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Program Galus Sains SPM

Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables


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Scientific Skills :Variables

Constant MANIPULATED RESPONDING


(same/fixed) ( different) (result of experimen)

 Can be identified from:


(a) Table
(b) Graph
(c) Statement
(d) Diagram

}
From table

ManipulatedResponding

ManipulatedResponding

Example:
(i) Manipulated Responding
variable variable

Substance Boiling Point /0C


Distilled water 100
Distilled water + common salt ......................

(ii) Manipulated variable

Height of students (cm) 146-150 151-155 156-160 161-165 166-170


Number of students

Responding variable

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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 From graph
(Responding )
Temperature

(Manipulated )
Time

 From statement:
(1) To study the effect of manipulated variable on responding variable
To study the effect of thickness of convex lens on focal length

Example :

(a) Diagram (a) and (b) shows an experiment to compare the reactivity rate of metal L and
metal M in dilute hydrochloric acid

Important points from statement


Same Different Result
Dilute hydrochloric acid Metal L and metal M Reactivity rate

Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding variable

 Volume of hydrochloric  Type of metal  Reactivity rate of metal


acid
Concentration of hydrochloric
acid

 From Diagram

Sterilize Sterilize
Cotton Cotton
wool Fresh wool
milik Fresh milk
Fresh water
Distilled milk

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Incubating Incubating Incubating Incubating


Temperature temperature temperature temperature
370C 00C 1000C 600C
Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding Variable


Volume of fresh milk (incubating) temperature  Condition of fresh milk
 Growth of bacteria

Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding variable

 Volume of nutrient broth  Incubating temperature  Cloudiness of mixture


 Type of bacteria
 Volume of bacteria culture

Steps in writing variables:

Parameter of materials

………………………. of nutrient broth

………………………. of yeast

……………………… of metal

 Example:
 Must write parameter for each variable
 Apparatus is not considered as constant variables

SOLID LIQUID GAS


Mass of metal Volume of culture solution Volume of hydrogen
Thickness of wire Volume of hydrochloric acid
Length of rod Concentration of hydrochloric
Type of nail acid
Presence of salt
Weight of substance
Size of sponge
Depth of dent

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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SCIENTIFIC SKILLS EXERCISE: VARIABLES


LATIHAN KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK : PEMBOLEHUBAH

1 Table 3 shows the result of the reaction between 3.0 g of zinc metal with 100cm3
dilute hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan bagi tindakbalas antara 3.0 g logam zink dengan
100cm3 asid hidroklorik cair.

Time /minit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Masa/minit
Volume of gas/ cm3 0 27 46 57 64 67 67
Isipadu gas / cm3
TABLE 3
JADUAL 3

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding

2 Table 5 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of temperatureon bacterial
growth.
Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas
pertumbuhan bakteria

Temperature/0C Size of bacteria colony after 24 hours


Suhu/0C Saiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam
0 2
15 5
25 10
35 15
60 3
TABLE 5
JADUAL 5

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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3 Diagram 7 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of different


concentration of an antibiotic on bacterial growth.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan
antibiotik yang berbeza ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding

4 Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the thickness


of convex lens with the focal length of the convex lens.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara ketebalan
kanta cembung dengan jarak fokus kanta cembung.

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

Kawasan jernih

Cakera antibiotik
berkepekatan tinggi Kawasan jernih

Bakteria

Cakera antibiotik
berkepekatan rendah

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding

6 Diagram shows an experiment to study the effect of pH on the growth of


bacteria.
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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Rajah menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pH ke atas


pertumbuhan bakteria

After
two
days,
the

appearance of the mixture in each test tube is observed.


Table 3 shows the result of this experiment.
Selepas dua hari, keadaan campuran di dalam setiap tabung uji diperhatikan.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut.

Test tube pH value Cloudiness of mixture


Tabung uji nilai pH Kekeruhan campuran
P Acid (pH less than 7) Slightly cloudy
Asid (kurang daripada 7) Keruh sedikit
Q Alkali (pH more than 7) Slightly cloudy
Alkali (pH lebih daripada 7) Keruh sedikit
R Neutral (pH 7) Very cloudy
Sangat keruh
Table 3
Jadual 3

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

7 Diagram 1.1 shows an experiment to study the pressure produced by metal blocks,
P and Q of the same mass.

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh
bongkah logam P dan Q yang mempunyai jisim yang sama.

Bongkah
Bongkah
logam P
logam Q

Plastisin

Figure 1.2 shows the effect on the plasticine when metal blocks P and Q
were dropped.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan kesan ke atas plastisin apabila bongkah logam P dan
Q dijatuhkan.

Lekuk P Lekuk Q

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

8 Diagram 2(a) and 2(b) show an experiment to compare the reactivity of metal
L and metal M with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Rajah 2(a) dan 2(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan
kereaktifan logam L dan logam M dengan asid hidroklorik cair

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Buret X

Asid hidroklorik cair

5 g logam L

Asid hidroklorik cair

5 g logam M
(a) Write down one observation for the above experiment.

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

9 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.1 shows an experiment to study the reactivity of
metals with dilute hydrochloric acid
Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.1menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kereaktifan
logam dengan asid hidroklorik cair

Dilute hydrochloric acid


Asid hidroklorik cair Dilute
Asid hydrochloric
hidroklorik cair acid

Bubble Bubble
Gelembung gas Gelembung gas
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Zinc plate Magnesium plate


Plat zink Plat magnesium
Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Dia

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2


Rajah 5.1 Rajah 5.2

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

10 Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show an experiment to study the electrical
conductivity of lead (II) bromide.
Rajah 6.1 dan Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji
Kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida.

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Elektrod karbon
Elektrod karbon

Pepejal Plumbum (II) bromida

Diagram 6.1
Rajah 6.1

Elektrod karbon
Elektrod karbon
LeburanPlumbum (II) bromida

Panaskan
Diagram 6.2
Rajah 6.2

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding Diagram 8.1
Rajah 8.1

11 Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show an experiment to study the collision
between trolleys of different masses with a plasticine block.
Rajah 8..1 dan Rajah 8..2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji
Perlanggaran antara troli yang berlainan jisim dengan bongkah plastisin

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Diagram 8.2
Rajah 8.2
Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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(b)(i) What can you observe about the plasticine block after the collisin?
Apakah yang dapat anda perhatikan pada bongkah plastisin selepas
perlanggaran?

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

12 Diagrams 9.1(a) and 9.1(b) show an experiment to study the hardness of copper block and
bronze block when the weights are dropped onto a steel ball.
Rajah 9.1(a) dan 9.1(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan blok
kuprum dan blok gangsa apabila pemberat dijatuhkan ke atas bola keluli.

Weight
Pemberat
( 5 kg )

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Steel ball
Bola keluli

Bronze block
Blok gangsa
Copper block
Blok kuprum

DIAGRAM 9.1(a)

Diagram 9.1(a) Diagram 9.1 (b)

The effects on the copper block and bronze block are shown in Diagram 9.2(a) and
9.2(b).
Kesan pada blok kuprum dan blok gangsa ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 9.2(a) dan 9.2(b).
Dent
Lekukan

X 0.6 cm

Copper block Bronze block


Blok kuprum Blok Gangsa

DIAGRAM 9.2 (a) DIAGRAM 9.2 (b)


object

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding
image
13 Diagram 2(i) and Diagram 2(ii) shows the image formed by a convex lens when the
object is placed at different distance.
Diagram 2(i)
Rajah 2(i)

object

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Diagram 2(ii)
Rajah 2(ii)
Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

14 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show an experiment to study the characteristics of an
image formed by a pin hole camera.
Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji ciri imej yang
dibentuk oleh satu kamera lubang jarum.

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1

Diagram 5.2
Rajah 5.2

Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated
Responding

Answers
Jawapan:
1
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Time
Dimanipulasikan Masa
Responding Volume of gas
Bergerakbalas Isipadu gas

2
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan

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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Manipulated Temperature
Dimanipulasikan suhu
Responding Size of bacteria colony after 24 hours
Bergerakbalas Saiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam

3
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Concentration of antibiotic
Dimanipulasikan Kepekatan antibiotik
Responding Growth of bacteria
Bergerakbalas Pertumbuhan bakteria

4
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Size of convex lens
Dimalarkan Saiz kanta cembung
Manipulated Thickness of convex lens
Dimanipulasikan Ketebalan kanta cembung
Responding Focal length of convex length
Bergerakbalas Jarak fokus kanta cembung

5
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Concentration of antibiotic
Dimanipulasikan Kepekatan antibiotik
Responding Size of clear area
Bergerakbalas Saiz kawasan jernih

6
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Volume of nutrient broth// Volume of bacteria culture
Dimalarkan Isipadu kultur bakteria// Isipadu kultur bakteria
Manipulated pH of mixture
Dimanipulasikan pH campuran
Responding Cloudiness of mixture
Bergerakbalas Kekeruhan campuran

7
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Constant Mass of metal block


Dimalarkan Ketinggian bongkah logam
Manipulated Type of metal block
Dimanipulasikan Jenis bongkah logam
Responding Depth of dent
Bergerakbalas Kedalaman lekuk

8
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Mass of metal// Concentration of hydrochloric acid
Dimalarkan Jisim logam// Kepekatan asid hidroklorik
Manipulated Type of metal
Dimanipulasikan Jenis logam
Responding Volume of gas// reactivity of metal
Bergerakbalas Isipadu gas // kereaktifan logam

9
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Size of metal plate
Dimalarkan Saiz plat logam
Manipulated Type of metal
Dimanipulasikan Jenis logam
Responding Reactivity of metal// Number of bubble
Bergerakbalas Kereaktifan logam// Bilangan gelembung gas

10
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Mass of lead(II) bromide
Dimalarkan Jisim plumbum(II) bromida
Manipulated Physical state of lead (II) bromide
Dimanipulasikan Keadaan fizikal plumbum (II) bromida
Responding Ammeter reading // electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromide
Bergerakbalas Bacaan ammeter// kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II)
bromida
11
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
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Program Galus Sains SPM
Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Constant Size of plasticine


Dimalarkan Saiz plastisin
Manipulated Mass of trolley
Dimanipulasikan Jisim troli
Responding Depth of dent
Bergerakbalas Kedalaman lekuk

12
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Mass of weight// size of steel ball
Dimalarkan Jisim pemberat// saiz bola keluli
Manipulated Type of block
Dimanipulasikan Jenis blok
Responding Depth of dent
Bergerakbalas Kedalaman lekuk

13
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Constant Size of convex lens
Dimalarkan Saiz kanta cembung
Manipulated Distance of object
Dimanipulasikan Jarak objek
Responding Size of image
Bergerakbalas Saiz imej

14
Variable Answer
Pembolehubah Jawapan
Manipulated Distance of object
Dimanipulasikan Jarak objek
Responding Size of image
Bergerakbalas Saiz imej

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