CARCINOGEN PROFILE

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Pahs)

Evidence for PAH carcinogenicity in humans is mainly from occupational studies of workers exposed to PAH-containing mixtures. Human cancers associated with exposure to these types of mixtures occur predominantly in the lungs and skin following inhalation and dermal exposure, respectively (4). Due to the fact that PAHs are often found in complex mixtures, carcinogenic effects of individual PAHs are difficult to assess (5). Animal studies have shown that a number of pure PAHs are carcinogenic following inhalation, oral and dermal exposure (4). A number of different non-cancer adverse health effects associated with PAH exposure have been observed in humans and animals (4). Depending on the route of exposure, PAH exposure was found to be associated with decrements in lung function, skin inammation and lesions, and decreases in humoral immunity (4) PAHs have been ranked by CAREX Canada as Group A (immediate high priority) for both occupational and environmental settings. Prioritization was based on the carcinogenicity and other toxic properties of the substances, the prevalence of exposure in Canada, and the feasibility of assessing exposure.

Photo: Wikipedia Commons1

iaRC monograph Vol. 92, 2010 (Groups 1, 2a, 2b, and 3)

General information
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 100 chemicals formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and other organic substances such as tobacco and charbroiled meat (2-4). Refer to the IARC Monograph for the complete list of chemicals classified under the PAH group (2). PAHs occur naturally and generally occur as complex mixtures (i.e. in combustion products) (4). They can also be individually manufactured (4). Pure PAH chemicals can range from colourless to golden yellow with a faint pleasant odour (3,4). Most PAHs are insoluble in water (3). Different PAHs and occupational exposures associated with PAHs exposure have been classified by IARC into Group 1, 2A, 2B and 3 based on varying strengths of evidence of carcinogenicity in animal and human studies (2). Evidence for PAH carcinogenicity in humans is mainly from occupational studies of workers exposed to PAH-containing mixtures. Human cancers associated with exposure to these types of mixtures occur predominantly in the lungs and skin following inhalation and dermal exposure, respectively (4). Due to the fact that PAHs are often found in complex mixtures, carcinogenic effects of individual PAHs are difficult to assess (5). Animal studies have shown that a number of pure PAHs are carcinogenic following inhalation, oral and dermal exposure (4). A number of different non-cancer adverse health effects associated with PAH exposure have been observed in humans and animals (4). Depending on the route of exposure, PAH exposure was found to be associated with decrements in lung function, skin inammation and lesions, and decreases in humoral immunity (4) PAHs have been ranked by CAREX Canada as Group A (immediate high priority) for both occupational and environmental settings. Prioritization was based on the carcinogenicity and other toxic properties of the substances, the prevalence of exposure in Canada, and the feasibility of assessing exposure.

IARC Classication of PAHs and related occupational exposures (2)

iaRC Group exposure/substance occupational exposure during Coal gasification Coke production Coal tar distillation Chimney sweeping Paving and roofing with coal tar pitch Aluminum production substance benzo[a]pyrene occupational exposure during Carbon electrode manufacture substances Creosotes Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene substances 5-methylchrysene benz[j]aceanthrylene benz[a]anthracene benzo[b]uoranthene benzo[j]uoranthene benzo[k]uoranthene benzo[c]phenanthrene Chyrsene dibenzo[a,h]pyrene dibenzo[a,i]pyrene indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

1 (Carcinogenic to humans)

2a (Probably carcinogenic to humans)

2b (Possibly carcinogenic to humans)

3 (Not classifiable re: carcinogenicity to humans)

All other PAHs

Regulations and Guidelines

Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)
CanaDian JURisDiCtions Canada Labour Code SK QC NT, NU MB, NL, PE, NS BC, AB, ON, NB, YT oel (mg/m3) BEI suggested (no level given) 0.2 [PPAH] [ds] 0.6 [stel] 0.2 [EM] (volatile coal tar pitch) 0.2 [PPAH] 0.6 [stel] BEI suggested (no level given) None listed

Main Uses
PAHs are primarily by-products of incomplete combustion and petroleum product production and processing. Most pure PAHs are not used in commercial production or processes except for use in various research laboratories (3,4) Some pure PAHs, such as anthracene and acenphthene, are used as in dye production and in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals (4). PAHs are present in coal tar and other products derived from coal tar such as coal tar pitch, creosote, bitumen and asphalt (3). Coal tar and associated coal tar products may be used as a fuel, in road and roof paving, in carbon electrode manufacturing and in wood preservation (3).

Use in Canada
Searches of MSDS and industry databases yielded the following results on current usage of PAHs in Canada: Database (ReF) CCOHS MSDS (10) Industry Canadas CCC (11) seaRCh teRm(s) 19 MSDS PAH Analytical standards, purification systems, chemical preparations 2 companies Remediation and analytical services ResUlt

otheR JURisDiCtions ACGIH 2008 TLV

oel (mg/m3) BEI suggested (no level given)

mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter BEI = biological exposure index PPAH = particulate PAH ds = designated substance STEL = short term exposure limit (15 min. maximum) EM = exposure must be reduced to the minimum

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Canadian Environmental Guidelines

JURisDiCtion Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines limit (mg/l) Benzo[a]pyrene 0.00001 mg/L (MAC) Exposures to PAHs should be kept to a minimum by - Ensuring that any combustion systems are properly installed, maintained, and operated under conditions of satisfactory ventilation - Adhering to Health Canadas guidelines and recommendations for YeaR (ReF)

Canadian Production & trade

No quantitative Canadian commercial production and trade information was found for PAH as a group in Camford Information Services or TradeMap (13,14).

2010 (6)

Occupational Exposures
Inhalation and dermal exposure are main routes of exposure to PAHs in occupational settings (4). Highly exposed occupations include workers in coal tar production and distillation, coal gasification, coke production, paving and roofing using coal tar, creosote wood preservation, aluminum production, carbon electrode manufacture, mining, metal working, calcium carbide production, municipal trash incinerators, petroleum industries, chemical production and transportation, electrical industries and chimney sweeping (2,4). In some industries, such as aluminum production, benzo[a]pyrene levels can reach up to 100 g/m3, which is more than 10,000 times higher than typical ambient air concentrations (2).

Residential Indoor Air Quality

1987 (7)

Environmental Exposures
YeaR (ReF) Environmental exposure to PAHs primarily occur through the inhalation of tobacco smoke, wood fire smoke, and contaminated air as well as ingestion of contaminated water and various foods. Dermal exposure upon contact with creosote treated wood, soot or tar could also occur (2, 3) In Canada, forest fires are the greatest natural source of PAHs in the environment, releasing approximately 2000 tonnes of PAHs every year (47% of total atmospheric emissions). However, because forest fires occur at different times and in different locations, high exposures are not occurring in any specific area or population (5). Other natural sources of PAHs include volcanoes, crude oil, and shale oil (4).

Canadian Agencies/Organizations
aGenCY DesiGnation/Position Benzo[a]pyrene: low priority substance (already risk managed) Creosote & Chrysene: high priority substance with low potential for exposure Schedule 1, paragraphs a and c

Health Canada

(10)

CEPA

(11)

CARCINOGEN PROFILE: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (Pahs)

According to a 1994 Canadian government report, the largest source of anthropogenic source of atmospheric PAHs was aluminum smelting, releasing 925 tonnes of PAHs per year (5). Other significant human sources of PAHs release into the air include residential wood heating (474 t/yr); agricultural burning and open fires (358 t/yr); the incineration of wood waste by saw mills (249 t/yr); and transportation (201 t/yr) (5). Median ambient concentrations of PAHs in Canadian communities ranged from 7.2 ng/m3 in rural areas to 693 ng/m3 in areas near aluminum smelters (5). Urban concentrations of background PAHs were consistently higher than rural areas in both US and Canada (4,5). PAHs are found in smoked, barbequed, deep fried and charcoal- broiled foods, cereals and grains, meats, and vegetables (particularly those grown in contaminated areas) (3,4). Detectable levels of PAHs were found in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water in Canada, although levels are typically low as PAHs are insoluble in water (4,5). One study estimated that, for a typical American male, exposures to carcinogenic PAHs through inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and ingestion of drinking water ranged from 0.02-3 g/ day, 1-9 g/day, and 0.0002-0.12 g/day, respectively (15). A search of the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) yielded the following results on current environmental release of PAHs in Canada:

NPRI Reported Releases

nPRi 2009 (16) Search Term: Results: CateGoRY Released into Environment Disposed of Sent to off-site recycling PAHs, total unspeciated 21 companies QUantitY 2,419 t (air: 2,410) 138 t 2.1 t inDUstRY Mining, manufacturing, pulp and paper industries.

soURCes
1. Wikipedia Commons (2011) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/c/c0/Polycyclic_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons.png IARC (2006) Monograph, Volume 92 http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/ Monographs/vol92/index.php 7. 3. US Department of Health and Human Services (2005) NTP 11th report on carcinogens for Polycylic Acomatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 15 Listings [LINK] http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/ s150pah.pdf ATSDR (1995) Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/ tp.asp? id=122&tid=25 Priority Substances List assessment report (CEPA) for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1994) http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/ alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/psl1lsp1/hydrocarb_ aromat_polycycl/hydrocarbons-hydrocarbureseng.pdf 6. Health Canada (2010) Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water http:// www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecssesc/pdf/pubs/water- eau/2010-sum_guide-res_recom/sum_guideres_recom-eng.pdf Health Canada (1987) Exposure Guidelines for Residential Indoor Air Quality http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecssesc/pdf/ pubs/air/exposure-exposition/exposure-exposition-eng.pdf Health Canada (2006) Categorization of the Domestic Substances List under CEPA http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewhsemt/contaminants/existsub/ categor/_result_substance/indexeng.php Environment Canada (2010) Toxic Substances List CEPA Schedule 1 http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=0DA2924D1&wsdoc=4ABEFFC8-5BEC-B57A-F4BF-11069545E434 CCOHS (2011) MSDS database http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/msds/search. html

2.

8.

4.

9.

5.

10.

CARCINOGEN PROFILE: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (Pahs)

11.

Industry Canada (2011) Canadian Company Capabilitieshttp://strategis. ic.gc.ca/app/ccc/srch/cccBscSrch.do? lang=eng&prtl=1&app=1 ChemSources (2011) Database for international chemical suppliers (free subscription required) http://db.chemsources.com/cgibin/foxweb.exe/ validate_user@csi/login Camford Information Services (2005) CPI Product Profiles TradeMap (2011) Canadian international trade (free subscription required) http://www.trademap.net/canada/en/login.htm Menzie et al. (1992) Ambient concentrations and exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 26(7):12781284. Environment Canada (2009) The National Pollutant Release Inventory http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/websol/querysite/query_e.cfm

12.

13. 14.

15.

16.

Published march 2011

We are CAREX Canada, a research unit based in the School of Environmental Health in the University of British Columbia and funded by Health Canada through the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer. We are developing estimates of the number of Canadians exposed to carcinogens in workplace and community environments. These estimates have been compiled to the best of our ability using the data, the facilities and other resources available to us and are for general information only. While every effort has been made to ensure that this information is accurate and current, we assume no responsibility for errors, omissions or outdated information provided on this fact sheet. This information is not intended to serve as medical advice, diagnosis, treatment nor care, and should not replace proper consultation with healthcare professionals. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before making medical decisions or if you have questions about your individual medical situation. The views expressed herein represent the views of CAREX Canada.

CAREX Canada School of Environmental Health University of British Columbia 3rd Floor Library Processing Center 2206 East Mall Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3 Canada T. 604-822-0837 F. 604-822-9588 E. info@carexcanada.ca www.carexcanada.ca

CARCINOGEN PROFILE: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (Pahs)