Form 2 CHAPTER 7: DYNAMICS 7.

1 FORCE Force and its effects

Chapter 7

2012/eu

1. Force is a push or pull. 2. Force cannot be seen, but we can see the effects of the force. 3. Examples of force: a) Pushing a box b) Riding a bicycle c) Pulling a rope d) Sewing 4. Force can cause changes in shape and size, position, speed and direction of an object. 5. Force also can move a stationary object and stop a moving object. Types of forces 1. 2. 3. 4. Gravitational force The force that pulls all object towards the centre of the Earth Frictional force The force that is produced when two surfaces rub against each other Magnetic force The push or pull between two magnets Electrostatic force Produced by electric charges at rest

5. Electrical force The force produced when an electric current flows in a conductor

7.2 MEASURING FORCE 1. Force is measured in units of Newton (N) using a spring balance. Weight 100g = 1 N Weight 1kg = 10 N 2. The extension of the spring depends on the load attached to the spring. The greater the force the more spring stretches and the pointer show bigger magnitude of force. 3. The graph below shows that the extension of a spring is proportional to the force exerted by an object.

7.3 APPLICATION OF FRICTIONAL FORCE 1. Frictional force acts in an opposite direction of a motion.

Form 2

Chapter 7

2012/eu

2. It occurs whenever two surfaces rub against each other. 3. A frictional force has direction and magnitude. 4. A friction can: a) Prevent a stationary object from moving b) Slow down or stop a moving object 5. Advantages of friction: a) Prevents object from slipping Examples: i) friction between our soles and the floor allows us to walk ii) friction enables us to hold glass materials b) Provides resistance to motion moving objects can be stopped or slowed down c) Produces heat striking a matchsticks on the matchstick box produces fire 6. Disadvantages of friction: a) More energy is required to overcome friction b) Heat produced can damage surfaces of objects c) Causes wear and tear example: sole of shoes will become thinner d) Loud noises will be produced in moving parts of engines 7. The magnitude of the frictional force depends on: a) The nature of the surfaces in contact - The rougher the surfaces in contact, the greater the frictional force acting on them b) The weight of the object - The heavier the object, the greater the frictional force acting on it NOTE! The magnitude of the frictional force does not depend on the surface area in contact. 8. To increase friction, we can increase the roughness of the surface and the weight of the moving parts. 9. Ways to reduce friction are by using: a) Wheels wheels are used in vehicles and to move objects. b) Ball bearings Ball bearings are used in axles of vehicles to reduce friction. c) Rods rods are used to move heavy objects such as in factories and in airport. d) Oil, lubricants or grease used to lubricate surfaces in contact such as a door hinge e) A layer of air (air cushion) air cushion as used in hovercraft reduces the friction with the surface of water

7.4 APPLICATION OF WORK 1. Work is the energy used to shift an object from one place to another or to change the shape of an object. 2. Work is done when a force moves an object over a distance in the direction if the force. 3. To calculate work: 2

Form 2

Chapter 7 Work done (J) = Force (N) Distance moved in the direction of the force (m)

2012/eu

4. Examples: a) A book is pushed to a distance of 1 m along a table with a force of 5 N. Calculate the work done. Work done = Force Distance =5N1m =5J b) Amy lifts a box of 15 kg from the floor onto a cupboard 2 m height. How much work has Amy done? (Assume that 1 kg = 10 N) Work done = Force Distance = (15 10) N 2 m = 1500 N 2 m = 3000 J c) A worker pushes a wheelbarrow with a mass of 20 kg over a distance. If the work he has done is 2000 J, calculate the distance he has moved. Distance = Work Force = 2000 Nm (20 10) N = 10 m 7.5 APPLICATION OF POWER 1. Power is the rate of doing work. 2. Power is measured in watt (W) or joule per second (J s-1). Power (W) = Work done (J) Time (seconds) 3. Examples: a) The time needed to push a box is 5 seconds. If the work done is 30 J, calculate the power. Power = Work done Time = 30 J = 6 W 5s b) James pushes a car with a force of 450 N over a distance of 2 m in 10 seconds. Calculate the power. Work done = Force Distance Power = Work done = 450 N 2 m Time = 900 J = 900 J = 90 W 10 s c) Nina climbs a flight of stairs in 10 seconds. If a power of 400 W is generated, calculate the work done. Work done = Power Time = 400 W 10 s = 4000 J