DSP Laboratory Guide 3ea

Digital Signal Processing
Laboratory Guide
http://sp.utcluj.ro/Teaching
IIIEA.html
3rd Year AE
Laboratory Guide (sp.utcluj.ro) Digital Signal Processing 3rd Year AE 1 / 50
Outline
1
Laboratory 1 Introduction to MATLAB
2
Laboratory 2 Discrete-Time Signals
3
Laboratory 3 Sampling of Analog Signals
4
Laboratory 4 Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems
5
Laboratory 5 Linear and Circular Convolution
6
Laboratory 6 Discrete Fourier Transform
7
Laboratory 7 Finite Impulse Response Filters
8
Laboratory 8 Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems as
Frequency Selective Filters
9
Laboratory 9 Innite Impulse Response Filters. Indirect Design
Methods
10
Laboratory 10 Innite Impulse Response Filters. Direct Design
Methods
11
Laboratory 11 Structures for the Realization of Finite Impulse
Response Systems
12
Laboratory 12 Structures for the Realization of Innite Impulse
Response Systems
13
Laboratory 13 Quantization of Digital Filter Coecients
L1. Introduction to MATLAB
Appendix A L. Grama, C. Rusu, Prelucrarea numerica a semnalelor - aplicat ii si probleme, Ed. UTPRES, 2008
To be done: To be acquainted with MATLAB programming environment,
with the main commands and functions that will be used in the next
laboratories, read Appendix A: Not iuni MATLAB (pp. 139-165) and enter
the described examples in the command line.
Exercises:
1
Consider the matrices: A =
_
_
3 2 1
8 4 5
0 2 0
_
_
, B =
_
_
2 3 4
1 1 1
2 3 2
_
_
and the
scalar m = 4. Evaluate using MATLAB: C = A + B; D = A B;
E = C + m; F = A B; G = B m; H = A
; I = B
; J = A/B;
K = A \ B; L = C
m
. Verify if J = A B
1
and if K = A
1
B. Use
the long e format.
2
Generate a linearly spaced vector between 3 and 9 with the increment
2.
3
Generate a 13 element linearly spaced vector between 3 and 9.
4
Generate a 9 point logarithmically spaced vector between decades
10
3
and 10
3
.
5
Evaluate the scalar product of: a =
_
1 2
and b =
_
3 3
.
6
y = 3:0.9:123 is the given vector. Find the length of the vector and
generate another vector of the same length, with only 1s elements.
7
Evaluate the element by element product of the matrices:
A =
_
_
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
_
_
and B =
_
_
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
_
_
.
8
Graph x(n) = sin 2
1
5
n, n = 0, 10, using stem . The graph should be
represented by red stars; label the axes and write a title.
9
Build a MATLAB function named bplusa.m :
function sumab = bplusa(a, b) in order to evaluate the sum of two
variables a and b .
10
Build a MATLAB function named bproducta.m :
function prodab = bproducta(a, b) in order to evaluate the product
of two vectors a and b .
11
Build a MATLAB function:
function geometricmean = GeomMean(a, b) in order to evaluate the
geometric mean of two scalars a and b .
L2. Discrete-Time Signals
Chapter 1 L. Grama, C. Rusu, Prelucrarea numerica a semnalelor - aplicat ii si probleme, Ed. UTPRES, 2008
To be done: In this laboratory the discrete time sequences (denition,
classication and properties) are presented. It will be also illustrated the
way to represent discrete-time signals using MATLAB. To be acquainted
with signals and sequences, read Chapter 1: Semnale si secvent e, paragraphs
1.1.1-1.1.2 (pp. 1-4), respectively paragraphs 1.2.1-1.2.2 (pp. 8-10) to see
the MATLAB functions used in the sequences description. Run scripts
1.3.11.3.12 (you can nd the MATLAB examples in Lab2 DSP Examples as:
L2 1, impulse, L2 3L2 4, UnitStep, L2 6L2 12).
Exercises:
1
Generate and graph (using stem function) the sequence:
x(n) = {0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0}, n = 0, 8.
2
Generate the complex sequence: x(n) = (n) + ju(n), n = 0, 10, and
graph the real and the imaginary part of the generated sequence, in
the same gure, using subplot(mnp) command.
3
Generate and plot next sequences (abscissa n must include only the
indicated range):
x
1
(n) = 0.5(n), n = 5, 10;
x
2
(n) = 0.8(n 5), n = 5, 10;
x
3
(n) = 1.5(n + 100), n = 150, 0;
x
4
(n) = 2u(n), n = 20, 20;
x
5
(n) = 1.5u(n 10), n = 10, 20;
x
6
(n) = 2.5u(n + 10), n = 15, 15;
x
7
(n) = 1.2(n + 5) + 1.3 [u(n) u(n 20)] , n = 15, 25;
x
8
(n) = 2.2 sin
_
20.1n +

4
_
, n = 0, 49;
x
9
(n) = 1.5 sin
_
4
n +

3
_
, n = 0, 20;
x
10
(n) = 2 cos
_

5
n +

6
_
, n = 20, 20;
x
11
(n) = ln
sin
_

10
n
_
cos
_

10
n
_
, n = 20, 20;
x
12
(n) = exp (3n), n = 0, 9;
x
13
(n) = (3)
n
sin
_
8
n
_
, n = 0, 20;
x
14
(n) = 10 sin
_
20.1n +

6
_
, n = 5, 20.
4
Graph the attenuated sine sequence of length 100, given by:
x(n) =
_
_
_
sin (0.1n)
0.1n
, n = 0,
1, n = 0.
5
Generate the ramp sequence, with initial value 0 and nal value 100,
of length 20: x(n) =
100
19
n, n = 0, 19.
6
Graph the sequence: x(n) = 3 sin (4n) + 2 cos (0.72n), n = 0, 100.
Is this sequence periodic? If yes, which is the period?
7
Plot the discrete sequence, of length 20:
x(n) =
_
sin (0.2n), n > 10,
0, n 10.
8
Generate the complex-valued sequence, of length 50:
x(n) = exp
_
0.1n + j
_
20.1n +

4
__
. Plot the sequence attenuated
by sine and by cosine function, respectively:
x
1
(n) = exp (0.1n) sin
_
20.1n +

4
_
;
x
2
(n) = exp (0.1n) cos
_
20.1n +

4
_
.
9
Generate and plot next sequences:
x
1
(n) =
_
n(2 n), n = 5, 10
10, otherwise
10 n 20;
x
2
(n) =
_
_
8
i =0
a(n 2i ); a =
_
n + 3, n = 0, 5
0.5, otherwise
, n = 0, 10
50, otherwise
0 n 15;
10
Generate 3 sinusoidal sequences of dierent amplitude, frequency and
phase and plot them simultaneously on the screen (minimum 1
period).
11
Generate 16 periods of a periodic sequence; every period consists in 5
samples of 1 and 10 samples of 0.
12
Generate an uniformly distributed random sequence, between 0 and
10. Plot this sequence for n = 0, 49.
Hint: To generate an uniform distributed random sequence on a specied interval
[a, b], you have to multiply the output of rand function by (b a), and then to
add a. In the case of this example a = 0 and b = 10.
13
Generate a normally distributed random sequence (gaussian), between
0 and 10. Graph this sequence for n = 0, 49.
Hint: This sequence has a specic mean 5 and variance 5. To generate a gaussian
sequence with these parameters multiply the output of randn function by the
standard deviation
5 and then add the desired mean 5.

14
Plot using stem function, the sequence obtained by summing a sine
sequence by an uniform noise with the amplitude 10 times lower.
15
Generate and plot the sequences of length 100:
x
1
(n) = (n) (n 5);
x
2
(n) = u(n 5);
x
3
(n) = n [u(n) u(n 10)] ;
x
4
(n) = e
(0.2+j 0.3)n
;
x
5
(n) = n [u(n) u(n 10)] + e
(0.2+j 0.3)n
;
x
6
(n) = n [u(n) u(n 10)] + e
0.3n
[u(n 10) u(n 20)] .
16
Add an uniformly distributed random sequence of mean 0 and
maximum amplitude 0.2, to the 100 length sequences generated at
exercise 15.
17
Repeat exercise 16, for a gaussian sequence of mean 0 and variance
0.1.
18
Generate 101 samples of a ramp sequence with the initial value 0 and
the increment equal by 0.01. Plot this sequence between 20 and 30.
Hint: For plotting this sequence you can use the syntax: stem(20:30, x(21:31))
assuming that the generated sequence was denoted by x .
19
Generate and graph a rectangular sequence and a sawtooth one with
15 samples per period. You have to represent graphically 5 periods.
20
Create a MATLAB function to generate a nite length sinusoidal
sequence. The function must have 5 input arguments: 3 for the
sinusoids parameters and 2 to specify the rst and the last index of
the nite sequence. The function will return a colon vector that will
contain the sinusoid values.
Hint: function seq = gensin(ampl, freq, phase, ninitial, nnal) .
Use the created function in a MATLAB script to evaluate the
minimum, the maximum, the mean and the standard deviation of a
sinusoidal sequence with parameters: ampl = 1.5 , freq = 1/15 ,
phase = pi/6 , n = 0, 50.
21
Modify the function generated at 20, in order to return 2 output
arguments: a vector that contains the values of the sequence and a
vector with the corresponding indices.
Hint: function [seq, n] = gensin1(ampl, freq, phase, ninitial, nnal) .
L3. Sampling of Analog Signals
To be done: The aim of this laboratory is the introduction of analog
signals, the way to obtain a discrete-time sequence from an analog signal
(sampling of analog signals) and the way to reconstruct analog signals
from samples. To be acquainted with analog signals, their way of sampling
and their reconstruction from samples see Chapter 1: Semnale si secvent e,
paragraphs 1.1.1-1.1.5 (pp. 1-8). In paragraph 1.2.3 (p. 11) the MATLAB
functions used for interpolation are presented. Run scripts 1.3.131.3.15
(you can nd the MATLAB examples in Lab3 DSP Examples as: L3 1L3 3).
Study problem 1.3.16.
Exercises
1
Plot an amplitude modulated signal, sampled by 1 MHz, whose
carrier is of 100kHz and modulation signal of 10 kHz, for a
modulation index m = 1.2. Graph on the same gure, but in a
dierent pane the suppressed carrier amplitude modulated sequence.
2
From all sequences obtained after sampling analog sinusoidal signals
by 50kHz, which one has the major variation?
3
Generate 101 samples of a sequence obtained from an analog
sinusoidal signal sampled by 1 kHz; the analog sinusoid has unitary
amplitude, zero phase and a frequency of 100 Hz.
From the previous sequence generate a full-wave rectied one ( abs );
Perform the arithmetic mean of the previously obtained sequences.
What type of signal is the obtained one?
Graph the three sequences in the same gure, but in dierent panes.
4
Consider an analog sinusoidal signal with frequency F = 200 Hz. This
signal is sampled by F
s
= 800 Hz. Plot the analog signal, the
discrete-time sequence obtained after sampling and the analog signal
that can be recovered from samples (F
sim
= 8 kHz).
5
Consider the analog sinusoids with frequencies: 300 Hz, 400 Hz, 500
Hz, 700 Hz, 900 Hz. All of them are sampled by 900 Hz (dont forget
the simulation frequency). Plot the analog sinusoidal signals, the
sequences obtained after sampling, the analog signals that can be
recovered from the corresponding samples and also the corresponding
spectra. Is there any alias error? Why?
L4. Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems
To be done: The aim of this laboratory is to present discrete-time LTIS.
The way to evaluate the system response to arbitrary input signals, with
zero initial conditions, is illustrated. In this laboratory, the usage of
z-transform to LTIS characterization is also presented. To be familiar with
LTIS read Chapter 2: Semnale discrete, paragraphs 2.1, 2.1.1-2.1.3 (pp.
43-46). The MATLAB functions used to evaluate the output, the impulse
response of a LTIS, respectively the functions used to characterize the
discrete-time systems are described in paragraphs 2.2.1-2.2.2 (pp. 48-50).
Run scripts 2.3.12.3.9 (you can nd the MATLAB examples in
Lab4 DSP Examples as: L4 1L4 9). Study problems 2.3.102.3.13.
Exercises:
1
Demonstrate through a MATLAB scrip (similar with L4 1.m) that the
system H{x(n)} = x
2
(n) is nonlinear. Consider:
x
1
(n) = sin (20.1n), x
2
(n) = sin (20.15n), a = 3 and b = 3.
2
Two causal systems are considered. Determine which one is stable.
Comment on your answer.
H
1
(z) =
1 0.6z
1
+ 1.15z
2
0.98z
3
+ 0.98z
4
1 + 1.27z
1
+ 2.02z
2
+ 1.54z
3
+ 0.98z
4
;
H
2
(z) =
2 2.54z
1
+ 5z
2
4.3z
3
+ 3.27z
4
1 0.77z
1
+ 0.82z
2
+ 0.41z
3
+ 0.51z
4
.
3
A LTIS is characterized by the system function:
H(z) =
(z + 0.2)(z
2
+ 5)
(z 0.7)(z
2
z + 0.49)
.
Represent the poles and the zeros in the z-plane;
Evaluate and plot the phase response characteristic. Is this system a
linear-phase one?
4
Next transfer functions of some discrete LTIS are considered:
H
1
(z) = 1 4z
1
+ 4z
2
; H
2
(z) = 1 + 4z
1
+ 4z
2
;
H
3
(z) = 1 z
1
+ 0.25z
2
; H
4
(z) =
_
1 + z
1
_
2
1 z
1
+ 0.25z
2
;
H
5
(z) =
_
1 z
1
_
2
1 z
1
+ 0.25z
2
; H
6
(z) =
1
1 z
1
+ 0.25z
2
.
Using the zplane command represent the pole-zero diagrams for
H
i
(z), i = 1, 6;
Using the freqz command represent the frequency response
characteristics for each system. Specify what type of system is
described by each transfer function;
Evaluate and plot the unit impulse and the unit step response for
H
5
(z).
5
Find the impulse response of the system: H(z) =
0.5z
2
+ 0.5z
z
2
z 0.5
.
6
Find the impulse response of the system described by the transfer
function: H(z) =
1 + z
1
+ z
2
+ z
3
1 0.5z
1
4z
2
+ 2z
3
.
7
Evaluate the rst 50 samples of the impulse response sequence of the
system: H(z) =
z
2
+ 1
z
3
1.9z
2
+ 1.55z 0.425
.
8
Evaluate the rst 100 samples of the impulse response of the system:
H(z) =
z
z 1
.
9
A discrete LTIS is characterized by the constant-coecient dierence
equation:
y(n) 1.5 cos

8
y(n 1) + 0.95y(n 2) = x(n) + 0.4x(n 1).
Determine the poles of the systems transfer function, which are the
roots of the polynomial A(z) = 1 +
N
k=1
a
k
z
k
using the roots
command. If these roots are complex-conjugate, the response of the
system contains harmonic components. Represent the real and the
imaginary part of the complex sequences p
n
k
u(n), n = 0, 30 (p
k
are the
systems poles);
Accordingly to the dierence equation, the impulse response sequence
is: h(n) = (a
1
p
n
1
+ a
2
p
n
2
) u(n). Determine the constants a
1
and a
2
.
Evaluate the impulse response using the MATLAB command impz
(see L4 8.m);
Determine the steady-state response of the system to the complex
exponential input sequence (see L4 9.m): x(n) = e
j
0
n
, n = 0, 60,
0
=

6
, using the relation: y(n) = |H(
0
)|e
j
0
n+H(
0
)
.
10
Analyze the eect of poles and zeros of a system function H(z) on
the magnitude of the frequency response |H()|, for the systems:
H
1
(z) =
_
1 z
1
z
1
_ _
1 z
2
z
1
_
where:
1) z
1,2
= 1; 2) z
1,2
= e
j

6
; 3) z
1,2
= e
j

3
; 4) z
1,2
= e
j

2
;
5) z
1,2
= e
j
2
3
; 6) z
1,2
= e
j
5
6
; 7) z
1,2
= 1.
Analyze how |H()| is modifying accordingly to the zeros position, and
represent the zeros in z-plane. What do you observe? Comment on the
results.
H
2
(z) =
0.3
_
1 p
1
z
1
_ _
1 p
2
z
1
_ where:
1) p
1,2
= 0.3; 2) p
1,2
= e
j

4
; 3) p
1,2
= e
j

2
; 4) p
1,2
= 0.3.
Analyze how |H()| is modifying accordingly to the poles position, and
represent the poles in z-plane. What do you observe? Comment on the
results.
11
For the sequence: x(n) = (0.9)
n
sin (0.2n), n = 0, 99, nd the impulse
response after you evaluate X(z).
Hint: The z-transform of the sequence x(n) = a
n
sin (
0
n)u(n) is
H(z) =
az
1
sin
0
1 2az
1
cos
0
+ a
2
z
2
, |z| > |a|.
L5. Linear and Circular Convolution
Chapters 2 and 3 L. Grama, C. Rusu, Prelucrarea numerica a semnalelor - aplicat ii si probleme, Ed. UTPRES, 2008
To be done: The aim of this laboratory is to present the linear and the
circular convolution. You can nd the theoretical aspects regarding the
linear convolution in Chapter 2: Semnale discrete, paragraph 2.1.4 (pp.
47-48), respectively in 2.2.3 (p. 50) the MATLAB commands used for
linear convolution evaluation. In Chapter 3: Transformata Fourier discreta,
paragraph 3.1.3 (pp. 95-96) you can nd the aspects regarding the circular
convolution. The MATLAB functions used are presented in 3.2.2 (p. 99).
Run scripts 2.3.14, 3.3.63.3.8, 3.3.11,respectively (you can nd the
MATLAB examples in Lab5 DSP Examples as: L5 1L5 5). Study problems
2.3.152.3.16.
Exercises:
1
Determine the linear convolution of the sequences: x
1
(n) = |10 n|
and x
2
(n) = 1.5 cos
_
20.1n +

4
_
, n = 0, 20. Plot the two sequences
and the sequence obtained after convolution. Which is the length of
the sequence obtained after performing the linear convolution?
2
The impulse response of a LTIS is: h(n) =
_
e
0.1n
, n = 0, 31,
0, otherwise.
At
the input of the system the sequence x(n) = u(n) u(n 20) is
applied. Determine the system output using the linear convolution.
3
The impulse response of a LTIS is: h(n) =
_
e
0.15n
, n = 0, 31,
0, otherwise.
Determine the output of the system to the input sequence
x(n) = u(n) u(n 30), using conv function.
4
Consider the system described by the z-domain transfer function:
H(z) =
z 1
(z 0.25)(z 0.5)
.
Determine the rst 100 samples of the unit step response sequence;
Express the system function as: H(z) = H
1
(z) + H
2
(z) and determine
the unit step response of the individual blocks and then add the results.
Compare the obtained result with the one obtained in the rst part.
5
Consider the system: H(z) =
z
z 0.5
. Evaluate:
The unit step response;
The unit ramp response;
The response to the sequence: x(n) = 10cos
n
3
u(n);
The response to the sequence: x(n) = 10 0.5
n
u(n).
6
Two linear systems are connected in cascade:
h
1
(n) = { 2
, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4}, h
2
(n) = { 3
, 1, 5, 0, 2, 6}.
Generate an arbitrary input sequence x(n) (i.e., a sinusoidal sequence);
Evaluate the output sequence of the rst system, using the linear
convolution, and then evaluate the overall output sequence;
If the cascade order is changed, repeat the operations involved in the
precedent part. What can you conclude?
Suppose that the second system is characterized by the input-output
relation: y(n) = 0.01 [x(n)]
2
, and the rst system remains unchanged.
Repeat the precedent parts and compare the output resultant
sequences.
7
Evaluate the circular convolution of the sequences: x
1
(n) = (2)
n
and x
2
(n) = 1.1 cos
_
0.25n +

6
_
, n = 0, 10. Plot the two sequences
and the sequence obtained after the evaluation of the circular
convolution. Which is the length of the circular convolution result?
8
Consider the sequences: x
1
(n) = 1.1 sin
_
20.05n +

4
_
and
x
2
(n) = (1)
n
, n = 0, 15. Write a MATLAB script to evaluate:
The linear convolution;
The 16-point circular convolution in two ways (using circonv and t ,
respectively);
The circular convolution in minimum number of points required in
order to obtain the same result as in the case of the linear convolution,
in two ways (using circonv and t , respectively ).
9
Evaluate the linear and the circular (using minimum length DFT
required) convolution of the sequences: x
1
(n) = u(n) u(n 20),
n = 0, 30 and x
2
(n) = (0.7)
n
, n = 0, 20. Which is the minimum
length for the period N such that the values of the two convolutions
to be the same? Graph the two sequences and also those obtained
after the evaluation of linear and circular convolution, respectively.
L6. Discrete Fourier Transform
To be done: The aim of this laboratory is to present the Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT): its denition, its properties and also its implementation
in MATLAB. To become familiar with DFT read Chapter 3: Transformata
Fourier discreta, paragraphs 3.1.1-3.1.2 (pp. 90-95), respectively paragraph
3.1.4 for the sampling in the frequency domain (pp. 96-97). The
MATLAB functions used to implement the DFT are presented in 3.2.1
(pp. 98-99). Run scripts 3.3.13.3.5, 3.3.93.3.10, 3.3.12 (you can nd
the MATLAB examples in Lab6 DSP Examples as: L6 1L6 8). Study problems
3.3.133.3.16.
Exercises:
1
Plot the magnitude and the phase of the corresponding DFT for:
x(n) =
_
1, n = 0, 5,
0, n = 6, 10.
2
Consider the sequence given in exercise 1; pad it by 116 zeros. Plot
the magnitude and the phase of the DFT for the zero-padded
sequence.
3
Generate a MATLAB program to verify the Parseval relationship for:
x(n) =
_
n + 2j , n = 0, 63,
0, otherwise.
y(n) =
_
n + 3j , n = 0, 63,
0, otherwise.
4
An amplitude modulated signal, sampled by 1MHz, whose carrier is of
100kHz and modulation signal of 10kHz is considered. For a
modulation index of m = 0.7 graph the magnitude and the phase
spectra.
5
Consider the sequences: x
1
(n) = 0.2 sin
_
20.1n +

8
_
and
x
2
(n) = 2e
0.2n
, n = 0, 49. Plot the sequences and their product.
Evaluate the magnitude and the phase spectra of the DFTs for x
1
(n),
x
2
(n) and x
1
(n)x
2
(n). Plot the results.
6
Evaluate the N-point DFTs of: x
1
(n) = u(n) u(n 20), n = 0, 30
and x
2
(n) =
_
n 1, n = 0, 5,
(1)
n
, n = 6, 10.
Graph the sequences and their
DFTs (real and imaginary parts, magnitude and phase) for
[, ] and N = 32; 128; 256; 512; 1024.
7
Consider the sequences:
x
1
(n) = { 3
, 4.2, 11, 0, 7, 1, 0, 2}, x

2
(n) = { 1.2
, 3, 0, 0.5, 2}.
Evaluate the linear convolution (using conv ) between x
1
(n) and x
2
(n).
Which is the length of the result?
In some cases, it should be convenient to evaluate the linear
convolution using the Fourier transform. At the beginning, evaluate the
linear convolution in a some way inconsistent manner. Extend x
2
(n)
with three zeros, so that both sequences to have the same length.
Evaluate then the 8-point DFT for the two sequences. After
multiplying the two DFTs, evaluate the IDFT of the product
X
1
(k)X
1
(k). Take into account only the real part of the result,
imaginary part being the result of the roundo errors. In what measure
the result is identical with the one obtained through the linear
convolution? How many samples are accurate? Why?
Which is the minimum length DTF that must be used, so that through
the preceding procedure to obtain the same result as in the case of
linear convolution? Pad both sequences by zeros, till both of them are
of length equal by the minimum required to evaluate accurate the
linear convolution using the DFT. Repeat the previous part.
Pad with ve zeros the two sequences, so that their length is greater
than the minimum required. Repeat the previous part and specify to
what extent a greater number of samples aect the result.
8
Consider the sequence: x(n) = { 3
, 2, 7, 1, 4}.
Evaluate the 5-point DFT of x(n). Multiply the DFT by a complex
exponential: e
j
2k
5
. Compute the IDFT of the product, that is to nd
the sequence x
1
(n): x
1
(n) = IDFT{X(k)e
j
2k
5
}. Take into account
only the real part of x
1
(n), the imaginary part being the result of the
roundo errors. Compare x
1
(n) by x(n). Are these sequences obtained
by circular shift?
Repeat the previous part to obtain a circular shift by 3 samples;
How can you modify this technique so that to be possible to evaluate
the linear convolution?
L7. Finite Impulse Response Filters
Chapter 2 L. Grama, A. Grama, C. Rusu, Filtre numerice - aplicat ii si probleme, Ed. UTPRES, 2008
To be done: The subject of this laboratory are FIR lters. In the rst
part some theoretical aspects regarding the digital lters are presented,
their advantages and disadvantages toward the analog ones. The FIR
lters characteristics are illustrated and some design methods are
described: windowing method, sampling in the frequency domain method
and the optimal method. To be acquainted with the digital lters read
Chapter 2: Filtre cu raspuns nit la impuls, paragraphs 2.1-2.1.1 (pp. 41-42),
respectively 2.1.2-2.1.3 (pp. 42-48) to become familiar with the FIR lters
(their characteristics and approximation methods). The MATLAB
functions used to implement FIR lters are presented in 2.2.1-2.2.4 (pp.
48-54). Run scripts 2.3.12.3.4 (you can nd the MATLAB examples in
Exercises
1
Design a 21 FIR LPF, with the cuto frequency of 0.2.
2
Redesign the previous lter for a larger transition band.
3
Graph the rectangular, triangular, Blackman, Hamming, Hanning,
Kaiser (dierent ) windows, and also their magnitude frequency
response characteristics. Note the principal lobes values and the
maximum amplitudes of the secondary lobes [dB]. Verify the results
by those given in Table 2.3. For N = 20 study demowindows.m .
What happens if you modify the windows length (N = 50)? What
can you say about the windows eect in the FIR lters design?
4
Design a FIR band-reject lter, of order 21, using the windowing
method (use the windows generated in exercise 3), with the stop band
limits F
s1
= 10kHz, F
s2
= 15kHz. The sampling frequency considered
is F
s
= 90kHz. Plot the frequency response characteristic, the zeros
distribution and the impulse response of the lter, for each window.
5
Design a FIR LPF, of order 36, using the sampling in the frequency
domain method, with the pass band limit F
p
= 15kHz and the
sampling frequency F
s
= 50kHz. Sketch the frequency response
characteristics of the lter, the zeros distribution and the impulse
response.
6
Design a FIR BPF, of minimum order, with the frequencies
F
s1
= 10kHz, F
p1
= 12kHz, F
p2
= 60kHz, F
s2
= 62kHz and the
sampling frequency F
s
= 130kHz, the minimum attenuation in the
stop bands of 40dB and the maximum attenuation in the pass band
of 3dB. Sketch the frequency response characteristics of the lter.
Hint: In order to evaluate the pass and stop band deviations use:
A
PB
= 20 lg
1 +
p
1
p

p
=
10
A
PB
20
1
10
A
PB
20
+ 1
A
SB
= 20 lg
s

s
= 10
A
SB
20
.
7
Redesign the FIR PBF from exercise 6, using the SPTool graphical
interface.
8
Consider the FIR lter described by the input-output relationship:
y(n) =
1
4
[x(n) + x(n 1) + x(n 2) + x(n 3)]. Evaluate and
sketch the impulse response and the frequency response
characteristics.
9
Design a 33 order Hilbert transformer, with optimum response, such
that the normalized frequency to be within 0.05 and 0.45.
10
Design a 55 linear phase FIR LPF, with the transition frequencies 0.2
and 0.3.
11
Design a FIR lter that approximate the magnitude characteristic:
|H()| =
_
_
_
0, 0 < < 0.2,
1, 0.25 < < 0.45
0, 0.5 < < .
Evaluate and sketch the impulse response and the frequency response
characteristics.
12
Design a linear phase LPF, of order 51, to approximate the
characteristic of an ideal LPF. The cuto frequency is considered to
be 0.2. Graph the frequency response characteristics for the designed
lter. You should observe the presence of the Gibbs phenomenon.
13
Design a linear phase BPF, of order 40, to approximate the
characteristic of an ideal BPF (rectangular window) with the cuto
frequencies: 0.2 and 0.6.
14
Repeat exercise 13 for a Hamming window. Why the Gibbs
phenomenon doesnt appear anymore? What can you say about the
transition band?
15
Design a lter to approximate the characteristic of a dierentiator,
H() = /, considering a Blackman window. The order of the lter
should be 40.
16
Consider the moving average lter described by the
constant-coecient dierence equation:
y(n) =
1
3
[x(n) + x(n 1) + x(n 2)].
Evaluate and plot the magnitude and the log-magnitude frequency
response for this lter;
At the input of this lter a signal mixed up with noise is applied. What
do you obtain at the output? Comment on the result;
Repeat the previous parts for a ve order moving average lter,
described by the dierence equation:
y(n) =
1
5
[x(n) + x(n 1) + x(n 2) + x(n 3) + x(n 4)].
17
Using a rectangular window, design a FIR BPF, of order 55, with the
normalized cuto frequencies 0.18 and 0.33. Plot the impulse
response and the frequency response characteristics.
18
Design a 55 order FIR lter, of equal ripple, to approximate the
frequency response:
H() =
_
_
_
0, 0 < < 0.2,
1, 0.22 < < 0.43
0, 0.5 < < .
Laboratory 8 Discrete-Time LTIS
L8. Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems as Frequency
Selective Filters
To de done: The aim of this laboratory is to present the LTIS as selective
lters in the frequency domain. In the rst part the ideal lters
characteristics are illustrated, and then some particular classes of selective
lters are shown: digital resonators, comb lters, notch lters, all-pass
lters and digital sinusoidal oscillators. The theoretical aspects are
illustrated in Chapter 1: Filtrari selective paragraph 1.1 (pp. 1-20),
respectively in paragraph 1.2 (p. 20) the MATLAB functions are
described. Run scripts 1.3.11.3.9 (you can nd the MATLAB examples in
Lab8 DSP Examples as: L8 1L8 9).
Exercises:
1
Redo example L8 9, for the other values of the frequency f
0
.
Laboratory 9 IIR Filters. Indirect Design Methods
L9. Innite Impulse Response Filters. Indirect Design Methods
To be done: This laboratory is focused on designing, analyzing and
implementing IIR lters. In some applications, the IIR lters are more
advantageously than the FIR lters because they can realize excellent
selectivity characteristics with a lower order of the transfer function. In
contrast with the FIR lters, the IIR ones cannot have linear phase. To
become familiar with the IIR lters read Chapter 3: Filtre cu raspuns innit la
impuls, paragraphs 3.1, 3.1.1 (pp. 70-77), respectively paragraph 3.1.3
(pp. 83-84) about the IIR lters advantages. The MATLAB functions
used to implement the IIR lters are presented in 3.2.1-3.2.3 (pp. 84-88).
Run scripts 3.3.13.3.4 (you can nd the MATLAB examples in
Exercises:
1
Using the impulse invariance method design a digital Butterworth
band-pass lter, for which:
The attenuation is lower than 1dB at 4kHz and 6kHz;
The attenuation is greater than 40dB at 3kHz and 8kHz;
The sampling frequency is 20kHz.
1 Evaluate and sketch the frequency response characteristics for the
analog BPF and for the corresponding digital one.
2 Evaluate and sketch the impulse response of the digital BPF and the
pole-zero diagram in the z-plane.
3 Is the obtained digital lter stable?
Repeat the problem using the bilinear transformation method.
2
Repeat exercise 1 for a Cebyshev I lter. Comment on the dierences.
3
Repeat exercise 1 for a Cebyshev II lter. Comment on the dierences.
4
Repeat exercise 1 for an Elliptic lter. Comment on the dierences.
5
Repeat exercises 14 and design these lters using the graphical
interface SPTool.
6
Consider the analog lter described by the system function:
H(s) =
2
s + 2
s
2
+ 2
2s
2
+ 3s + 2
. Using the bilinear transformation
method, obtain the corresponding digital lter; the sampling period is
equal by T = 0.8. What kind of lter is the obtained one? Is this
lter stable?
Laboratory 10 IIR Filters. Direct Design Methods
L10. Innite Impulse Response Filters. Direct Design Methods
To be done: In this laboratory the direct design methods for IIR lters are
described. The theoretical aspects regarding the direct design methods for
IIR lters are presented in Chapter 3: Filtre cu raspuns innit la impuls in
paragraph 3.1.2 (pp. 78-83), respectively in 3.2.4 (pp. 88-91) the
MATLAB functions are illustrated. Run scripts 3.3.73.3.11 (you can nd
the MATLAB examples in Lab10 DSP Examples as: L10 1L10 5). Study
problems 3.3.123.3.13.
Exercises:
1
Consider a Cebyshev II digital HPF, with 4 poles and 4 zeros, with
the system function: H
d
(z) =
0.076945 0.19009z
1
+ 0.25374z
2
0.19009z
3
+ 0.076945z
4
1 + 0.80034z
1
+ 0.73056z
2
+ 0.17774z
3
+ 0.035329z
4
.
Using the Pade approximation method for H
d
(z), and considering the
impulse response length equal by 50, compare the methods
performances for: M = {2; 4; 6} and N = {2; 4; 6}.
2
Consider the lter given in exercise 1; approximate it using the least
squares design method.
3
Consider the lter given in exercise 1; approximate it using Pronys
design method.
4
Consider the lter given in exercise 1; approximate it using Shanks
design method.
5
Using Yule-Walker method, synthesize a BRF, with the stop band
between 0.3 and 0.6 and the cuto pass band frequencies 0.25 and
0.65.
6
Design a 5 order Butterworth LPF, which satises the condition:
0.9 < H() < 1, for 0 < f < 0.2.
7
Consider a LTIS described by the transfer function:
H(z) =
0.05634(1 + z
1
)(1 1.01666z
1
+ z
2
)
(1 0.68z
1
)(1 1.4461z
1
+ 0.7957z
2
)
. Sketch the
pole-zero diagram, the frequency response characteristics and the
group delay characteristic.
8
Design a minimum order Butterworth LPF, which satises the
conditions: 0.99 < |H(f )| < 1 for 0 < f < 0.22 and
0 < |H(f )| < 0.01 for 0.25 < f < 0.5.
Plot the frequency response characteristics and the group delay
characteristic;
Find the poles and the zeros of the system function and write the
system function expression in a compact manner.
9
Repeat exercise 8 for a Cebyshev lter.
10
Design a Cebyshev BRF which must reject the frequency f = 0.22.
The design must satisfy the next requirements:
The order of the lter is ten;
The stop band width is 0.04;
The widths of the transition bands are 0.03;
The stop band attenuation must be at least 20dB, and the ripple in the
pass band is 1dB.
Evaluate the output of this lter to the excitation
x(n) = sin (20.22n), n = 0, 299. Comment on the result.
11
A LTIS is described by the transfer function: H(z) =
z
z 0.9
.
Evaluate and sketch the impulse response;
Evaluate and sketch the frequency response characteristics (the
magnitude and the phase);
Evaluate the output of this lter to the excitation x(n) = sin 20.05n,
for n = 0, 499. Compare the excitation with the output sequence. How
are aected the amplitude and the phase of the input sinusoid?
Repeat the previous part for x(n) = sin (20.1n), n = 0, 499.
12
Two continuous-time signals are considered, x
a
(t) and y
a
(t), which
are in an integral relationship: y
a
(t) =
_
t
0
x
a
(t)dt. The integral can
be approximated using the trapezoidal rule as follows:
y
a
(t) y
a
(t
0
) +
t t
0
2
[x
a
(t) + x
a
(t
0
)].
A discrete integrator can be represented by the nite dierence
equation: y(n) = y(n 1) +
T
2
[x(n) + x(n 1)], where x(n) and
y(n), respectively, represent the sampled signals derived from x
a
(t)
and y
a
(t).
Determine the transfer function H(z) of the discrete integrator;
Generate two vectors to describe the discrete integrator. Consider
T = 0.1s;
Consider the signal: x
a
(t) = 0.9
t
sin (2t). Its integral can be
approximated by discrete integrator. For this purpose, this signal is
sampled by T = 0.1s and it is passed through the integrator. Evaluate
the rst 100 samples for the output sequence and compare them by the
theoretical result;
Repeat previous parts for T = 0.05s.
13
Consider the LTIS described by the system function:
H(z) =
1
1 z
N
.
Create a variable to describe this system, and then generate 100
samples of the systems impulse response (N = 10);
Evaluate and sketch the frequency response characteristics (the
magnitude and the phase);
Generate 10 samples of the sequence: x(n) = 9 n, for n = 0, 9. Pad
x(n) by 90 zeros. Pass this new sequence through the lter and
evaluate the rst 100 samples of the response sequence.
Laboratory 11 Structures for the Realization of FIR Systems
L11. Structures for the Realization of Finite Impulse Response
Systems
To be done: This laboratory is dedicated to the realization of
discrete-time LTIS with nite impulse response. The direct form, the
cascade structure, and the lattice one will be presented. It is also
described the frequency sampling implementation for a FIR system its
advantage consists in the computational eciency toward other
implementations. The theoretical aspects regarding discrete-time LTIS
implementation are presented in Chapter 4: Structuri pentru implementarea
sistemelor discrete paragraph 4.1 (pp. 122-123), respectively in 4.1.1. (pp.
123-132) the structures for the realization of FIR systems are described.
Study problems described in the examples 4.3.14.3.4 (you can nd the
MATLAB scripts in Lab11 DSP Examples as: L11 1L11 4).
Laboratory 11 Structures for the Realization of FIR Systems
Exercises:
1
Next FIR systems are considered:
H
1
(z) = 1
5
6
z
1
+
1
6
z
2
;
H
2
(z) =
_
1 2z
1
_
_
1 0.8e
j

6
z
1
__
1 0.8e
j

6
z
1
_
;
H
3
(z) = 1 1.27z
1
+ 1.19z
2
+ 1.18z
3
+ 0.4z
4
;
H
4
(z) = 0.5 + 0.2z
1
0.3z
2
+ z
3
;
Synthesize and draw the structures corresponding to the direct form,
cascade and lattice implementation, respectively.
Laboratory 12 Structures for the Realization of IIR Systems
L12. Structures for the Realization of Innite Impulse Response
Systems
To be done: In this laboratory the direct, the cascade, the parallel and the
lattice structures for the IIR systems are presented. To be acquainted with
the theoretical aspects regarding discrete-time IIR systems implementation
structures read Chapter 4: Structuri pentru implementarea sistemelor discrete,
the paragraph 4.1.2 (pp. 132-141), respectively the paragraph 4.2 (pp.
141-143), where the used MATLAB functions for IIR systems
implementation are presented. Run script 4.3.8 (you can nd the MATLAB
example in Lab12 DSP Examples as: L12 1). Study problems 4.3.54.3.7.
Laboratory 12 Structures for the Realization of IIR Systems
Exercises:
1
Next IIR systems are considered:
H
1
(z) =
3
_
1 z
1
_ _
1 +
2z
1
+ z
2
_
(1 + 0.3z
1
) (1 0.7z
1
+ 0.49z
2
)
;
H
2
(z) =
_
1 0.3e
j

4
z
1
__
1 0.3e
j

4
z
1
_
_
1 0.6e
j

6
z
1
__
1 0.6e
j

6
z
1
_
;
H
3
(z) =
3
1 1.27z
1
+ 1.19z
2
+ 1.18z
3
+ 0.4z
4
;
H
4
(z) =
0.5 + 0.2z
1
0.3z
2
+ z
3
1 0.3z
1
+ 0.2z
2
+ 0.5z
3
;
Synthesize and draw the structures corresponding to the direct forms
I and II, cascade, parallel and lattice implementation, respectively.
Specify for each system if it is stable or not.
L13. Quantization of Digital Filter Coecients
To be done: The aim of this laboratory is the analysis of the word-length
eects in representing numerical values on systems performances, in
dierent structures. Finite-word-length eects report on quantization
consequences that are present in the digital implementations of systems,
either in hardware or in software. We want to analyze the round-o
quantization eects to digital lters. Theoretical aspects regarding
quantization of digital lters coecients are illustrated in Chapter 5:
Cuantizarea coecient ilor ltrelor digitale, paragraphs 5.1, 5.1.1-5.1.3 (pp.
169-174). The round-o quantization eects in digital lters are illustrated
in the paragraph 5.1.4 (pp. 174-184). The MATLAB functions used in this
laboratory are described in the paragraph 5.2 (pg. 185-187). Run scripts
5.3.15.3.13 (you can nd the MATLAB examples in Lab13 DSP Examples as:
L13 1L13 13).
Exercises
1
Redo example L13 12, for L
and L
1
norms. What can you notice?
2
Redo example L13 13, for L
and L
2
norms. What can you notice?
3
Next IIR systems are considered:
H
1
(z) =
1 2 cos
2
6
z
1
+ z
2
1 1.4 cos
2
6
z
1
+ 0.49z
2
1 2 cos
2
4
z
1
+ z
2
1 1.2 cos
2
4
z
1
+ 0.36z
2
;
H
2
(z) =
0.5 + 0.2z
1
0.3z
2
+ 0.1z
3
+ z
4
1 + 0.1z
1
0.3z
2
+ 0.2z
3
+ 0.5z
4
.
Determine the numerators and denominators coecients and sketch
the pole-zero diagram and the frequency response characteristics;
For the direct form quantize (using truncation) the transfer function
coecients on 15, 8 and 4 bits. Note the values obtained for each
case;
1 Sketch the pole-zero diagram and the frequency response
characteristics for the transfer functions with quantized coecients;
2 Compare the frequency response characteristics of the lters with
unquantized coecients with those with quantized coecients. How
many bits are necessarily for the coecients representation such that
this limitation do not aect much the magnitude characteristic?
Determine the parallel form of the given transfer functions;
1 Quantize the coecients of each function from the structure on 15, 8
and 4 bits. Note the values obtained for each case;
2 Evaluate the global transfer function summing all the transfer functions
with quantized coecients and plot the global frequency response and
compare the results with the one previously obtained;
Determine the cascade form of the given transfer functions;
2 Evaluate the global transfer function multiplying all the transfer
functions with quantized coecients;
3 Sketch the pole-zero diagram and the global frequency response and
compare the results with the one obtained for the direct form;
Determine the lattice structure of the given transfer functions;
2 Evaluate the global transfer function and plot the pole-zero diagram
and the global frequency response; compare the results with the one
previously obtained.

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5 and then add the desired mean 5.

, 4.2, 11, 0, 7, 1, 0, 2}, x

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