Azhar Khairuddin
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The nature Current, voltage,
of electricity power, energy
Real, reactive,
An overall perspective and apparent power:
of Electrical Engineering power factor
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Fundamentals of Electricity
- The Nature of Electricity
• Electrical Engineering
• discipline that deals with the study and application of
electricity, electronics, and magnetism
• concerned with using electricity to transmit energy
• Electricity
• property of matter that results from the presence or movement
of electric charge. Together with magnetism, it constitutes
electromagnetism
• responsible for many well-known phenomena such as
lightning, electric field, electric current
• put to use in industrial applications such as electronics and
electric power.
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Charge and Electricity
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Electric Current
• Rate at which charges flow past a
point in a closed loop (circuit)
consisting of a potential source
• Measured in ampere (unit is A)
• 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1 second
• Conventional direction from
positive to negative terminal of
the voltage source – actual
direction is according to electron
flow (negative to positive)
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Voltage
• The difference of
electrical potential
between two points of an
electrical network (in
Volt, V)
• A measure of the ability of
an electric field to cause
an electric current in an
electrical conductor
(circuit)
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Hydraulic Analogy
• Water circulating in a
pipe, driven by pump as
an analogy of an electrical
circuit
• Fluid pressure difference
between two points
correspond to potential
(voltage) difference
• With pressure difference
between two points, then
water flowing from the
first point to the second
can do work
• Similarly with potential
difference, electron can
flow – current do the work 7
Ohm’s Law
• Potential difference between two
points along a connected path
and the current flowing through
it are proportional at a fixed
temperature
V = IR
Georg Simon Ohm
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Direct Current vs Alternating Current
DC
• constant flow of charge
(current) from high to low
potential
AC
• Current whose magnitude and
direction vary cyclically
• The usual waveform of AC is
sine wave -the most efficient
transmission of electrical
energy
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Alternating Current
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DC vs AC Generation
DC generation is from AC generation is from
• Battery • AC Generator
• Rectifier
• DC Generator
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Three Phase AC System
• Waveform same in
magnitude and shape
but different in phase
• Phase difference is
120o
• Connection can be
either delta or wye
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Power
In power calculation, normally, rms (effective) values are used
In DC circuit,
Resistance - the only element considered in DC circuit
P = VI (a constant) , in Watt (W)
In AC circuit,
v and i are varying against time
Resistance, inductance and capacitance can affect the AC system
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Power Factor,
Real, Reactive and Apparent Power
Instantaneous Power
p(t) = v(t) x i(t)
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• Real power is the power
measured by TNB meter
P = Vrms x Irms x pf
• Reactive Power
produced by capacitance or
taken by inductance
Q = sqrt (S2 – P2)
• Apparent power
– Sum (in complex no. form) of P
and Q
– Rating of power system
components such as generator,
transformers, etc
S = Vrms x Irms
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Power Factor Correction
• TNB penalise for low
pf of less than 0.85
• To avoid penalty,
large user may
improve pf by
– Installing capacitor
– Use synchronous
motor
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Overall Perspective of EE
• Research in electricity was
intensified in the 19th century
– Georg Ohm in 1827 proposed Ohm’s
Law
– Micheal Faraday discovered
electromagnetic induction in 1831
– James Clark Maxwell published a
unified theory of electricity and Ohm
magnetism in 1873
– During these years, the study of Faraday
electricity was largely considered to
be a subfield of physic
• In the late 19th century that
universities started to offer degrees
in electrical engineering.
Maxwell 20
• The Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany
– founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical
engineering in 1882
– introduced the world's first courses of study in electrical
engineering in 1883
• University College London, UK
– founded the first chair of electrical engineering in 1885
• University of Missouri, USA
– established the first department of electrical engineering
in the US in 1886
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• In 1882, Thomas Alva Edison
switched on the world's first large-
scale electrical supply network that
provided 110 volts DC to fifty-nine
customers in lower Manhattan
– Developed incandecent lamp and
telegraphy
Edison
• In 1887, Nikola Tesla filed a number
of patents related to a competing form
of AC power distribution
– Also contributed on the development of
induction motor and polyphase system
Tesla
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Educating EE
• EE possess a degree in Electrical Engineering
• The length of study usually four or five years
• The degree covers physics, mathematics, project
management, and specific topics in Electrical
Engineering
• Some electrical engineers also choose to pursue a
postgraduate degree such as a Master or PhD in
EE
Info : www.fke.utm.my
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Practising EE
• In most countries, a Bachelor's degree in engineering
represents the first step towards profesional
certification and the degree program itself is certified
by a professional body
• After completing a certified degree program the
engineer must satisfy a range of requirements
(including work experience requirements) before being
certified
• Once certified the engineer is designated the title of
Professional Engineer
Info : www.bem.org.my
www.iem.org.my
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The End
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