Assignment: Exercise 8 Question1: 1.

1> Population Population in this study is incorrect because this study doesnt state the population. Fathers and premature infants are population. 1.2> Sample Sample is fathers and premature infants admitted into the NICU of university hospital in southern Thailand during July-November 2006. Sample in this study is correct. 1.3> Sample size Sample size in this study is not appropriate because according to Polit and Beck (2004) if the study base on the effect size 0.70, power 0.80 and alpha 0.05 the sample size must be 32/group but in this study only 26/group. 1.4> Sampling technique The sampling technique of this study is appropriate. Purposive sampling was used in the selection process

because of limitation of the number of premature infant in this study and computer minimization technique was used to divide sample in to control group and kangaroo care group to control confounding variable.

Question2: Independent variable: Kangaroo care Dependent variable: Paternal positive feel and perceived self-efficacy Population is low birth weight infant in Thailand. 2.1>We use proportional estimation form the population. We identify the number of low birth infant in Thailand. Population is 95,000 (Unicef, 2000). Using calculation of Yamane; n= N/ (1+Ne2) n= sample N= population = 95,000 e= error (estimate5%) n = 95,000/ {1+ [95,000x (0.5)2]} = 398.32

Sampling= 398 2.2> Purposive sampling was used in the selection process because of limitation of the number of low birth weight infant in Thailand. This technique can control confounding variable and make the sample has characteristic because we define inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cluster sampling technique is appropriate for a large sample at a lower cost. The Influence of Breastfeeding Attitude and Subjective Norm on Intention to Exclusive Breastfeeding of Mothers in Dhaka, Bangladesh Question 1:Based on the provided information, please analyze and critique the following topics in terms of definition, correctness, clarification, and completeness. Try to write, provide rational and suggestion if those are still incorrect, incomplete or unclear. 1.1 Population Population is the group of patients that the researcher wants to draw conclusions about. According to the research topic, supposed the population of this study

was the mothers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. But the researcher stated that the population in this study was all postpartum mothers admitted in the postnatal ward, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. So, that the population in this study is unclear.

1.2 Sample Sample in this study should be the postpartum mothers admitted in the postnatal ward, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. But the researcher stated that is the population of this study. So that, the sample in this study is not complete and not clear. 1.3 Sample size The sample size in this study is correct because the researcher use Thorndikes formula to calculate the sample size: n (10k) + 50

From the calculation, the researcher supposed to have at least 70 samples but the researcher only got 65 samples. The researcher use the Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) that they need only 30 sample per independent variable to perform regression analysis. 1.4 Sampling technique Purposive sampling is the sample is selected based on the purpose of the study and because of some characteristics (http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-ofSamples/a/Purposive-Sample.htm). Samplingtechnique in this study is correct, complete and clear because the researcher describe the inclusion criteria of the mother and the infants. Question 2: If you want to do the research which consists of the similar independent and dependent variables as the previous study 1 and 2 but with different population and sample (replication with other sample), please answer the

following questions: The Influence of Breastfeeding Attitude and Subjective Norm on Intention to Exclusive Breastfeeding of PrimiparaMothers in Hong Kong. 2.1 Please demonstrate how to estimate or calculate sample size. Please provide reasons that you choose those methods. According to Yamane: n = N/ (1+Ne )
2

n = sample N = population = 123 069 (Lau, 2009) E = error (estimate 5%)

= 123 069/ (1 + (123 069 x (0.05) )

2

= 399 We choose this calculation method because we have the number of population of primipara mothers in Hong Kong. 2.2 Please identify sampling technique and rational that you use that technique.

A purposive sampling method was used to recruit the eligible subjects who meet the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the postpartum mothers were normal labor, no flat or inverted nipple, no history of AIDS or HIV infection, no skin lesions that is communicable to infant; and the inclusion criteria for the infants were healthy full term infants and no cleft lip or cleft palate.