ROOF DESIGN

1. ROOF LOADING
1.1

LIVE LOAD
ROOF CATEGORY (EBCS-1, 1995 TABLE 2.13)
Roof not accessible except for normal maintenance, repair, painting
&minor repairs are under category H.
Imposed load on roof for slope category H
Roof is

qk=0.25 KN/m2
Qk= 1KN

1.2

WIND LOAD

A. DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE (We)

The wind pressure acting on external surface of a structure.
We, shall be obtained from
We = qref Ce ( ze )C pe ---------------------EBCS-1, 1995

Eqn 3.1

Where qref = reference mean wind velocity pressure derived from

reference wind

velocity.

Ce = exposure coefficient accounting for the terrain & height above

the ground up to a height z.
(Ze) = reference height for the relevant pressure coefficient.
B. DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE WIND PRESSURE (qref)
qref =

v 2 ref

EBCS-1, 1995 sec. 3.7.1

Where:
1. r=air density (kg/m3) considering altitude of the place above
mean sea level
Addis Ababa is found above sea level of 2000m
r = 0.94 kg/m3 EBCS-1,1995 table 3.1
2. vref = reference wind velocity
vref

= CDIRCTEMCALT

vref

, 0 ..EBCS-1, 1995 sec. 3.7.2(2)

Mean return period 50 years..EBCS-1,1995 sec. 3.7.2(1)

Where
CDIR =is the direction factor taken as 1
CTEM = is the temporary (seasonal) factor to be taken as 1
CALT = is the altitude factor to be taken as 1
vref , 0 = is the basic value of reference wind velocity to be

taken as 22m/s.
vref = CDIRCTEMCALT

vref

,0 EBCS-1,1995- eqn. 3.7

=1*1*1*22m/se
=22m/se
Reference wind pressure ( qref )
qref =
qref =

v 2 ref

0.94
* 22 2 =227.48
2

C. DETERMINATION OF EXPOSSURE COEFFICIENT, Ce (z).

The exposure coefficient taken in to account, (Ce, z). The effect of

Terrain roughness

Topography and

Height above ground on the mean wind speed and turbulence

..EBCS-1, 1995 sec.3.8.5 (1)

For codification purpose it has been assumed that the quasi-static

gust load is

determined from. EBCS-1, 1995 sec. 3.8.5(2)

7 kT
2
2
Ce ( z ) = Cr ( z ) Ct ( z ) 1 +
.EBCS-1, 1995 eqn.3.15
C r ( z ) Ct ( z )

Where:
kT = is the terrain factor defined as (for terrain category IV) urban areas
in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with building & their
average height exceeds 15m.
kT =0.24 ...EBCS-1, 1995 tab.3.2
Cr (z) = the roughness coefficient account for the variability of mean
wind velocity at the site of the structure due to

The height above the ground level (z)

The roughness of the terrain depending on the wind direction

...EBCS-1, 1995 sec.3.8.2

Cr (z), at height z is defined by logarithmic profile

One of the two cases must satisfy
z

Case-1 Cr ( z ) = K T ln
z0

for zmin <= z <= 200mEBCS-1, 1995

eqn.3.10
z
Case-2 Cr ( z ) = Cr ( z min ) = K T ln min for z < zmin
z0

Where:
z0= the roughness length from ..................EBCS-1, 1995 tab 3.2
zmin= the minimum height from .................EBCS-1, 1995 tab 3.2
For category IV

z0= 1m
zmin= 16m

And height of building z = 16.50m

zmin= 16m < z = 16.50m .satisfies case 1
Roughness coefficient
z
Cr ( z ) = K T ln
z0

= 0.24 ln (16.50/1) = 0.673

Topography coefficient accounts for the increase of mean
wind speed over isolated hill & ridges.
Ct (z) = 1

.................EBCS-1, 1995 sec. 3.8.4(2)

Exposure coefficient

7 kT
2
2
Ce ( z ) = Cr ( z ) Ct ( z ) 1 +

C r ( z ) Ct ( z )
2

= 0.673 *1 (1+(7*0.24)/(0.673*1)) = 1.5836

pe

D. DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (C

(z))

External pressure coefficient for hipped roofs.

0

For wind direction = 0

For wind direction =

90

0 1.50
Wind

15
0

90
.
H=16.5

10.45

=0

1.50

15.00

h=16.5
0

= 90
23.90

20.70
o= tan-1(1.5*2/20.7)=8.250

90= tan-1(1.5*2/10.45)=8.170

Reference height: ze=h=16.50m

ze=h=16.50m

Reference height:
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller

9.24

0.74

10.35

9.24

18.38

2.39 7.96

5.52

b=cross wind dimension

e=b=23.90 or e=2h=2*16.50=33 e=23.90

23.90

5.975=
20.70

10.25

300
10.35

5.975=

3.10
2.07=

8.28

13.55

10.35

e=b=20.70 or e=2h=33 e=20.70

FOR WIND DIRECTION =900
Imposed areas
F = 2.07*3.175=6.75

=2*(6.75+2.12)=17.74m2

o.5*2.07*2.05=2.12
G = 2.07*10.25=21.22 m2
H = 0.5*16.60*8.38=69.55 m2
I = 0.5*16.56*8.33=68.97 m2

10.45

J = (0.5*20.70*10.45)-68.97=39.19 m2
L = 2.07*10.35=21.42 m2
M=0.5*8.28*8.28=34.28 m2*2=68.56 m2
N=0.5*(21.83+3.10)*10.35-34.28=94.73 m2*2 =189.466 m2
FOR WIND DIRECTION =00
F=3.562*2.39=8.51
=0.5*2.413*2.39=2.88

=2(8.51+2.88)=22.78 m2

G=11.95*2.39=28.56 m2
H=0.5(18.38+3)*7.96=85.01 m2
I=0.5(0.74+19.12)*7.96=79.04 m2
J=2.39*7.96=19.02*2=38.05 m2
K=0.5(3+5.52)*2.39=10.18 m2
L=0.5(10.45*20.70)-84.49=23.67*2=47.34 m2
M=0.5(9.24*18.31)=84.59*2=168.18 m2
Roof 0 = 8.27o
Region

Cpe,10

-1.7

-1.2

-0.6

-0.3

-0.6

0.6

-0.6

Cpe,1

5
5

-2.5
0.0

-2.0
0.0

-1.2
0.0

-0.3
0.0

-0.6
0.0

0.6
0.0

-1.2
0.0

Cpe,10

15

-0.9

-0.8

-0.3

-0.5

-1.0

-1.2

-0.6

Cpe,1

15
15

-2.0
0.2

-1.5
0.2

-0.3
0.2

-0.5
0.0

-1.5
0.0

-2.0
0.0

1.2
0.0

Cpe,10

-1.440

-1.070

-0.503

-0.365

-0.730

0.015

-0.600

Cpe,1

-2.338

-1.838

-0.908

-0.365

-0.893

-0.245

-0.420

Cpe,10

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Cpe,1

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Roof 0 = 8.17o

Region

Cpe,10

-1.7

-1.2

-0.6

-0.3

-0.6

-1.2

-0.4

Cpe,1

5
5

-2.5
0.0

-2.0
0.0

-1.2
0.0

-0.3
0.0

-0.6
0.0

-2.0
0.0

-0.4
0.0

Cpe,10

15

-0.9

-0.8

-0.3

-0.5

-1.0

-1.4

-0.3

Cpe,1

15
15

-2.0
0.2

-1.5
0.2

-0.3
0.2

-0.5
0.0

-1.5
0.0

-2.0
0.0

-0.3
0.0

Cpe,10

90

-1.446

-1.073

-0.505

-0.363

-0.727

-1.263

-0.368

Cpe,1

90

-2.342

-1.842

-0.915

-0.363

-0.885

-2.000

-0.368

Cpe,10

90

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Cpe,1

90

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

External Wind Pressure calculation at = 0o

F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M

Qref
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5

Ce(z)
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584

Cpe
-1.440
0.065
-1.070
0.065
-0.503
0.065
-0.365
-0.730
0.015
-1.265
-0.600

We(KN/m2)
-0.519
0.023
-0.386
0.023
-0.181
0.023
-0.132
-0.263
0.005
-0.456
-0.216

External Wind Pressure calculation at = 90o

F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M

Qref
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5
227.5

Ce(z)
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584
1.584

Cpe
-1.446
0.063
-1.073
0.063
-0.505
0.063
-0.363
-0.727
-1.263
-0.600
-0.368

1.3 DESIGN OF ROOF COVER (DESIGN OF EGA)

Maximum wind load (critical wind load) is

We(KN/m2)
-0.521
0.023
-0.387
0.023
-0.182
0.023
-0.131
-0.262
-0.455
-0.216
-0.133

WL=-0.521 KN/m2from computation

Live load from ..EBCS-1, 1995

Distributed live load

Concentrated live load Qk=1KN

Purlin spacing=1.5m

qk=0.25 KN/m2

Take EGA-300 from KMPF manual

Thickness t=0.5mm, section modulus Sx=1970
Load W=3.92kg/m
Uniform load carrying capacity =1.36KPa=ULC
Load computation for roof cover
EGA width is 0.90m
EGA load in KN/m2
DLEGA=(3.92Kn/m)/(0.90m)
DLEGA =

3.92 KN / m 10
*
= 0.044 KN / m 2
0.92m
1000

Case -1
Pd=LLq+DL
=1.6 qk+1.3 Gk
=1.6*0.25+1.3(0.044)
=1.6*0.25*cos(8.25)+1.3(0.044)
=0.453KN/m2<ULC=1.36KN/m2--------------ok!
Case-2
Pd=WL+DL
=1.6*WL+0.9Gk
=1.6*(-0.521)+0.9*0.044
=-0.794KN/m2<ULC=1.36KN/m2-------------ok!
Case-3
Pd=LLq+DL
=1.6Qk+1.3Gk
=1.6*1*cos(8.25)+1.3*0.044
=1.58KN+0.0572KN/m2

Moment calculation
Because of in case 3 the value is greater than 1.36KN/m2 we shall compute
the section modulus for case 3
M =

PL Wl 2 1.58 *1.5 0.0572 *1.52

+
=
+
= 0.609 KNm / m
4
8
4
8

Section modulus, SX
Allowable carrying capacity of roof is 250N/mm2
Sx =

all

0.609 *10 6 Nmm / m

= 2434.4mm3
250 N / mm 2

From table of KMPF manual selec EGA sheet having section of modulus
x

S >2434
3

Take section of modulus Sx =2749mm

Section property
Thikness t=0.7mm
Weight w=5.49kg\m
Capacity=1.90kpa
Dead Load of EGA=

5.49 *10
= 0.061kn / m 2
1000 * 0.9

Perpendicular dead load of EGA Ro0f is

DL EGA =O.O61 cos8.25
=0.0604
Load computation at

0=8.25

Case 1
Pd=LLq+DL
=1.6qk+1.3Gk
=1.6*0.25COS8.25+1.3(0.0604)
=0.474KN/m2
Case 2

Pd=WL+DL
=1.6WL+0.9GK
=1.6*O.521+0.9(0.0604)
=0.834KN/m2
Case 3
Pd=LLQK+DL
=1.6QK+1.3GK
=1.6*1*cos8.25+1.3(0.0604)
=1.583KN+0.0785KN/m2
Moment Computation
Case1
M=Pd L2/8=0.474*1.52/8=0.133KNm/m
Case 2
M=PdL2/8=0.834*1.52/8=0.235kNm/m
Case 3
M=Pd*L/4+PdL2/8
=1.583*1.5/4+0.0785*1.52/8
=0.594+0.0221
=0.616kNm/m
Section modulus computation
SX=M/rall=0.616*106Nmm/m/250N/mm2
2464.31mm3<2749mm3 ..ok
Take EGA-3OO Sectional property
SX=2749mm2
t=0.7mm
w=5.49kg/m

w=0.061KN/m2

capacity=1.90KPa
1.4 purlin Design
Materials used:
1; EGA sheet ,e-300
Weight W=5.49kg/m*9.81/100=0.061KN/m 2*0.9m=0.0549KN/m2

Thickness t=0.7mm=0.0007m
2;ZIGBA PURLIN
Unit weight =6KN/m3
Allowable stress, ball=6.9Mpa.
C/C purlin spacing=0.9m
Cross sectional area=50x70mm
Truss spacing=1.5m
A/ INTERIOR PURLIN
Dead load computation
DL EGA=0.055KN/m
DL Purlin=0.05*0.07*6=0.021KN/m
Total dead load, DL=0.076KN/m
LOAD COMPUTATION
Note:
1.Wind pressure is acts on the areas of the surface producing force
normal to the surface of the structure (EBCS-1-1995 SEC.3.4.1(1))
2.The characteristics values Qk&qk are related to the projected area of
the roof under consideration(EBCS-1-1995 sec.2.6.3.4.2(1))
WIND LOADS
WL+=0.023KN/m2
WL-=0.521KN/m2
X-Components
DLGK=0.076sin8.25=0.0109KN/m
LLqk=0.25*0.9sin8.25=0.0323KN/m
LLQK=1*sin8.25=0.1435KN/m
Y-components
DLGK=0.076cos8.25=0.0752KN/m
LLqk=0.25*0.9cos8.25=0.2227KN/m
LLQK=1*cos8.25=0.9897KN/m
WL=0.023*0.9=0.0207KN/m

COMBINATION
X-direction
Case1: Pdx=dead load distributed live load
=1.3Gk+1.6qL
=1.3*0.0109+1.6*0.0323
=0.0659KN/m
Case 2:Pdx=Dead load +Concentrated live load
=1.3Gk+1.6qk
=1.3*0.0109 +1.6*0.1435
=0.244KN/m
Y-directionCase1:Pdy=dead load +distributed live load
=1.3Gk+1.6qk
=1.3(0.0752) +1.6(0.2227)
=0454KN/m
Case 2:Pdy=Dead Load +Wind Load
=0.9Gk+1.3WkESCP1.1983 Sec3.3.2.1(4)
=0.9(0.0752) +1.3(0.0207)
=0.0946KN/m
Case 3:Pdy=dead Load +Concentrated live load
=1.3Gk+1.6Qk----------ESCP 1.1983Sec.3.3.2.1(1)
=1.3(0.0752)+1.6(0.9897)
=1.679KN/m
Case 4:Pdy=Dead Load +Live Load +Wind Load
=0.8(1.3Gk +1.6qk +1.6 Wk)--------ESCP 1.1983 Sec.3.3.2.1(2)
=0.8(1.3(0.0752)+1.6(0.2227)+1.6(0.0207))
=0.390KN/m
Maximum Loads
X-direction.

Pdx=0.0659KN/m

Y-direction. Pdy=0.454KN/m
Mx=WxL2/8=(0.0659*1.52)/8=0.1853KN-m
My=WyL2/8=(0.454*1.52)/8=0.1277KN-m

Section Modulus
Zy=b2h/6=(0.052*0.07)/6=2.917*10-5
Zx=bh2/6=(0.05*0.072)/6=4.0833*10-5
Check Bending Stress
x=Mx/Zx=0.01853/4.0833*10-5=453.80KN/m2
x=(453.80*103/106)N/mm2
x=0.454N/mm2
x=0.454Mpa
y=My/Zy=0.1277/2.917*10-5=4377.785KN/m2
y=(43775.785*103/106)N/mm2
y=4.378N/mm2
y=4.378Mpa
t 0 tal = x + y
2

total = 0.454 2 + 4.378 2

total = 4.401Mpa b all = 6.96Mpa...........Ok!

Deflection Check
Allowable deflection
max =
=

L
1500mm
=
= 7.5mm
200
200

5WL4
384 EI

Where:
E=12KN/mm2
=12*106/m2
X-direction
Dead Load DLy=0.0752KN/m
Dead LoadLLy=0.2227KN/m
Ix=bd3/12=(0.05*0.073)/12=1.429*10-6

x =

5 * (0.0752 + 0.2227) KN / m * 1.5 4

= 0.00114m = 1.14mm
384 * 12 * 10 6 * 1.429 *10 6

y-direction
Dead Load DLx=0.0109KN/m
Live Load LLx=0.0323KN/m
Iy=b3*d/12=(0.053*0.07)/12=0.729*10-6

y =

5 * (0.0109 + 0.0323) KN / m * 1.5 4

= 0.000325m = 0.325mm
384 * 12 * 10 6 * 0.729 *10 6

total = x 2 + y 2 = 1.14 2 + 0.325 2 = 1.85mm

1.185mm<all=7.5mmOK!
Check for Shear:-flexural member are not to fail in shear; the following
condition should be satisfied.
==> d f vd

where: d = designshearsterss e

Vd=the design value for end shear force

d =
vd =

3vd
2A

wl
;W=factererd load combination
2

=1.3(0.076)+1.6(0.25)=0.4988KN/m
A=cross sectional area
=0.05*0.07=0.0035m2
vd =

0.4988 * 1.5
= 0.3741KN
2

d =

3vd
3 * 0.3741KN
=
= 160.33KN / m 2 = 0.1603 N / mm 2
2A
2 * 0.05 * 0.07

Design shear strength; fvd

fvd =

k mod * fvk
;Where:-kmod=0.8,modification factor for medium
m

m = 1.3 forwood
fvk = charactersticshearstrength = 2.5 N / mm 2

fvd =

0.8 * 2.5
= 1.54 N / mm 2
1. 3
d = 0.1603 N / mm 2 < fvd = 1.54 N / mm 2 Ok!

Check Bearing Strength

Design Bearing stress

c 90 d k c 90 * f c 90 d

where: cd 90 =

vd
;Assume that lb = 0.75l = 0.75 * 1.5 = 1.125
b * lb

cd 90 =
f c 90 d =

0.3741
= 6.651KN / m 2 = 0.00651N / mm 2
0.05 * 1.125

k m 0 d * k sys * k c 90 * f c 90 k

Where:Ksys=load shearing factor=1

Kc90=bearing factor=1
f c 90 k = charactersticsstrength = 2.5 N / mm 2

==> f c 90 d = Designbearingstrength
f c 90 d =

0.8 * 1 * 1 * 2.5
= 1.54 N / mm 2
1.3

==> c 90 d f c 90 * f c 90 d
0.0651 1*1.54
0.0651 1.54------------------OK!
Vibration
The fundamental frequency of vibration of rectangular supported on four
edges
f1 =

*
2l 2

( EI ) l
m

Where:m=mass equal to self-weight and other permanent action per unit

area(KN/m2)
l =span length=1.5m

( EI) l =in l direction

(EI)b=in b direction
Il =

l * d 2 1.5 * 0.07 3
=
= 42.875 * 10 6
12
12

d
b

Ib =

0.05 * 0.07 3
= 1.429 * 10 6
12

( EI )l = 12 *10 6 * 42.875 *10 6

( EI )b = 12 *10 6 *1.429 *10 6

= 541.5 KN / m = 514500 N / m
= 17.148 KN / m = 17148 N / m

Mass;M=factored combined load

M=0.4988KN/m/m
M = 0.4988 *
f1 =

1000 Kg
kg
= 49.88 2
2
10 m
m

514500
*
= 70.90 Htz
2
49.88
2 * 1 .5

==>Since fundamental frequency greater than8Htz;

The following condition should be satisfied.
/F 1.5mm/KN and 100( f 1 -1)
Where:=damping coefficient=0.01
=maximum vertical deflection caused by concentrated vertical force
F=1KN
=

pL3
1 * 1.5 3
=
= 0.0041m = 4.1mm
48 EI x
48 * 12 * 1.429

Ix =

bd 3
0.05 * 0.07 3
=
= 1.429 * 10 6
12
12

E = 12 * 10 6
= isunitimpelsevelocity

4( 0.4 + 0.6 40 )
mbl + 200

Where:b=width(m)
40=number of first-order model with natural frequency below 40Htz
0.25

40

b 4 ( EI )l
40

= 1

f
l ( EI )b

0.25

0.05 4 ( 514500)
40

=
1

(17148)

70
.
9
1
.
5

40

=((-0.682)(0.000001234)(30))
-5 1/4

=(-2.525*10 )

=0.07089

M =04988KN/m

4( 0.4 + 0.6 * 0.07089 )

1.770136
=
= 0.00885
0.4988 * 0.05 * 1.5 + 200 200.037441

100 ( f1 1)
Where:-

( f1 1) = 70.90 * 0.01 1 = 0.291

100 0.291

V0.262OK!
/F1.5mm/KN
4.1mm/1KN=4.1KN>1.5mm/KNNot OK!
CHECK FOR LATERAL BUCKLING

1.5 TRUSS DESIGN

The truss is constructed of eucalyptus since the purilnes are at 0.9m
spaced. The rafter and the horizontal member

are assumed to be

continuous throughout the length. The truss is designed for the maximum
reaction force from the purline .

Load from purilne to truss.

W(KN/m)
R

R
Wx=0.0659 KN/m
Wy=0.459 KN/m
W =

(0.0659

It includes self
weight of purline.

+ 0.459 2 = 0.459 KN / m

Reaction force

R=

WL 0.459 *1.5
=
= 0.344 KN
2
2

Exterior reaction force Re=0.344KN at 0.9m spacing,

Interior reaction force Ri=0.344KN at 0.9m spacing on rafter of the truss.
LOAD FROM TRUSS

Material property:-property of equliptus.

Unit

wt. diamet

10

(KN/m3)
8.5

12

8.5

area(m2)

wt.

remark

er(m)
0.10

0.0079

(KN/m)
0.067

V&D members

0.12

0.0113

0.096

major V,H&rafter

TRUSS TOTAL LENGTH COMPUTITION

Truss 1
Major horizontal =10.45m
>>

vertical =1.50m

>>

diagonal (rafter) =10.56m

Total length =22.51m

Vertical & diagonal members
Spacing of vertical i=1.20m
Slope of roof in (%)=14.36%
No of verticals =9
No of diagonals =8
No of joints =10
Total length of vertical and diagonal members =17.35
TOTAL LOAD COMPUTATION
Factor loads: wt(10)=16.6m*0.087 KN/m=1.44 KN
wt(12)=22.62m*0.125 KN/m=2.83 KN
total load of truss =4.27 KN
No of joints =10
Internal joints =8
External joints =2
Loads on truss joints
int ernaljo int s =

totalload
4.27
=
= 0.474 KN
# ofverticals
9

externaljo int s =

int ernaljo int loads 0.474

=
= 0.237 KN
2
2

DEAD LOAD OF CHIP WOOD CEILING (CHIP BOARD).

Properties of chip board
Unit wt., =8KN/m3
Thickness, t=8mm=0.008m
Truss spacing =1.5m
Length =10.45m
Wt=*t*l*c/c spacing
=8KN/m3*0.008m*10.45m*1.5m
=1.0032KN

Factored load=1.3*1.0032KN =1.30416 KN

DEAD LOAD OF CEILING BATTENS (30mmx40mm)
Spacing c/c=60mm
In the truss direction # of ceiling battens=10.45/0.6=17.4
Use 18 battens
Other direction # of ceiling battens=1.5/0.6=2.5,use 3 battens
Length of ceiling battens is =18*1.5+3*10.45=58.35m
Unit wt, = 6kN/m3
Wt of battens=6*0.03*0.04*38.35=0.42012KN
Factored battens load =0.546156kN
T0tal load at the bottom of the truss Joints
Load =1.30416+0.546156=1.850kN
# Of Joints=10
Exterior =2
Interior =2
1.850
= 0.206kN
9
0.206
= 0.103kN
2

0.2

0.2

0.2

D
0.2

0.2

7
1.2
1.23

G
0.2

4.80

5.00
R1=0.02

0.44

0.61

0.96

1.14

0.78

1.5
A

1.32

1.50

Total load at the top of the truss joints.

0.6
Interior joint
1.2 load =0.688+0.51=1.188 KN
1
1.2 =0.344+0.26=0.604 KN
exterior joint load
2
1.2
1.2
3
4
5 1.2
REACTION FORCES OF THE TRUSS
6
1.69
1.2
1.82
1.58
1.47
1.35 1.28

R2=1.27

H
0.2

8
1.20

1.2
0.12

Joint load ext =

0.27

Joint load Int =

I
J
I
0.2
I
I
0.65
I
I
I
I R =1.40
3

0.6

0.1

R1=0.02
R2=11.18+1.40+0.02=12.60
R3=1.40
Joint-J

0.6
JI
=8.170

JS
0.1

Fy=0 ==>JI sin8.17-0.6-0.1=0

0.142JI =0.7
JI=0.7/ 0.142=4.93 KN..tension
Fx=0 ==>JS-JIcos8.17=0
JS=4.93 cos 8.170=4.88 KN.. compression
Joint-S
0.21
RS

IS
0.14

SJ

Fy=0 ==> -IS-0.21+1.4=0

IS=-0.21+1.4=1.19.tension
Fx=0 ==> -RS+SJ=0
RS=SJ = 4.88 KN.compression
Joint-I
1.2

HI

=tan -1(.093/1.2)= 4.430

RI

JI
IS

Fy=0 ==>HI sin8.170+RI sin4.430+IS-1.2-JI sin8.170=0

0.142HI +0.077RI=-1.19+1.2+4.93*0.142
0.142HI +0.077RI= 0.71 KN.*
Fx=0 ==>-HI cos8.170+RI cos4.430+JI cos8.170=0
-0.99HI +0.997RI=-4.93*0.99
-0.99HI +0.997RI=-4.88 KN.**
Solving for the two equations simultaneously:
HI= 4.975 KNTENSION
RI= 0.0456KN.COMPRESION
Joint-R

RH
RI
RS

QR

=tan -1(0.093/1.2)=4.430

0.21
Fy=0 ==> RH+RI sin4.43-0.21=0
RH=0.0456*0.077+0.21=0.214 KN.tension
Fx=0 ==>QR-RS+RI cos4.430=0

QR=4.88-0.0456 *0.997=4.835 KN

compression

Joint-H
HG

1.2
=tan -1(0.27/1.2)= 12.680

HQ

HI=4.96
RH

Fy=0 ==> +HQ sin12.680+HG sin8.170-HI sin8.170-RH -1.2= 0

0.22HQ+HG sin8.170=4.975*0.142+1.2+0.214
0.22HQ +0.142HG= 2.12.*
Fx=0 ==> HQ cos12.680-HG cos8.170+HI cos8.170=0
0.976HQ-0.99HG =-4.975*0.99
0.976HQ -0.99HG= -4.925.**
Solving for the two equations simultaneously:
HQ= 3.927 KNCOMPRESION
HG= 8.846KN.TENSION
Joint-Q

QG

QH
QR

QP

=tan -1(0.27/1.2)= 12.680

0.21
Fy=0 ==> QG-QHsin12.68-0.21=0
QG=3.927*0.22+0.21=1.074 KN.TENSION
Fx=0 ==> QP-QR-QHcos12.680=0
QP= 4.835 +3.927*0.976=8.615
KN......COMPRESSION
Joint-G
GF

1.2
=tan -1(0.44/1.2)= 20.1360

GP

GH= 5.87
GQ


Fy=0 ==> GP sin20.1360+GF sin8.170-GH sin8.170-GQ-1.2 =0
0.344GP+0.142GF=8.81*0.142+1.07+1.2
0.344GP +0.142GF= 3.52.*
Fx=0 ==> GP cos20.1360-GF cos8.170+HG cos8.170=0
0.94GP-0.99GF =-8.81*0.99
0.94GP -0.99GF= -8.72.**
Solving for the two equations simultaneously:
GP= 4.74 KNCOMPRESION
GF= 13.30 KN.TENSION

Joint-P

PF

PG
PQ

PO

=tan -1(0.44/1.2)= 20.1360

0.21
Fy=0 ==> PF-PGsin20.136-0.21=0
PF=4.74*0.344+0.21=1.84 KN.TENSION
Fx=0 ==> PO-PQ-PGcos20.1360=0
PO= 8.64 +4.74*0.94=13.10
KN......COMPRESSION
Joint-F
FE

1.2
=tan -1(0.61/1.2)= 26.950

OF

FG= 13.30
FP


Fy=0 ==> OF sin26.950+FE sin8.170-FG sin8.170-FP-1.2 =0
0.453OF+0.142FE=13.30*0.142+1.84+1.2
0.453OF +0.142FE= 4.93.*
Fx=0 ==> OF cos26.950-FE cos8.170+FG cos8.170=0
0.89OF-0.99FE =-13.30*0.99
0.89OF -0.99FE= -13.167.**
Solving for the two equations simultaneously:
OF= 5.23 KNCOMPRESION
EF= 18.01 KN.TENSION
Joint-O

OE
NO

OF
0.21

OP

=tan -1(0.61/1.2)= 26.950

12.60
Fy=0 ==> OE-OF sin26.95-0.21+12.60=0
OE=5.23*0.453+0.21-12.60=-10.02
KN.COMPRESION
Fx=0 ==> NO-OP-OF cos26.950=0
NO= 13.10 +5.23*0.89=17.76
KN......COMPRESSION

Joint-E
ED

1.2
=tan -1(0.78/1.25)= 31.960

EN

EF= 18.01

EO

Fy=0 ==> -EN sin31.960+ED sin8.170-EF sin8.170-EO-1.2 =0

-0.529EN+0.142ED=18.01*0.142-10.02+1.2
-0.592EN +0.142ED= -6.26.*
Fx=0 ==> -EN cos31.960-ED cos8.170+EF cos8.170=0
-0.848EN-0.99ED =18.01*0.99
-0.848EN -0.99ED= 17.83.**
Solving for the two equations simultaneously:
EN= 5.19 KNCOMPRESION
ED= -22.46 KN.TENSION
Joint-N

ND

NE
NO

NM

=tan -1(0.78/1.25)= 31.960

0.21
Fy=0 ==> ND+NE sin31.96-0.21=0
ND=-5.19*0.529+0.21=-2.54 KN.COMPRESION
Fx=0 ==> NM-NO+NE cos31.960=0
NM= 17.76-5.19*0.848=13.38
KN......COMPRESSION
Joint-D
CD

1.2
=tan -1(0.96/1.25)= 37.520

MD

ED= -22.46

DN

Fy=0 ==> -MD sin37.520+CD sin8.170-ED sin8.170-DN-1.2 =0

-0.609MD+0.142CD=-22.46*0.142+-2.54+1.2
-0.609MD +0.142CD= -4.53.*
Fx=0 ==> -MD cos37.520-CD cos8.170+ED cos8.170=0
-0.793MD-0.99CD =22.46*0.99

-0.793MD -0.99CD= 22.24.**

Solving for the two equations simultaneously:
MD= 1.855 KNTENSION
CD= -23.95 KNCOMPRESION
Joint-M

MC

MD

ML
0.21

MN

=tan -1(0.96/1.25)= 37.520

Fy=0 ==> MC+MD sin37.52-0.21=0

MC=-1.855*0.609+0.21=-0.92
KN..COMPRESSION
Fx=0 ==> ML-MN+MD cos26.950=0
ML= 13.38 -1.855*0.793=11.89
KN..COMPRESSION

Joint-C
CB

1.2
=tan -1(1.14/1.25)= 42.360

CL

CD= -23.95

CM

Fy=0 ==> CL sin42.360+CB sin8.170-CD sin8.170+CM-1.2 =0

0.674CL+0.142CB=-23.95*0.142+0.92+1.2
0.674CL +0.142CB= 1.28.*
Fx= 0 ==> CL cos42.360-CB cos8.170+CD cos8.170=0
0.739CL-0.99CB =23.95*0.99

0.739CL -0.99CB= 23.71.**

Solving for the two equations simultaneously:
CL= 3.73 KNCOMPRESION
CB= 21.17 KN.TENSION
Joint-L

BL

LC

LK
0.21

LM

=tan -1(1.14/1.25)= 42.360

Fy=0 ==> BL-LC sin42.36-0.21=0

BL=3.73*0.674+0.21=2.72 KN.TENSION
Fx=0 ==> LK-ML-LC cos42.360=0
LK= 11.89+3.73*0.739=14.65
KN.COMPRESSION

Joint-B
BA

1.2
=tan -1(1.32/1.25)= 46.560

BK

BC= 21.17

BL

Fy=0 ==> BK sin46.560+BA sin8.170-BC sin8.170-BL-1.2 =0

0.726BK+0.142BA=21.17*0.142+2.72+1.2
0.726BK +0.142BA= 6.93.*
Fx=0 ==> BK cos46.560-BA cos8.170+BC cos8.170=0
0.688BK-0.99BA =-21.17*0.99
0.688BK -0.99BA= -20.96.**
Solving for the two equations simultaneously:

BK= 4.75KNCOMPRESION
BA=24.47KN.TENSION
Joint-K

AK

KBB
E
KL

0.53

=tan -1(1.32/1.25)=46.560

0. 1
0. 02
Fy=0 ==> -AK+KB sin46.56-0. 1+0.02=0
AK=4.75*0.726-0. 1+0.02=3.37.TENSION
Fx=0 ==> -KL+KB cos46. 560+0.53=0
-14.64+4.75 *0.688+0.53=0. OK!
Joint-A

0.6

AK

AB

Fy=0 ==> AK-0.6-ABsin8.17=0

3.37+0.6-24.47sin8.17=0. OK!
Wall load
Moment Due To External Wind Pressure, We.
We=qref*Ceze*Cpe
From the previous computition
qref=227.48
Ce=1.5836
External pressure coefficient, (Cpe)

For wall

b = 23.10m
e = min
2h = 2 *16.50 = 33m

The minimum value is e=b=23.10m

Since d=19.90<e=23.10 the wall is divided in to two zones

.EBCS-1,1995 sec.A.2.2
d

Case d<e

e/5

B*

wind

d-e/5

4.62

15.28

(Fig. A.3 key for vertical walls.EBCS-1,1995)

All the zones in our case are A,B*,D,E.
Note: the figure is based on the following
Cpe=Cpe,1

A<=1m2

Cpe=Cpe,1+( Cpe,10-Cpe,1) log10A

Cpe=Cpe,10

1m2<A<10m2

A>=10m2

Calculating area of each zone

Area of A=h*e/5=16.5*4.62=76.23m2
Area of B*=h*d-e/5=16.5*19.90-4.62=252.12 m2
All zones have an area greater than 10m2, Cpe=Cpe,10
EBCS-1,1995 tab.A-1
Depending on ratio d/h=19.90/16.50=1.2
The zone is 1.2,
d/h=1.2 is between <=1 & >=4 by interpolating between the values of
Cpe,10.
Zone
Cpe,10

A
-1.0

B*
-0.8

D
0.78

E
-0.3

Using the previous computation we can obtain the external wind pressure,
zone

wall

We

We=227.48*1.5836*-1.0=-360.24 N/m2=-

B*

0.36024 KN/m2
We=227.48*1.5836*-0.8=-288.19 N/m2=-

0.28819 KN/m2
We=227.48*1.5836*0.787=283.51

N/m2=0.28351 KN/m2
We=227.48*1.5836*-0.3=-108.07 N/m2=0.10807 KN/m2

Internal Wind Pressure

Wi ==qref*ce(zi)*cpi
in our case ce(zi)=ce(ze)=1.5836
Taking the most critical cases ,cpi =+0.8 or -0.5
qref =227.48 N/m2
Wi =227.48*1.5836*0.8=288.19N/m2=288.19KN/m2
=242*1.983*-0.5 =-108.07N/m2=-0.10808 KN/m2
The net wind pressure,
Wnet =We-Wi
The critical wind pressure occurs on zone A of the building.
Wnet ,max =-0.36024-0.10808 = -0.46832 KN/m2 ,suction pressure.
Approximate wind force calculation on the wall at each level
The approximate wind force on the wall at each level is obtained by
multiplying the wind
Pressure by the area of the building contributing force at that level.
Roof
1.5m

5th fl
4th fl

Area contributed force

3m
3m

3th fl

3m

2th fl

3m

1th fl

3m

Gr fl

2m
23,10m

level
Roof
5 floor
th

Height(m)
18.5

Area(m2)
23.10*1.5=34.6

F(KN)
0.46832*34.65=16.2

17

5
23.10*3=69.30

3
0.46832*69.30=32.4

4 floor

14

23.10*3=69.30

5
0.46832*69.30=32.4

3th floor

11

23.10*3=69.30

5
0.46832*69.30=32.4

2th floor

23.10*3=69.30

5
0.46832*69.30=32.4

1th floor

23.10*3=69.30

5
0.46832*69.30=32.4

th

5
Ground floor

Design Of Rafter
LL=0.5KN/m2*1.20m=0.6 KN/m
Wd =1.3LL +1.35 DL 1.35We
Wd 1 = 1.3 * 0.6 +1.35 * DL +1.35 * We

Wd 1 = 1.3 * 0.75 +1.35 * 0.076 +1.35 * 0.46832 = 1.71KN / m

Wd 2 = 1.3 * 0.6 +1.35 * DL 1.35 * 0.46832
Wd 2 = 1.3 * 0.75 +1.35 * 0.076 1.35 * 0.46832 = 0.45KN / m

1.71 KN/m

9m
M =

Wd * L2 1.71 * 0.9 2
=
= 0.17 KN / m
8
8

Check the stress

=

M *C
all = 6.9 MPa
I

I=

d=100mm

* d 4 * 0.13
=
= 4.908 * 10 6
64
64

0.17 * 0.045
= 1.559 MPa all = 6.9 MPa........................OK !
4.908 * 10 6

Check deflection
allowable =

Le
900
=
= 4.5mm
200 200

5Wl 4
5 * 1710 * 0.9 4
=
= 0.25mm all = 4.5mm.............OK !
384 EI 384 * 12 * 10 9 * 4.908 * 10 6