GESTUETZTEN STABES, Der Stanlbau, 10, No. 1/2,
p. 17, (Jan. 1937): No. 2/3, p. 28, (Feb. 1937).
31. Lundquist, E. E.
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD APPLIED TO
STABILITY OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS, Froc. 5th International
Congress of Applied Mechanics, p. 145, (1938).
32. Lundquist, E. E., and Kroll, W. D.
TABLES OF STIFFNESS AND CARRY-OVER FACTORS FOR STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS UNDER AXIAL LOAD, NACA TN 652, (1938) .
33. Chwal1a ,E.
DIE STABILITAET LOTRECHT BELASTETER RECHTECKRAHMEN ,
Der Bauingenieur 19, p. 69, (1938).
34.. Puwein, M. G.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT DES STOCKWERKRAHMENS, Der Stahlbau,
11, No. 14/15, p. 118 (June 1938). .
35. Chwal1a, E., and Kollbrunner, C. F.
BEITRAEGE ZUM KNICKPROBLEM DES BOGENTRAEGERS UND DES
RAHMENS, Der Stahlbau, 11, No. 12, p. 94 (June 1938).
276.2
37.
38.
A-5
Sergev, S. I. ,
BUCKLING CRITERIA AND DESIGN OF TWO-STORY COLUMNS,
Univ. of Washington, Engrg. Exp. StaG Bulletin 101,
(1940)
/ .-
Karman, T. von, and Biot, M. A.
MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Chap" XI,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1940).
Puwe in, M. G.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT DES RECHTECKRAHMENS, Die Bautechnik,
18, No .2/3, p. 32, (Jan. 1940).
39.
'.
Sievers., H.
DIE KNICKFESTIGKEIT ELASTISCH EINGESPANNTER STAEBE,
Der stah1bau, 13, No. 10/11; p. 48, (May 1940); No. 12/13,
p. 61 (June 1940).
40. Hoff, N. J.
INSTABILITY OF AIRCRAFT FRAMEWORKS, Paper pres.ented at
the 2nd Annual Summer Meeting of the Ins.titute of
Aeronautical California, (1940).
42.
43.
II
Bu1tmann, W.
DIE STABILTAET DES DREIGELENKRECHTECKRAHMENS, Der Stah1bau,
14, No. 1/2, p. 3, (Jan. 1941).
Hoff, N. J.
STABLE AND UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM OF PLANE FRAMEWORKS, J.
Of Aero. Sci., 8, No.3, p. 115, (Jan. 1941).
II
Bultmann.,. W...
DIE STABILITAET DER DREI-UND ZWEIGELENKRECHTECKRAHMEN
MIT ECKSTREBEN UND MIT FACHWERKRIEGELN, Der Stahlbau,
14, No. 6/7, p. 24, (March 1941).
44'

Chwa11a ,E., and Jokis. ch, F. .

UEBER DAS EBENE KNICKPROBLEM DES STOCKtrVERKRAHMENS, Der
Stah1bau, 14, No. 8/9 and 10/11, p. 33, and No. 10/11,
p. 47, (April and May, 1941).
45. Hoff, N. J.
THE PROPORTIONING OF AIRCRAFT FRAMEWORKS, J. of 'Aero.
Sci., 8, No.8, p. 319, (June 1941). '
276.2 A-6
194i (Contid)
46. Hof f, N. J.
STRESS ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT FRAMEWORKS, J. of Royal
Aero. Soc., 45, No. 367, p. 241, (July 1941).
l2kJl
48.
50.
51.
53.
Dunn, L. G., and Sechler, E.E.
AIRPLANE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., (1942).
Niles, A. S., and Newell, J. S.
AIRPLANE STRUCTURES, Vol. I and II, Third ed.,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, (1943).
Loh, M. H.
BUCKLING OF RIGID FRAMES, Docotral Thesis, Cornell
University, (1946).
Koo, B.
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS IN RIGID FRAMES, Doctoral Thesis,
Cornell University, (1946).
Maugh, L. C.
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., (1946). .
Boley, B. A.
NUMERICAL METHODS FOR THE CALCULATION OF ELASTIC
INSTABILITY, J. of Aero. Sci., 14, No.6, p. 337,
( Jun e 1947).
Hsu, P. T.
ELASTIC STABILITY OF MEMBERS IN TRUSSES, Doctoral
Thesis, Cornell University, (1947).
276.2
A-7
54.
55.
56.
57.
1949
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
Winter, G., Hsu, P. T., K o o , ~ . , and Loh, M. H.
BUCKLING OF TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES, Cornell University,
Engrg. Exp., Sta. Bulletin No. 36, (1948).
Slavin, A.
STABILITY STUDIES OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES, Doctoral Thesis,
New York University, (1948).
Perri, J. G.
MODIFIED METHOD OF MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FOR RIGID FRAMES
WITH SIDESWAY AND FOR ANALYZING COMPRESSION MEMBERS AS
PARTS OF RIGID FRAMES, Doctoral Thesis, New York
University, (1948). .
Kavanagh, T. C.
INSTABILITY OF PLANE TRUSS FRAMEWORKS, Doctoral Thesis,
New York University, (1948).
GERMAN BUCKLING SPECIFICATION DIN 4114 KNICKUNG, KIPPUNG,
BEULUNG, English Translation by T. V. Galambos and J. Jones,
Column Research Council, (1949).
Wastlund, G., and Bergstrom, S. G.
BUCKLING OF COMPRESSED STEEL MEMBERS, Trans. Roy. Inst.
Tech., Sweden, No. 30, (1949).
Lee, A. Y . ~
A STUDY ON COLUMN ANALYSIS, Doctoral Thesis, Cornell
Un i ver sitY, (1949)
Kavanagh, T. C.
APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF FRAMEWORKS WITHOUT TRANSLATION,
Report No.1, Column Research Council, (1949).
Bijlaard, P. P.
INVESTIGATION ON BUCKLING OF RIGID JOINTED STRUCTURES,
First Progress Report, Cornell University, (1949).
Wessman, H. E., and Kavanagh, T. C.
END RESTRAINTS ON TRUSS MEMBERS, Trans. of the ASCE,
115, p. 1135, (1950). .
276.2
A-8
1950 (Cant' d)
64. Kavanagh, T.C.
DESIGN OF C O : C ~ S IN TRUSSES AND FRAMES I WITHOUT
TRANSLATION, Report No.2, Column_Research. Council,
(1950)
65. Kavanagh, T. C., and Moore, J. H.
BUCKLING OF FRAMEWORKS WITH SEMI-RIGID JOINTS,
Report No.3, Column Research Council, (1950).
66. Kavanagh, T. C.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS IN FRAMES SUBJECT TO
TRANSLATION, Report No.4, Column Research Council,
(1950)
67. Pfluger, A.
STABILITAETSPROBLEME DER ELASTOSTATIK, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, (1950).
,.
1951
68. Hoff, N. J., Boley, B. A., Nardo, S. V., and Kaufman, S.
BUCKLING OF RIGID- JOINTED PLANE TRUSSES, Trans. of
the ASCE, 116, p. 958, (1951).
69. Enneper, P.
DIE STABILITAET DER RAHMENTRAEGER, Der Bauingenieur,
26, No. 10, p. 300, (1951).
70. Kirste, L.
ZUR KNICKBERECHNUNG VON STOCKWERKSRAHMEN, Z. Oesterr.
Ing. und Arch.-Vereines, 96, No. 11-12, p.89, (1951).
71. Masur, E. F.
THE EFFECT OF PRESTRESSING ON THE BUCKLING LOADS OF
STATICALLY REDUNDANT, RIGID-JOINTED TRUSSES, Proc.
1st National Congress of Applied Mechanics, p. 443,
(1951)
1952
72. Bleich, F.
BUCKLING STRENGTH OF METAL STRUCTURES, CHAPTERS VI
and VII. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, (1952).
73. Masur, E. F.
THE STABILITY OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE RIGID-
JOINTED TRUSSES, Ph.D. Dissertation, Illinois
Institute of Technology, (1952).
276.2
A-9

74.
Hoyden, A., and Wilkesmann, F. W.
DIE NUMERISCHE BEHANDLUNG DER RAHMENKNICKUNG, Der
Bauingenieur, 28, No.1, p. 19, (1953).

75. Masur, E. F.
LOWER AND
REDUNDANT
No4, p.
UPPER BOUNDS TO ULTIMATE LOADS OF BUCKLED
TRUSSES, Quarterly Applied Math., 11,
385, (Jan. 1954). .
76.
77.
78.

79.
80.
Masur, E. F.
POST BUCKLING STRENGTH OF REDUNDANT TRUSSES, Trans.
of the ASCE, 119, p. 699, (1954).
Merchant, W.
THE FAILURE LOAD OF RIGID JOINTED FRAMEWORKS AS
INFLUENCED BY STABILITY, The Structural Engineer, 32,
No.7, p.185, (July, 1954).
Diedrichs, L.
NOMOGRAMME ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER KNICKLAENGE VON RAHMEN,
Der Stahlbau, 23, No. 10, (Oct. 1954).
AUSTRIAN SPECIFICATIONS, Beton-Kalendar, Part 2,
Ernst & Son, (1955).
Bolton, A.
A QUICK APPROXIMATION TO THE CRITICAL LOADS OF RIGIDLY
JOINTED TRUSSES, The Structural Engineer, 33, No.3,
p. 90, (March 1955). .
81.

' .
Merchan t, W.
CRITICAL LOADS OF TALL BUILDING FRAMES, The Structural
Engineer, 33, No.3, p. 84, (March
82. Sahrnel, Po
NAEHERUNGSWEISE BERECHNUNG DER KNICKLAENGEN VON
STOCKWERKRAHMEN, Der Stahlbau, 24, No.4, p. 89,
(April 1955)
83. Masur, E. F.
ON THE LATERAL STABILITY OF MULTI-STORY BENTS, Proc.
of the ASGE, 81, Separate No. 672, (April 1955).
276.2
1.2.22 -(Cont1d)
A-IO
1956
88.
84. Chandler, D. B.
THE PREDICTION OF CRITICAL LOADS OF ELASTIC STRUCTURES,
Ph.D. Thesis, University.of Manchester, (1955).
85. Allen, H. G.
THE ESTIMATION OF THE CRITICAL LOAD OF A BRACED
FRAMEWORK,Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 231, p.25, (July 1955).
86. Bolton, A.
THE CRITICAL LOAD OF PORTAL FRAMES WHEN SIDESWAY IS
PERMITTED, The Structural Engineer, 33, No.8, p. 229,
(Aug. 1955).
87. Chandler, D. B.
DETERMINING THE CRITICAL LOAD FOR FRAMED STRUCTURES,
Engineering, 180, p.658 , (Nov. 1955).
Livesley, R. K
THE APPLICATION OF AN ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER TO
SOME PROBLEMS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, The Structural
Engineer, 34, No.1, p. 1, (Jan. 1956).
89. Murray, N. W.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE COLLAPSE LOADS OF RIGIDLY
JOINTED FRAMEWORKS WITH MEMBERS IN WHICH THE AXIAL
FORCES ARE LARGE, Froc. Instn. Civ.Engrs., 5,
p. 213, (April 1956).
90. Smith, R. B. L., and Merchant, W.
CRITICAL LOADS OF TALL BUILDING FRAMES - PART II,
The Structural Engineer, 34, No.8, p. 284,
(Aug. 1956).
91. Merchant, W.
FRAME INSTABILITY IN THE PLASTIC RANGE, British
Welding Journal, 3, No.8, p. 366, (Aug. 1956).
92. 'Bowles, R. E. ,and Merchant, W.
CRITICAL LOADS OF TALL BUILDING FRAMES - PART III,
The Structural Engineer, 34, No. 9,p. 324,
(Sept. 1956).
93. Chilver, A. H.
BUCKLING OF A SIMPLE PORTAL FRAME, J. of Mech. and
Phys. of Solids, 5, No.1, p. 18, (Nov. 1956).
276.2
1956 (Cont1d)
A-II
..

94. Hansbo, S.
CRITICAL LOAD OF RECTANGULAR FRAMES ANALYZED BY
CONVERGENCE METHOD, Chalmers Tekniska Hogskolas,
Handlinger, No. 179, (1956).
95. Merchant, W.
A CONNECTION BETWEEN RAYLEIGHIS METHOD AND STIFFNESS
METHODS OF DETERMINING CRITICAL LOADS, Proc. 9th
International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Vol. VII,
p. 8, (1956).
96. Livesley, R. H., and Chandler, D. B.
STABILITY FUNCTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORKS,
Manchester University Press, (1956).
97. Hoff, N. J.
THE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES - PART 3, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, (1956).
98. Kirste, L.
SIMPLIFIED CALCULUS OF THE STABILITY OF MULTI-STORY
FRAMES, Publ. IABSE, p. 295, (1956).
l22l
99. Masur. E. F., and Cukurs, A.
LATERAL BUCKLING OF PLANE FRAMEWORKS, Proc. of the
ASCE, 83, (EMl), (Jan. 1957).
100. Allen, H. G.
THE ESTIMATION OF THE CRITICAL LOADS OF CERTAIN
FRAMEWORKS, The Structural Engineer, 35, No.4,
p. 135, (April 1957).
101. Chang, I. C.
ON THE BUCKLING STRENGTH OF FRAMES, Ph.D. Dissertation,
Illinois Institute of Technology, (1957).
102. Bolton, A.
STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK, Ph.D. Thesis, Manchester College
of Technology, (1957).
103. Murray, N. W.
A METHOD OF DETERMINING AN APPROXIMATE VALUE OF THE
CRITICAL LOADS AT WHICH LATERAL BUCKLING OCCURS IN
RIGIDLY JOINTED TRUSSES, Proc. 'Instn. Civ.Engrs. 7,
p. 387, (June 1957).
276.2
1958
104.
A-12
Gurney, T. R.
FRAME INSTABILITY OF PARTIALLY PLASTIC STRUCTURES,
BWRA Report FE 1/56/58, (Nov. 1957).
105. Merchant, W.
TRENDS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, Impulse, p. 21,
(Dec. 1957).
106. Kavanagh, T. C.
RATIONAL SIMPLIFICATIONS FOR THE BUCKLING LENGTH
OF COLUMNS, Proceedings of the Seventh Technical
Session, Column Research Council, (May 1958).
107. Bowles, R. E., and Merchant, W.
CRITICAL LOADS OF TALL BUILDING FRAMES - PART IV,
The Structural Engineer, 36, No.6, p. 187,
(June 1958).
108. Salem, A. H.
FRAME INSTABILITY IN THE PLASTIC RANGE" Ph.D. Thesis,
Manches ter College of Te chnology, (1950).
109. Mullen, J. F.
THE ELASTIC STABILITY OF RIGID FRAME STRUCTURES
SUBJECT TO SIDESWAY, M.S. Thesis, Lehigh Uni'versity,
(1958).
110. Link, M. J.
THE EFFECT OF BEAM BENDING ON THE STABILITY OF
RECTANGULAR FRAMES, M.S. Thesis, Lehigh University,
(1958). '
Ill. Goldberg, J. E.
GENERAL INSTABILITY OF LOW BUILDINGS, Proc. 3rd
National Congress of Applied Mechanics, p. 339,
(1958).
112. Murray, N. W.
FURTHER TESTS ON, BRACED Froc. Instn.
Civ. 10, p. 503, (Aug. 1950).
113. Wood, R. H.
THE STABILITY OF TALL BUILDINGS, Froc. Instn. Civ.
Engrs., 11, p. 69, (Sept. 1958).
114. Merchant, W., Rashid, C. A., Bolton, A., and Salem, A. H.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF UNCLAD FRAMES, Fiftieth Anniversary
Conference, The Institution of Structural Engineers,
(1958) .
276.2
A-13
,
-..
1958 (Cont I d)
115. Goldberg, J. E.
GENERAL INSTABILITY OF LOW FRAMED BUILDINGS, Publ.
IABSE, p. 15, (1958).
116. Chwalla, E.
DIE NErrEN HILFSTAFELN ZUR BERECHNUNG VON
SPANNUNGSPROBLEMEN DER THEORIE ZWEITER ORDNUNG
UND VON KNICKPROBLEMEN, Der Bauingenieur, 34,
Nos. 4, 6, 8, (April-June-Aug. 1959).
117. Nutt, J. G.
THE COLLAPSE OF TRIANGULATED TRUSSES BY BUCKLING
WITHIN THE PLANE OF THE TRUSS, The Structural
Engineer, 37, No.5, p. 141, (May 1959).
118. Ariaratnam, S. T.
THE COLLAPSE LOAD OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC STRUCTURES
Ph.D. Dissertation, Cambridge University, (1959).
119. - Bahauddin, K. M.
CRITICAL LOADS OF SINGLE-BAY PITCHED ROOF PORTALS,
J. Instn. Engrs. (India), 39, No. 10, Part 1,
p. 973, (June 1959).
120. Low, M. W.
SOME MODEL TESTS ON MULTI-STORY RIGID STEEL FRAMES,
Froc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., 13, p. 287, (July 1959).
121. Bolton, A.
A CONVERGENCE TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING THE ELASTIC
CRITICAL LOAD OF RIGIDLY JOINTED TRUSSES, The
Structural Engineer, 37, No.8, p. 233, (Aug. 1959).
122. AISC
PLASTIC DESIGN IN STEEL, American Institute of Steel
Construction, New York, (1959).
123. Hult, J.
CREEP BUCKLING OF PLANE FRAMEWORKS, Trans. Roy.
Inst. Tech., Sweden, No. 136, (1959).
124. Matheson, J. A. L.
HYPERSTATIC STRUCTURES - CHAPTER 8, Academic Press,
Inc., New York, (1959).
276.2 A-14
". 1959 (Cont1d)
125. Nutt, J. G.
CRITICAL LOAD OF TRIANGULAR FRAMEWORK WHEN LATERAL
BUCKLING OCCURS, Applied Sci. Research, Sec. A, 8,
No. 2-3, p. 169, (1959).
126. Chu, K. H.
SECONDARY MOMENTS, END ROTATIONS, INFLECTION POINTS
AND ELASTIC BUCKLING LOADS OF TRUSS MEMBERS, Publ.
IABSE, p. 17, (1959).
127. Kavanagh, T. C.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF FRAMED COLUMNS, Froc. of the
ASCE, 86, (ST2), p. 1, (Feb. 1960).
128. Brottom, D. M.
ELASTIC CRITICAL LOADS OF MULTI-BAY PITCHED ROOF
PORTAL FRAMES WITH RIGID EXTERNAL STANCHIONS, The
Structural Engineer, 38, No.3, p. 88, (March 1960).
129. Galambos, T. V.
INFLUENCE OF PARTIAL BASE FIXITY ON FRAME STABILITY,
Froc. of the ASCE, 86, (ST5), p. 85, (May 1960).
130 Su, H. L
ON STABILITY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL FRAME-
WORKS, Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., 16, p. 143,
(June 1960).
131. Johnson, D. E.
LATERAL STABILITY OF FRAMES BY ENERGY METHOD, Froc.
of the ASCE, 86, (EM3), p. 23, (Aug. 1960).
132. Goldberg, J. E.
BUCKLING OF ONE-STORY FRAMES AND BUILDINGS, Proc.
of the ASCE, 86, (STI0), p. 53, (Oct. 1960).
133. Column Research Council
GUIDE TO DESIGN CRITERIA FOR METAL COMPRESSION
MEMBERS, Chapter 2, (1960).
134. Japanese Column Research Council
ELASTIC STABILITY FORMULAS, PART 3, CHAPTER 1,
(1960). (See also several Japanese publications
listed in this reference)

276.2
1960 (Cont1d)
A-15
.f
135. Merchant, W., Salem, A. H.
THE USE OF STABILITY FUNCTIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF
RIGID FRAMES, Preliminary Publication - Sixth
Congress of IABSE, Stockholm, (1960).
136. Horne, M. R.
INSTABILITY AND THE PLASTIC THEORY OF STRUCTURES,
Trans. of the Engineering Institute of Canada, 4,
No.2, p. 31, (1960).
137. LU, L. W.
STABILITY OF ELASTIC AND PARTIALLY PLASTIC FRAMES,
Ph.D. Dissertation, Lehigh University, (1960).
138. Rabinovich, I. M.
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS IN THE U.S.S.R, 1917-1957,
Chapter I, Part III, Pergamon Press, New York,
(1960). This reference contains an extensive
survey of Russian literature on various stability
problems.
139. Horne, M. R.
THE STABILITY OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC STRUCTURES in
II Progress in Solid Mechanics II edited by 1. N.
Sneddon and R. Hill, North-Holland Publishing Co.,
Amsterdam, (1961).
140. McMinn, S. J.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL LOADS OF PLANE
FRAMES, The Structural Engineer, 39, No.7, p. 221
(July 1961).
141. Vaswani, H. P.
MODEL ANALYSIS METHOD FOR DETERMINING BUCKLING LOAD
OF RECTANGULAR FRAMES, Experimental Mechanics, 1,
No.8, p. 55 (Aug. 1961).
142. Masur, E. F., Chang, I. C., and Donnell, L. H.
STABILITY OF FRAMES IN THE PRESENCE OF PRIMARY
BENDING MOMENTS, Proc. of the ASCE, 87, (EM4),
p. 19, (Aug. 1961).
143., Ojalvo, M., and LU, L. W.
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES LOADED INTO THE PLASTIC RANGE
Proc. of the ASCE, 87, (EM4), p. 35, (Aug. 1961).
276.2
A-16
,
'w
.'.
1961 (Cont t d)
144. WRC-ASCE
COMMENTARY ON PLASTIC DESIGN IN STEEL, ASCE Manual
No. 41,(1961).
145. Merchant, W., and Saafan, S. A.
CRITICAL PRESSURES AND BUCKLING MODES OF REGULAR
POLYGONAL PRISMATIC TUBES, International J. of
Mechanical s c i e n c ~ s , 3, Nos. 1/2, p. 129, (Aug. 1961).
146. Yen, Y. C., LU, L. W., and Driscoll, G. C.,Jr.
TESTS ON THE STABILITY OF STEEL FRAMES, Fritz
Laboratory Report 276.9, Lehigh University, (1961).
276.2
. - .
APPENDIX Bl
Summary of Solutions for Frames Carrying
Axial Force Only
276.2
8-1
..
.'
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO. SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
J) P P
, ,
P. = 1T
2
EIe
~ = -!I1!l..
I
b
20 I 38
1
er
( kh)2
Ie1
IelA
e
Ie'As
h
54
1
58.
72
~
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
CO
.-<
>-
1
-; )-'-
k CO 2.635 2.328 2.220 2.166 2.133 2.111 2.000
l- I
2)
P P
,
I
1T
2
EI
~ = ~
Per = (kh)1
20
1
54
1
Iel
72
~ 0 I 0.5 1 1.0 I 1.5 I 2.0 I 2.5 I 3.0 I CO
-'"
........
k 2.000 I 1.28011.15711.10811.08211.06611.05511.000
3) P P
77'2EI
e ,
I
~ = Ibh
Per = (k h)2
lel
20
1
39
129
Approx. Value of k
1+..ll.
Is
k=I+_'_(I+Ib)
or k = 1+
Is
6 ~ +0.2 (I+I;
.... ... ,),
6 ~ I
4)
H H
-
38 Her =
.".2 El
b
(4 + 8 ~ )
1
2
- ~ -
!l-
5)
I
P
I
b
77'2 Ere
Per =
~ = lbh
Ie: IAe
AI h
(k h)2
lel
...<1..... ..... >--1-
I.
1
.1
41
1
58 Approx. Value of k
P
,
2
k = ~ 4 + 1.4 Ib
AI';}
( ~ + 6a ) + 0.02 ( ~ . + 6a)
IelAe
........
where
a = Ie (_1_ + _1_ )
. ~ 1
-l
1
2
As AI
", ""'<>,
276.2 B-2
the value of k is the same
as that for case (5)
the value of k is the same
as that in case (5)
c = .".2
E
!e p. =mP m E2 _
'Ier I
k = 1+ 0.96m" 0-.0-2-{-=t:-+-6a ........ {1
Ie (I I)
where a = 12 A
e
+
The correction factor JL is given by
JL).=co' A+0.35'"
A+0.35
where p.). =CO (2.55 - 2.00'" + 0.45",2) '"
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
k = I +0.35 ( + 6 a) - 0.017 ( +6a) 2 ;
Per =(PI + JLI P
2
)er where Per is the critical
load for case (5)
I
The value of JL can be determined from
a chart contained in Ref. 41
p. = .".2 EIe
er JL(.kh)2
The correction factor JL is given by
JL JL). =co' A+0.70'"
A+0.70
2
where JL). =co (2.55-2.00'" + 0.45'" ) '"
where
Approx. Value of k
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO.
6)

I
b
-,
T
n
p
41
"'j Ie
)-
--
7) PI
t
I
b
41
-
l
p2
h
"'h
Ie
1 T"-
8)
I
b
-

Pf
41
"'h
h
Ie Ie

1
-I
9) IP PI
I
b
Ie,Ae AI
h
41 , 134

.J
1
10) I
P
Ib
Ie IAe
AI
h

->--
1
.1
58
P
I
Ib

Ie IAe
"'1-
l I
276.2
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
-
B-3


",
h
Ie
t
13)
58
41
41
.".2 EI
e
Per = (kh)2 PI =mp
Approx. Value of k
k =11+0.86m' 1+0.35( +6a)-0.017( +6a)2
where a =k (...L+_
1
)
l2 A
e
AI
.".2 EI
Per =
k (1-0.65'; ) 0.23';)+ 2.1 +f
4
.
4
';' f 20
1+ 2;1' f >20
where f = 6 and =.!JJL
(1-2n
2
Ie t
.".2 EI
Per =LL( the value of k is the same
,- as that for case (12)
The correction factor }L is given by
p. f =J' f + 2.1 ep
f+2.1
f
d \ = hh
where =(I-2y)2 an 1\ Ie t
The values of }Lf =J for various combinations
of'; and 4> are tabulated in Ref. 41
14)
/
41
k 2 ( 1-0.65'; )
k 2(1-0.65';)

where f =(J _ Y)2
1(1-0.3';)+ 2.1+:.4';'
11 + 2, I ' f > 20
and = r b h
1 e t
15)
v
the value of k is the same
as that for case (14)



41
The correction factor J.L for case (13) can
also be used in this case
276.2
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO.
---
16}
r ,
.

"'h
1--
39,41
Ie ,A
e
h
Is

1.
....

17}
r
PI
l'J'''J Jth
Ih
h
- >-
1-
-
I--_L-
41
(a)
:.
I
SZSZlih
..
. (b) I
18}
r
1"\../'/
->-

41
(a)
I

I
(b)
19)
r
PI
II

hi
e
G G
39
Ie
h
-
l-
t
..... ...
I
I
R-4
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
_
Per - (kh)2
I I .,,2 I s I
k =I +- (- + +.=JL '-'-:T
A
e
,h e
\. Ish
where I\s = Ie t
k values can be determined by the formulas
given for case (12). The corresponding
expression for f is
2 "'\ 3
f -
- I
h
I NZL
A
where N= stress in the ,members of the
lattice girder due to an applied couple
of I''''h as shown in figure (b)
L = length of the members
A= area of the members
P- -
er- (kh}2
k values can be determined by the formulas
given for Case (l2). The corresponding
expression for f is
. . _...jlh
3
f - N2L
IhIT
where N=stress in the members of the
lattice girders due to an opplied
couple of I 'l'h os shown in figure (b)
L = length of the members
A= area of the members
2
k=2+'' +.!.. I S L
3 h A
where X- Ie hi
- J:Th
e
S=stress in the members of the
lattice girder due to unit moment
applied at G
L = length of the members
A= area of the members
276.2
8-5
. ',.
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO. SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
20) ,
I i
.,,2 Eis
k= I +t ).1+ I SAL
1/,/, Pcr ;: (kh)
39
See Case (19) for notations

",17
21 )
l
,
,
2
k = I + _I (). + 2X')+ k.. I S L
V""-/"
6 . h A
39
). = Icl.
where
S I. h
I.
..
....
->J"
See Case (19) for notations
22)
P
r
.,,2 EI
e

Pcr =
( kh)2
I
c
1,
-I
b
I
b Ib-

I
c
h 134
I t -
).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0
t -
t I
k co 3.01 2.54 2.36 2.27 2.22 2.11
23)
-
.,,2 EI
c Ibh
I i
Pcr =
(kh)2
,
). =-
I c t
Alb
-
134
).
0 0.2
0.4 .
0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0
,",In .... low
k 1.40 1.24 1.17 1.13 1.11 1.06
24) P P
I
b
Pcr =
.,,2 EI
c
). =-!JJL
( kh)2
I
c
t
I
c h
72, 134
Ib
h
).
0 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 co
I
c
"'j.
"''''.....
k 4.000 1.515 1.310 1.160 1.065 1.033 1.000
t
I
25)
_ .,,2 EIcl

Pcr - (k. hi )2
P21
h2
k, is determined from the expression
I
C
2
I
(...L + i = 1+ .&. 1!L
bl
kl
h
39, 129 2 I cI PI' PI hi
PI I
Iel
hi
+ [( I +
.!tl... P2 )2 + .!>L. P2 . ill]
I
cl
PI I
CI
PI I
b2
-:.-
). Ibl hi
I
t
I
where
1- ICI t
276.2
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO.
8-6
SUMMARY OF SOWTIONS
1I
26)
27)
28)
I

I
39, 44,
72, 83,
129, 134
39, 129
39
p. = .".2 EIel
er (k,hd
2
k, is determined from the expression
k, ( I + .1.sL. P2 ) = 1+ P2 h
Iel P, P, h,
+ _I_ f( 1+ l
e
2. P2 )2 + P2 .!!!.L]
6)., L lei PI Ie' PI I b2
2
P. - .". El e,
er - (k, hi )2
II. I is determined from the expression
k (I + = 1+ P2 .!!L
, 1 lei P, P, h,
+_1_ f.!R.L + (1+ .!L. P2 ) + I
e
2. P2 . hi]
6)" l Ii Ie I P, Ie' P, I b2
(a) when P, =P
2
but I
e
,:;I
e2
,the critical
load is given by
= .".2 Elei
Per (kh)2
where k is determined by solving the
expression
tan .". .!!.L tan .". . .!!.!. 1I eI ' =1I eI >
k h k h I
e
2 I
e
2
(b) when P, P
2
but lei = I
e2
=I, the critical
load is determined directly by solving the
expression
tan hi 1 , tan h21
.".2
E
I
Per = (kh)2
7 I S2
L
K = I T 24). + h I -A-
...

29)
30)
IP PI

II!'vI hi
G G
1 h
->- t _)-L-
I
I ,
o
39
39
where
I hi
). =l'h
for other notations
see Case (19)
See Case (29) for notations
276.2
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO.
31) t I
R>
39
Is
B-7
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
I 7 I S2
L
k=I+-( A+-A )+-I--
6 4 s h A
Ih
where As = 1
s
t
for other notations see Case (19)
32)
P Pm P
, , ,
1m
I 1. I t I
58
1T
2
EI
Per = (kh )2
c
k = 6 + 1.2T X .,12"'+P
3+0.IT f'2'+t
where
T=_I_+...2...
a
A 4
A= lA.!!.. p=..m. t = 1
m
a= 4I
e
let P Ie 12A
e
33)
34)
58 1+0.4T fffi+P

1+0.2T 2 + t
See Case (32)' for notations
....
-,
...'
58
k t ll+m)"1 4 +1.4 (t+6a )+0.02x
2'
( + 6a)
where
n = .E.!... (n 2)
P
(m I)
P
A = hh
Ie t

0.2
- 2 ...
t A
e
276.2
FRAME and LDADING REF. NO.
35)
SUMMARY OF SOLullONS
8-8
c..
J
t t t
m
58
k =11+0.43n' 'It(I +m) . i 1+0.35 (-t +6a) ,
I 2
-0.017 (>: + 6a)
See Case (34) for notation
36)
P Pm Pm P
,
I f
Ie A
e
I"
h
58
....

c2t
;I 37)

I I
58
.. .1; .Ip

6+ 1.2T l*+P
k = __
3+0.IT I+t
See Case (32) for notation
I+O.4T fFF+P
k = ....;.........;;;.;...;..;"".-
I +0.2T . 1+ t
. See Cose ( 32) for notations
38) PI 2 P P
21 ,21
1 1 h
21 21
21 1412] h
"
39) W




Ie. . h
t
44. 109.
131
39
_ E1
P
er
- 7.09 h2
k =I + [4 ( n -I ) + IJ
where
n= No. of Stories
').
'"
~ .
276.2
,.
Al':PENDIX'132
Summary of Solutions for rrames Carrying
Axial Force and Bending Moment
276.2
8-9
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO.
40)
p
~
p
. ' ~
33,101,
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
p = 7T
2
EIe
cr (kh)2
For the case I
b
=Ie , k values are given in
the following table
137,142
a
_I
- ~
L = h
a=i-
a=O
L =3h
a
- I a- I
-2 -'3"
a=O
k 2.361 2.358
2.328 3.092 3.054 2.917
41)
w=wt
,.u.,
7T
2
EI 96+ 48/X
W
er
= (2h)l' 48 + 40/X + ( 7T
2
+ 3d) / X
2
d = H t
Wh
The expression for Wer is derived for the
loading conditions shown in Fig. (b). Hence
the critical load determined by this
expressions is only an approximate solution
to the case shown in Fig. (a). Ref. 137
contains an exact solutions to this problem.
where
38,137
-l-
(b)
Ie
-d-
. (a) Ie h
!:i.- I- l-.J:i
1--1 - - = t _ ~
H I ~ l H
- -
42)
W = wt
38
The solution to this case can be obtained
by applying the solution of case (41) to
an equivalent pinned - base frame having
column height equal to hi' The value of
hi is so determined that the critical load
W2r of the equivalent frame is the same
as that of a column (length =h2) having
one end fixed and the other end hinged.
,r-a
276.2
FRAME and LDADING REF. NO.
43) W=w1..
~ . r . u
I
b
J
I
c
(a) I
c
Is
A
,.
"
..
HL-t!
" HI
38, 137
hi
7-
,-I-
j h
z
(b)
Hz J
,
H2
--
wt tw
2" 2"
44)
p p
w=wt
137
-)- " -)-.....
11---::"-'---1-1
8-10
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
\
The critical load for the case shown in
Fig. (a) can be determined by considering
two equivalent pinned:- base frames as
shown in Fig. (6). The column heights hi
and h
z
are so determined that the
critical loads for the two frames are
the same.
z
-p. - .". EIc
cr- (kh)2
For I
b
=I
c
,the volues of k are given in the
following table
p =yJ:l.... p=(I+ y).Jl....
2 2
L =h L =3h
y =0 I y =2 y=0 I y =2
k 2.350 I 2.335 3.020 I 2.953
45)
w=w'L
(a)
(b)
I
c
h
38
.".2 E1 96+48/A
W
cr
= (2h)2c 48 + 40/A +(.".z+ 3d) / A2
where
d = Om
Wh
The expression for W
cr
is derived for the
loading conditions shown in Fig. (b). It
gives good estimate of the critical load
of the frame shown in Fig. (a). An
exact solution can be obtained by the
procedure described in Ref. 142.
276.2
8-11
1"'\.
,

( ~ c
I
FRAME and LOADING REF. NO.
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS
46)
W=w1,
unUIIUUUU
The critical load can be obtained by
I
b
.gz ,- ..... applying the solution of case (45) to an
c'''!
equivalent pinned - base frame. The height
38
Ie Ie h
of the equivalent frame may be determined
in the manner described in case (42)
~ r '\, nr
47)
.".2EIe
48+ 24/Xn
w
Per = {2h)2 .
48 + 40/X
n
+ (.".2+ 3d) /X
n
2
, ... ilT ~
tt-
Ib
hi...!~
1,1
--h.
where
Ie
h
38
X= hh
I bl h
Ie
).=
-I e 'L I
H ~ H
Ie"
t
). _ 2
d = H1,
P P
n-X
I
+2X
2Ph
48)
The critical load can be computed by
,.I., ,.I. ...... .... uu
applying the solution for case (47) to an ,.Jh.
nHr
hi
38
equivalent pinned - base frame. The height
J-
h
of the equivalent frame, hi , may be
h
2
determined in the manner described in case ...... L-L ""","
(42)
49)
2lP
.".2 EI
~ r =
(kh )2
JL
I 1
,-
2
134,142
I I h
t=h tl:2h -t =3h
-)-
\,
-l-'-
k 2.480 2.767 3.116
I
.1
50)
2r
.".2 El
e
~ r =
(k h)2
I ' ~ ~
134
t = 5h I
b
I: 3 Ie k =2.784
I.e
Ie h
'-
I
t I
t = 5h I
b
= Ie k =4.265
276.2
AUTHOR INDEX

.,
Name "Ref. Nos. Name Ref. Nos.
AISC 122 Kollbrunner, C. F.
35
Allen, G. 85, 100 Koo, B.
50,54
Ariaratnam, s. T. 118 Krohn, R. 10
ASCE
144
Kroll, w. D. 32
Bahauddin, K. M. 119 Lee, A. Y. 60
Bergstrom, S. G. 59
Link, . M. J. 110
Bijlaard, P. P. 62 Livesley, R. K. 88,96
Biot, M. A.
37
Ljundber g, K. 6
Bleich, F. 5,8,11,16,18,23,30, 72 Loh, M. H.
49,54
Bleich, H. 18, 30 Low, M. w. 120
Bo
,
ley, B. A. 52, 68 Lu, L. w.
137,143,146
Bolton, A. 80,86,102,114;121 Lunquis t, .. E. E. .27,31,32
Borkmann, K. 22, 28 Matheson, J.A. L. 124
Bowles, R. E. 92,107 Masur, -E.
F.
7
1
,73,75,76,83
Brottom, D. M. 128 .. 99,142
BUltmann, w. 41,
43
Maugh, L. C. 51
Chandler, D. B. 84, 87, 96 McHinn, S. J. 140

Chang, I. C. 101,142 Merchant, w.
77,81,94
91
,92,95
Chilver, A. H.
93 .105,107,11 ,135,145

Chu, K. H. 126 Mises, R. v

9,14
Chwalla, E. 33,35,44,116
Moore, J. H.
65
Column Research Council 133
Mullen, J. F. 109
Diedrichs, L. 78
Muller-Breslau, H. 1,12
Donnell, L. H. 142
Murray, N. w. 89,103,112
Driscoll, G. C. , Jr. 146
Nardo, S. V. 68
Dunn, L. G.
47
Newell, J. S.
48
Enneper, P. 69 Niles, A. s.
48
Galambos, T. V. 129 Nutt, J. G. 117,125
Goldberg, J. E. 111,115,132 Ojalvo, M.
143
Gurney, T. R. 104
Perri, J. G.
56
Hansbo, s.
94
Pfluger, A. 67- .
HertvJig, A.
24
Pohl, K.
24
Hoff, N. J.
40,42,45,46,68,97
Prager, w.
25
Horne, M. R. 136,139
Puwein, M. G. 26,29,34,38
Hoyden, A.
74
Rabinovich, I. M. 138
HUs, P. T.
53, 54
Rashid, C. A.
114
HUlt, J.
123
Ratzersdofer, J.
14,15,21
James, B. w. 19
Saafan, S. A.

Japanese Column Research Sahmel, P.
Council
134
Salem, A. H.
108,114,135
Johnson, D. E. 131
Sechler, E. E.
47

Jokisch, F.
44
Sergev, s. I.
36
Karman, T. v.
37
Sievers, H.
39
-,
S.
17
Slavin, A.
55 J

Kaufman, S. 68
Smith, R.B.L.
90
Kavanagh, T.V. .57,61,63,64,65,66
Su, H. L.
130
.106,127
Timoshenko, S.
4,20
Kirste, L. 70, 98
Vaswani, H. P.
141
276.2
Name
vlastlund, G.
vlessman, H. E.
Westergaard, H. M.
Wilkesmann, F. W.
iVin ter, G.
1rlood, R. H.,
\.-mc
Yen, Y. c.
Zetterholm, P.
Zimmermann, H.
AUTHOR INDEX - 2
Ref. Nos.
59
63
7
74
54
113
144
146
17
2,3,13
,
_....~