}
From table
ManipulatedResponding
ManipulatedResponding
Example:
(i) Manipulated Responding
variable variable
Responding variable
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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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From graph
(Responding )
Temperature
(Manipulated )
Time
From statement:
(1) To study the effect of manipulated variable on responding variable
To study the effect of thickness of convex lens on focal length
Example :
(a) Diagram (a) and (b) shows an experiment to compare the reactivity rate of metal L and
metal M in dilute hydrochloric acid
From Diagram
Sterilize Sterilize
Cotton Cotton
wool Fresh wool
milik Fresh milk
Fresh water
Distilled milk
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Parameter of materials
………………………. of yeast
……………………… of metal
Example:
Must write parameter for each variable
Apparatus is not considered as constant variables
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Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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1 Table 3 shows the result of the reaction between 3.0 g of zinc metal with 100cm3
dilute hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan bagi tindakbalas antara 3.0 g logam zink dengan
100cm3 asid hidroklorik cair.
Time /minit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Masa/minit
Volume of gas/ cm3 0 27 46 57 64 67 67
Isipadu gas / cm3
TABLE 3
JADUAL 3
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding
2 Table 5 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of temperatureon bacterial
growth.
Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas
pertumbuhan bakteria
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding
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Program Galus Sains SPM
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Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
Kawasan jernih
Cakera antibiotik
berkepekatan tinggi Kawasan jernih
Bakteria
Cakera antibiotik
berkepekatan rendah
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding
After
two
days,
the
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
7 Diagram 1.1 shows an experiment to study the pressure produced by metal blocks,
P and Q of the same mass.
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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh
bongkah logam P dan Q yang mempunyai jisim yang sama.
Bongkah
Bongkah
logam P
logam Q
Plastisin
Figure 1.2 shows the effect on the plasticine when metal blocks P and Q
were dropped.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan kesan ke atas plastisin apabila bongkah logam P dan
Q dijatuhkan.
Lekuk P Lekuk Q
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
8 Diagram 2(a) and 2(b) show an experiment to compare the reactivity of metal
L and metal M with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Rajah 2(a) dan 2(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan
kereaktifan logam L dan logam M dengan asid hidroklorik cair
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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Buret X
5 g logam L
5 g logam M
(a) Write down one observation for the above experiment.
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
9 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.1 shows an experiment to study the reactivity of
metals with dilute hydrochloric acid
Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.1menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kereaktifan
logam dengan asid hidroklorik cair
Bubble Bubble
Gelembung gas Gelembung gas
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Dia
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
10 Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show an experiment to study the electrical
conductivity of lead (II) bromide.
Rajah 6.1 dan Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji
Kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida.
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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Elektrod karbon
Elektrod karbon
Diagram 6.1
Rajah 6.1
Elektrod karbon
Elektrod karbon
LeburanPlumbum (II) bromida
Panaskan
Diagram 6.2
Rajah 6.2
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding Diagram 8.1
Rajah 8.1
11 Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show an experiment to study the collision
between trolleys of different masses with a plasticine block.
Rajah 8..1 dan Rajah 8..2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji
Perlanggaran antara troli yang berlainan jisim dengan bongkah plastisin
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Diagram 8.2
Rajah 8.2
Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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(b)(i) What can you observe about the plasticine block after the collisin?
Apakah yang dapat anda perhatikan pada bongkah plastisin selepas
perlanggaran?
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
12 Diagrams 9.1(a) and 9.1(b) show an experiment to study the hardness of copper block and
bronze block when the weights are dropped onto a steel ball.
Rajah 9.1(a) dan 9.1(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan blok
kuprum dan blok gangsa apabila pemberat dijatuhkan ke atas bola keluli.
Weight
Pemberat
( 5 kg )
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Steel ball
Bola keluli
Bronze block
Blok gangsa
Copper block
Blok kuprum
DIAGRAM 9.1(a)
The effects on the copper block and bronze block are shown in Diagram 9.2(a) and
9.2(b).
Kesan pada blok kuprum dan blok gangsa ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 9.2(a) dan 9.2(b).
Dent
Lekukan
X 0.6 cm
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
image
13 Diagram 2(i) and Diagram 2(ii) shows the image formed by a convex lens when the
object is placed at different distance.
Diagram 2(i)
Rajah 2(i)
object
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Diagram 2(ii)
Rajah 2(ii)
Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
14 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show an experiment to study the characteristics of an
image formed by a pin hole camera.
Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji ciri imej yang
dibentuk oleh satu kamera lubang jarum.
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Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1
Diagram 5.2
Rajah 5.2
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding
Answers
Jawapan:
1
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Time
Dimanipulasikan Masa
Responding Volume of gas
Bergerakbalas Isipadu gas
2
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
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Manipulated Temperature
Dimanipulasikan suhu
Responding Size of bacteria colony after 24 hours
Bergerakbalas Saiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam
3
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Concentration of antibiotic
Dimanipulasikan Kepekatan antibiotik
Responding Growth of bacteria
Bergerakbalas Pertumbuhan bakteria
4
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Size of convex lens
Dimalarkan Saiz kanta cembung
Manipulated Thickness of convex lens
Dimanipulasikan Ketebalan kanta cembung
Responding Focal length of convex length
Bergerakbalas Jarak fokus kanta cembung
5
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Concentration of antibiotic
Dimanipulasikan Kepekatan antibiotik
Responding Size of clear area
Bergerakbalas Saiz kawasan jernih
6
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Volume of nutrient broth// Volume of bacteria culture
Dimalarkan Isipadu kultur bakteria// Isipadu kultur bakteria
Manipulated pH of mixture
Dimanipulasikan pH campuran
Responding Cloudiness of mixture
Bergerakbalas Kekeruhan campuran
7
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
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8
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Mass of metal// Concentration of hydrochloric acid
Dimalarkan Jisim logam// Kepekatan asid hidroklorik
Manipulated Type of metal
Dimanipulasikan Jenis logam
Responding Volume of gas// reactivity of metal
Bergerakbalas Isipadu gas // kereaktifan logam
9
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Size of metal plate
Dimalarkan Saiz plat logam
Manipulated Type of metal
Dimanipulasikan Jenis logam
Responding Reactivity of metal// Number of bubble
Bergerakbalas Kereaktifan logam// Bilangan gelembung gas
10
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Mass of lead(II) bromide
Dimalarkan Jisim plumbum(II) bromida
Manipulated Physical state of lead (II) bromide
Dimanipulasikan Keadaan fizikal plumbum (II) bromida
Responding Ammeter reading // electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromide
Bergerakbalas Bacaan ammeter// kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II)
bromida
11
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
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12
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Mass of weight// size of steel ball
Dimalarkan Jisim pemberat// saiz bola keluli
Manipulated Type of block
Dimanipulasikan Jenis blok
Responding Depth of dent
Bergerakbalas Kedalaman lekuk
13
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Size of convex lens
Dimalarkan Saiz kanta cembung
Manipulated Distance of object
Dimanipulasikan Jarak objek
Responding Size of image
Bergerakbalas Saiz imej
14
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Distance of object
Dimanipulasikan Jarak objek
Responding Size of image
Bergerakbalas Saiz imej
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