Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature and the operational definition of terms used in this research. Literature were cited on the bases of their importance in the conduct of the research. 2.1 Operational Definition of Terms To facilitate better understanding of some technical terms used in this study , researcher define the following operationally. In Vitro : is a test done in glass in this case inside the petri dishes in the laboratory. Aspergillus niger is embedded in the circular filter paper and placed in triangular pattern inside the petri dishes with culture media of differing molar concentration of sodium chloride solution. Inhibition: refers to the prevention of the growth of multiplication of multiplication and sporelation of Aspergillus niger with differing molar concentration of sodium chloride. Sporelation, refers to the spore formation of Aspergillus niger inside the petri dishes under study. Aspergillus niger refers to the fungus that is being studied for growth inhibition and sporelation with the use of different concentration of sodium chloride. Molarity - refers to the concentration level of sodium chloride solution. It is calculated in terms of moles of solute of sodium chloride per liter of solution

Incubation. It refers to the holding of culture of microorganism under conditions, especially temperature , favorable to their growth. Medium. It refers to the nutrient substance used to grow microorganism. Replicate, this refers to the duplication of treatments to check whether the results are valid. Treatment - This to condition in which the samples are exposed. Zone of Inhibition - It refers to the area, which inhibited by treatment. It is measured in centimeter units. Culture Media A nutrient material prepared for the growth of microorganism in the laboratory with differing molar concentration of Sodium chloride solution. Inoculation The process of transferring the test organism from one test tube to petri dishes using inoculation loop. Inhibitory Effect Refers to the property of sodium chloride to suppress the growth of Aspergillus niger. Sodium Chloride refers to the main element that will inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger. Colorless or white crystal soluble with water and glycerol slightly soluble in alcohol melts at 804 Celsius; used in food and as a chemical intermediate Solution in millimeters. Vernier caliper A device used to measure the linear growth of the sodium chloride in millimeters. Sodium Chloride Solution A solution prepared by dissolving table salt to a specified amount of water following a standard formula of molarity.

2.2 Literature Cited Aspergillus Niger Reports of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus niger are uncommon in the literature. In some of these cases, previous colonization has been suggested as a potential risk factor for invasive disease . The paucity of case reports on invasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus niger has been explained by the limited virulence of this species, since Aspergillus niger is less likely than Aspergillus fumigates to be associated with invasive disease when recovered from clinical specimens. This has been linked with some physiological, structural and acidophilic characteristics. (Orzechowski Xavier et. All, 2008). Lidocaine, a potent local anaesthetic caused a strong inhibition of mycelial growth, biomass production and sporulation in Aspergillus niger when cultured in vitro. The effects of the anaesthetic were concentration-dependent, although the dose response varied with the nature of the medium used. Fungal growth was more sensitive to lidocaine in liquid (peptoneglucose) than solid (peptone glucoseagar) medium. The onset of sporulation was progressively delayed with increased concentration of anaesthetic, only in the former case. The fungistatic effect of lidocaine was apparent at 0.6% in liquid and at 0.9% in solid medium (Jaiswal, N, et, all, 2003). Aspergillus niger is a filamentous ascomycete fungus that is ubiquitous in the environment and has been implicated in opportunistic infections of humans. A. niger is most widely known for its role as a citric acid producer. With production of citric acid at over one million metric tons annually. Aspergillus niger citric acid production serves as a model fungal fermentation process ( Baker, 2006). Aspergilllus flavus is predominately a saprophyte and grows on dead plant and animal tissue in the soil. For this reason it is very important in nutrient recycling. However, Aspergillus flavus can also be pathogenic on several plant and animal species, including humans and domestic animals. It can infect seeds of corn, peanuts, cotton, and nut trees. Growth of the fungus on a food source often leads to

contamination with aflatoxin, a toxic and carcinogenic compound that can cause harmful effects, including liver cancer, when ingested by humans or animals. However, Aspergillus flavus growth can be inhibited by a three ( 3 ) Molar sodium chloride solution (Ong, 2003). The inhibition of Aspergillus flavus with three (3) Molar concentration of sodium chloride solution according to the finding of the study conducted by Ong ignited the idea of conducting this research.

Sodium chloride The use of sodium chloride (NaCl) or common salt as fertilizer is a practical means of increasing coconut production. Salt is the cheapest and best source of chlorine to increase copra yield. Chlorine deficiency in coconut is widespread in inland areas. A Philippine Coconut Authority survey conducted nationwide showed that at least 40 coconut-producing provinces are severely chlorine deficient. It was found out that sodium chloride accelerates crop growth and development, increases copra weight and number of nuts, minimizes leaf spot damage and environment-friendly under judicious practice (http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/salt.pdf) Physical Form: White crystalline solid with slight halogen odor. Color: White to opaque. Odor: Halogen odor when heated. Boiling Point (760mm Hg)(C): 1465 Melting Point/Freezing Point (C): 801 pH: 4.0 9.0 Solubility in Water (g/cc)(%): 26.4 Specific Gravity (H2O = 1): 2.16 Bulk Density (lbs./ft3): 35-83 % Volatile by Weight: N/A Vapor Pressure (mm Hg/747C): 2.4 Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A (www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/_Site_Root/.../1033617b).