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1 History 1.1 Antecedent theoretical developments 1.2 Birth and evolution of the discipline 1.

3 In popular media 2 Practice 2.1 Business function 2.2 Careers 3 Education 3.1 Higher education 3.2 Professional associations 4 Publications 5 See also 6 References History Nearing the 21st century, advances in transportation and communications greatly facilitated workforce mobility and collaboration. Corporations began viewing employees as assets rather than as cogs in a machine. "Human resources management", consequently, became the dominant term for the functionthe ASPA even changing its name to SHRM in 1998.[5] "Human capital management" is sometimes used synonymously with HR, although human capital typically refers to a more narrow view of human resources; i.e., the knowledge the individuals embody and can contribute to an organization. Likewise, other terms sometimes used to describe the field include "organizational management", "manpower management", "talent management", "personnel management", and simply "people management". In popular media HR has been depicted in several popular media. On the U.S. television series of The Office, HR representative Toby Flenderson is sometimes seen as a nag because he constantly reminds coworkers of company policies and government regulations.[6] Long-running American comic strip Dilbert also frequently portrays sadistic HR policies through character Catbert, the "evil director of human resources".[7] Additionally, an HR manager is the title character in the 2010 Israeli film The Human Resources Manager, while an HR intern is the protagonist in 1999 French film Ressources humaines. Additionally, the BBC sitcom dinnerladies main character Philippa is an HR manager Practice Business function Dave Ulrich lists the functions of HR as: aligning HR and business strategy, reengineering organization processes, listening and responding to employees, and managing transformation and change.[8]

In practice, HR is responsible for employee experience during the entire employment lifecycle. It is first charged with attracting the right employees through employer branding. It then must select the right employees through the recruitment process. HR then onboards new hires and oversees their training and development during their tenure with the organization. HR assesses talent through use of performance appraisals and then rewards them accordingly. In fulfillment of the latter, HR may sometimes administer payroll and employee benefits, although such activities are more and more being outsourced, with HR playing a more strategic role. Finally, HR is involved in employee terminations - including resignations, performance-related dismissals, and redundancies. At the macro-level, HR is in charge of overseeing organizational leadership and culture. HR also ensures compliance with employment and labor laws, which differ by geography, and often oversees health, safety, and security. In circumstances where employees desire and are legally authorized to hold a collective bargaining agreement, HR will typically also serve as the company's primary liaison with the employee's representatives (usually a labor union). Consequently, HR, usually through industry representatives, engages in lobbying efforts with governmental agencies (e.g., in the United States, the United States Department of Labor and the National Labor Relations Board) to further its priorities. The discipline may also engage in mobility management, especially pertaining to expatriates; and it is frequently involved in the merger and acquisition process. HR is generally viewed as a support function to the business, helping to minimize costs and reduce risk.[9] Careers There are almost half a million HR practitioners in the United States and thousands more worldwide.[10] The Chief HR Officer is the highest ranking HR executive in most companies and typically reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer and works with the Board of Directors on CEO succession.[11][12] Within companies, HR positions generally fall into one of two categories: generalist and specialist. Generalists support employees directly with their questions, grievances, and projects. They "may handle all aspects of human resources work, and thus require an extensive range of knowledge. The responsibilities of human resources generalists can vary widely, depending on their employer's needs."[13] Specialists, conversely, work in a specific HR function. Some practitioners will spend an entire career as either a generalist or a specialist while others will obtain experiences from each and choose a path later. Being an HR manager consistently ranks as one of the best jobs, with a #4 ranking by CNN Money in 2006 and a #20 ranking by the same organization in 2009, due to its pay, personal satisfaction, job security, future growth, and benefit to society.[14][15]

Human resource consulting is a related career path where individuals may work as advisers to companies and complete tasks outsourced from companies. In 2007, there were 950 HR consultancies globally, constituting a USD $18.4 billion market. The top five revenue generating firms were Mercer, Ernst & Young, Deloitte, Watson Wyatt (now part of Towers Watson), Aon (now merged with Hewitt), and PwC consulting.[16] For 2010, HR consulting was ranked the #43 best job in America by CNN Money.[17] Education Higher education Further information: List of human resource management graduate degree programs The School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University was the world's first school for college-level study in HR. Several universities offer programs of study pertaining to HR and related fields. The School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University was the world's first school for college-level study in HR.[18] It continues to offer education at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels; and it operates a joint degree program with the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, which HR Patriot termed the "crown jewel for aspiring HR professionals".[19] Other universities with entire colleges dedicated to the study of HR include Michigan State University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Renmin University of China. Dozens of other universities house departments and institutes related to the field, either within a business school or in another college. Professional associations Main article: List of human resource management associations HR education also comes by way of professional associations, which offer training and certification. The Society for Human Resource Management, which is based in the United States, is the largest professional association dedicated to HR,[10] with over 250,000 members in 140 countries.[20] It offers a suite of Professional in Human Resources (PHR) certifications through its HR Certification Institute. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, based in England, is the oldest professional HR association,with its predecessor institution being founded in 1918. Several associations also serve niches within HR. The Institute of Recruiters (IOR) is a recruitment professional association, offering members education, support and training.[21] WorldatWork focuses on "total rewards" (i.e., compensation, benefits, work life, performance, recognition, and career development), offering several certifications and training programs dealing with remuneration and work-life balance. Other niche associations include the American Society for Training & Development and Recognition Professionals International. Publications Academic and practitioner publications dealing exclusively with HR:

Cornell HR Review HR Magazine (SHRM) Human Resource Management (John Wiley & Sons) Human Resource Management Review (Elsevier) International Journal of Human Resource Management (Taylor & Francis) Perspectives on Work (LERA) Related publications: Academy of Management Journal Academy of Management Review Administrative Science Quarterly (Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management) Organization Science (INFORMS) See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Human resources management Aspiration Management Organizational behavior Organizational theory References Library resources About Human resource management Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ^ Merkle, Judith A. Management and Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03737-5. ^ Mayo, Elton (1945). "Hawthorne and the Western Electric Company". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 28 December 2011. ^ "About CIPD". Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Retrieved 22 December 2011. ^ "About Cornell ILR". Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Retrieved 2010-01-29. ^ a b "About SHRM". Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved 22 December 2011. ^ O'Brien, Michael (October 8, 2009). "HR's Take on The Office". Human Resource Executive Online. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011. ^ "Catbert shows tougher side to human resources". Personnel Today. August 30, 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

^ Ulrich, Dave (1996). Human Resource Champions. The next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 087584-719-6. OCLC 34704904. ^ Towers, David. "Human Resource Management essays". Retrieved 2007-10-17. ^ a b Jonathan E. DeGraff (21 February 2010). "The Changing Environment of Professional HR Associations". Cornell HR Review. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ Wright, Patrick. "The 2011 CHRO Challenge: Building Organizational, Functional, and Personal Talent". Cornell Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS). Retrieved 3 September 2011. ^ Conaty, Bill, and Ram Charan (2011). The Talent Masters: Why Smart Leaders Put People Before Numbers. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-46026-4. ^ "Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Managers and Specialists". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011. ^ "Human Resources Manager". CNN Money. 2006. Retrieved 23 December 2011. ^ "Human Resources Manager". CNN Money. 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2011. ^ "Towers Watson Executives See Growth Ahead For Merged Firms". Workforce Management. 2007. Retrieved January 13, 2010. ^ "HR consultant". CNN Money. Retrieved 23 December 2011. ^ "About Cornell ILR". Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Retrieved 23 August 2009. ^ "HR Graduate Program Rankings". HR Patriot. 2009-04-26. Retrieved 201007-05. ^ SHRM Website: About SHRM ^ "About IOR". Institute of Recruiters (IOR). Retrieved 22 December 2011. [hide] v t e Management Outline of business management Index of management articles Manager Management branches Finance Human resources Information technology Marketing Operations/production

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The airline industry has always been competitive. In an analysis of the most profitably investments as per our class discussion, surprisingly, airlines come in at the lowest return on each dollar invested at around 2.5%. Southwest Airlines experienced 30 consecutive years of profit a mere two years after its founding in 1971. Many airports began requesting Southwest service for their passengers, but throughout Southwests expansion, the company aimed to maintain a manageable growth rate and focus on their core competencies of low price fares that would compete with the cost of driving to the destination. In the mid 1990s, the major carriers entered into price wars to undercut competition. Although, these dealings did affect Southwests bottom line, Southwest still manage to continue to turn a profit and expand due to their expansion into a reservation system and their commitment to a culture and experience that passengers were drawn to. 2). What is the competitive advantage that the company obtained as discussed in the case? Southwest Airlines competitive advantages are their point-to-point services which are generally targeting the frequent business traveler. With several regular flights per day, if a passenger happens to miss their flight, they will be automatically booked onto another flight. Secondly, Southwest strategically secured routes through secondary airports which generally had lower fixed costs for the airlines and less congestions for passengers ease. Finally, Southwest focused on quick, reliable turnaround time using only one version of aircraft, allowing for familiarity among staff and greater efficiency in turnaround. Passengers were not assigned seats, simply boarding sections, which allowed for passenger loading to be conducted more efficiently. The traditional airline model is the Hub and Spoke model, which in essence takes most passengers from the origination, through the hub, and then transfers them to their destination. Southwests point to point system was more reliable because it did not depend on the on time arrival of an earlier flight for departure. Southwest also implemented the first and most simplistic frequent-flier program: purchase eight flights and get one free. Southwests initially connected with four computer reservation and ticketing systems and also the powerful SABRE system. This allowed travel agents to view flight information and even print tickets. In 1994, Southwest was only connected through the SABRE systems which pushed Southwest to develop the ticketless travel program as well as Southwest.com. 3). What strategy and/or model was used or implemented in this case?

Bargaining power of buyers

Porters 5 Competitive Forces Model Threa ts Southwest vs. All other Airlines

Threat of substitute

Bargaining power of suppliers

Threat of new entrants Bargaining Power

Southwest airlines does struggle against the threat of substitutes much like any other airline and in this case the threat of substitutes is the decision to use an alternate form of travel, such as driving or taking a train. The airline industry is sensitive to tragedy such as when there is a plane crash or an event like 9/11; consumers tend to switch to a substitute or chose not to travel in the first place. Southwests best defense is a strong PR campaign, which we saw after 9/11 when the company launched ads saying that when America is ready to fly again, Southwest will be there.

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