Quadratic Equation Page 1

Chapter 2 : Quadratic Equation

1. 0
2
= + + c bx ax is a quadratic equation.
Must know Discussions
0
2
= + + c bx ax is a quadratic equation
c bx ax y + + =
2
is not a quadratic
equation but is a quadratic function. Each
quadratic function has a quadratic curve.


Find the solution of 0 3 2
2
= + x x
Find the roots of 0 3 2
2
= + x x


All these involve the finding of the values
of x using one of these method :
1. By factorization
2. By using formula
3. Plot the graph of c bx ax y + + =
2


Solve by using factorization.
Example :Solve 0 3 2
2
= + x x
If cannot factorize, solve by using formula :
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=

Example :Solve 0 3
2
= x x
The roots of 0
2
= + + c bx ax are also the
x-intercepts of the quadratic curve of
c bx ax y + + =
2
.

Solve by 0
2
= + + c bx ax by plotting the
graph of c bx ax y + + =
2


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2. Nature of Roots in a quadratic equation
Must know Discussions
Each quadratic equation can only have one of
these nature of roots or type of roots :
- Two roots aka real and distinct roots
- No roor aka no real root
- One root aka real and equal root.

ac b D 4
2
= is known as discriminant. It
can be used to find the number of solutions or
roots for a quadratic equation.

real and distinct roots 0 4
2
> ac b
no real root 0 4
2
< ac b
real and equal root 0 4
2
= ac b

Find the nature of roots of the following :
- 0 3
2
= x x

- 0 1 2
2
= + x x

- 0 1
2
= + + x x

How the root of quadratic equation related to
a quadratic curve ?
.
Real and distinct root related the quadratic
curve.

Real and equal root related the quadratic
curve.

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No real and root related the quadratic curve.

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3. Intersection between a straight line and a quadratic curve.

Nature of intersection



Examples


Equations :
k x m y + =
c bx x a y + + =
2




Nature of roots




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4. Basic Shaped of a quadratic curve : c bx ax y + + =
2
:

Minimum Curve: Shaped Maximum Curve : Shaped
Condition
Graph Shape
Convert
c bx ax y + + =
2

to
k h x a y + =
2
) (
by completing the
squares method



Examples

Sketch 6 ) 5 ( 2
2
+ + = x y

Sketch 9 ) 1 (
2
= x y


Sketch
2
) 2 ( 2 x y =

Sketch
2
) 1 ( 2 3 + = x y

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5. Completing the square : To convert c bx ax y + + =
2
to k h x a y + =
2
) (

Formula for completing the square Examples
c bx x +
2
( ) c bx x + =
2

2 2
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
b
c
b
x
Find the max/min values of the following :
(a) 3
2
x x



(b) x x 2 4
2




(c) x x 4
2




(d) 6 4 3
2
+ x x



(e) x x 3 4 10
2






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6. Sketching quadratic curve c bx ax y + + =
2


Steps to sketch graph Example


1. Find the y-intercept.:
When x = 0, calculate y


2. Find the x-intercept.:
When y = 0, find the roots


3. Determine turning points








4. Determine shape of graph
( Shaped or Shaped )


5. Sketch the graph

Sketch the graph of 15 24 6
2
+ = x x y

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7. Solving Quadratic Inequalities.

Steps to solve

Example

1. Simplifed the given inequalities so that
the R.H.S is zero, if necessary :
0
2
> + + c bx ax , 0
2
< + + c bx ax
0
2
> + + c bx ax , 0
2
s + + c bx ax



2. Find the roots of 0
2
= + + c bx ax using
factorization or formula


3. Form the quadratic function
c bx ax y + + =
2
and sketch a
simplifed quadratic curve with only
- x-intercepts and either
Shaped or Shaped





Solve 5 2 2
2
+ < + x x x

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8. Sum and Product of roots.of 0
2
= + + c bx ax

Need to know Example

1. Suppose and are the roots of
0
2
= + + c bx ax then
- sum of roots
a
b
= + = | o
- product of roots
a
c
= = | o

2. Some useful identities :



Find the sum and product of roots of the
following :



















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Example
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Example
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Worksheet :Quadratic Equation
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Answers :

9.

10. 0 1 6 7
2
= + + x x
11. (a) 0 9 2
2
= +x x (b) 0 4 5 3
2
= x x
13. 3 3
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14.