GUIDE TO REFERENCING Harvard Referencing for Petroc What is Referencing?

Acknowledging the work of others that you use in your assignments.

Why use References? Proof of reading If you do not reference you could be accused of plagiarism (using other peoples work or ideas without crediting them). Committing plagiarism is a very serious act and will lead to a formal disciplinary process. It is your responsibility to reference your work.

What type of material do I need to reference? Direct quotes Paraphrases - text which you have rewritten but is still essentially someone else's work or idea Statistics Studies Theories and ideas Other people's interpretations of events/material Any facts which are not common knowledge

REFERENCING IN THE TEXT In-text citations give the brief (abbreviated) details of the work which you are quoting from, or to which you are referring, in your text. These citations will then link to the full reference in your reference list at the end of your work, which is arranged in alphabetical order by author. (Pears and Shield, 2008, p.14) In-text citation format: Open round brackets Author or editors surname, followed by a comma Year of publication, followed by a comma Page number(s), preceded by p. for a single page, or pp. for more than one page. Close round brackets

BOOKS Direct quotation (The actual words used by an author) You must always cite and reference the quotation, including the page number. When you are using someone elses exact words, you must enclose the quote in double quotation marks ( or speech marks ), or in single quotation marks. Whichever you use, be consistent.
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How to put the authors name and the date of your source into your text.. Example: It is stated that, pay has been a continuous feature of many British sports (Polley, 1998, p.1). Or, if you have already used the authors name in the sentence: Polley (1998, p.1) states that, pay has been a continuous feature of many British sports. Indirect quotation (a piece of text you use with only minor changes to wording, and therefore no quotation marks) You must always cite and reference the source, including the page number. In-text citation example: The view proposed by Franklin (2002, p.88) ... Reference list: Franklin, A.W. (2002) Management of the problem, in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.

Paraphrasing (putting someone elses writing into your own words, without changing the meaning) You must always cite and reference your source, including the page number. Summarising (briefly stating the main points only of an article, webpage, chapter or book, with little detailed information) Cite the author and year, no page number usually necessary. In-text citation example: The formation of professions was examined in Prest (1987). Reference list: Prest, W. (ed.) (1987) The professions in early modern England. London: Croom Helm.

Citing sources when the author/editor cannot be identified: Use the title In-text citation example: In a recent study (Health of the Nation, 2008, p.94), statistics showed

INTERNET When referencing a web page you include the same details as you would for a book (author, title, publisher/producer etc). Similarly, if some details are not available you simply use the next unique element that is provided for example, if there is no author noted you would reference (and cite [in your text]) by title ... When referencing web pages (ie. In your reference list at the end of your work) or any other internet documents you must include the full URL as it appears in the address
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bar...to avoid any confusion when someone tries to check your reference... (Pears & Shields, 2008, p. 21). The defining element in referencing a web page is its Uniform Resource Locator, or URL. This should be included in your reference list, but do not include the URL in your in-text citation, unless this is the only piece of information you have . (Pears & Shields, 2008, p. 39). (Compilers emphasis) Eg. In-text citation: Yau (2001) provided information about the Chinese community. Reference list: Yau, T. (2001) Dragon project. Available at: http://www.geocities.com/dragonproject2000/ (Accessed: 14 June 2008).

Eg. No author name or web page title available: In-text citation example: No author name or web page title available The latest survey of health professionals (http://www.onlinehealthsurvey.org, 2008) reveals that ...

See below for details of how to reference a web page in your reference list. For more examples, please see Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books. Copies held at 808.027 in Petroc Barnstaple library.

JOURNAL ARTICLES Direct & indirect references within the text will be the same as books. Key Points More than 3 authors of one book or article - use first author then et al. (in italics) e.g. Collinson et al. (1993) in your in-text citation, but you must list all the authors, however many there are, in your Reference List at the end. Use 3 dots to indicate the omission of words from a direct quote. When one author quotes the work of another, use the phrase cited in. Example: Buzan (1974, cited in Barnes, 1992. p.x) says that a good summary of a lecture is often more useful than extensive notes. NB You should only do this if the original work cant be found. This is called secondary referencing. . Short quotations, up to 2 or 3 lines, can be set in double quotation marks and included in the body of your text.

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Longer quotes should be indented from the main body of text, as a separate paragraph. Quotation marks are not needed.

Phrases to use when you want to work citations into your text: Making statements and giving options to assert to make an assertion to believe to claim to make a claim to consider to express to say to state to suggest to make a suggestion to think Arguing to argue to present/put forward an argument to conclude to reach a conclusion to contend (noun: contention) to demonstrate to emphasise to place/put emphasis on to hypothesise to present a hypothesis to insist to make clear to make a point to reason to recommend to make a recommendation to show to stipulate to stress Agreeing with another viewpoint to accept to acknowledge to admit to agree to be in agreement with to concede to make a concession to recognise to support (a view)
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Making observations and referring to sources or data to cite to document to draw upon to find to indicate to note to observe to make an observation to point out to quote to refer to to report to show Defining and Describing to call to categorise to divide into categories to classify (noun: classification) to describe to describe to define to give a definition to give an example to identify to illustrate to give an illustration to liken to to refer to

Disagreeing with another viewpoint to counter (an argument) to criticise to make a criticism of to differ to disagree to dispute to oppose

REFERENCING AT THE END OF THE TEXT, with in-text citation examples What is a Reference List? A reference list details all the sources of information that you have actually acknowledged within your piece of work, so that a reader can confirm the publication details, and find the item. Sources should be placed in alphabetical order of surname. When no author name is found for a source, the name or title of the publication is used, and fits into the alphabetical list of author names in the appropriate place.

What is a Bibliography? (For information only, as you will only rarely need to include a bibliography in your assignments at Petroc) A separate list, below your reference list. A bibliography uses the same formats as a reference list, but includes all material used in the preparation of your work, not just the sources actually cited as in-text references. Material should also be placed in alphabetical order, as above.

BOOKS Citation order for reference list or bibliography: Author surname, followed by a comma Author initial, followed by a full stop Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of book (in italics), followed by a full stop Edition, edn. (only include this if it is not the first edition, eg. 2 nd edn.), followed by a full stop Place of publication: Publisher (note the colon) Series and volume number (where relevant). Key points Use the title as given on the title page of the book, together with the subtitle (if any) The title of the book should be in italic text Subtitle should be in italic and lower case letters, and be preceded by a colon ( : ) and followed by a full stop (see example on p. 6) First letter of the first word of the title only, and of any PROPER NOUNS (name of an individual, place or organisation) in the main book title should be in capitals. Eg. A history of Shakespearean England

Single author: In-text citation:

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According to Bell (2005, p.23) the most important part of the research process is Reference list: Bell, J. (2005) Doing your research project. 4th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

More than one author: If there is more than one author, et al. should be used in your text, but all the names must be used in the final reference list, i.e. expand on et al. In-text citation: This was proved by Grafton et al. (2004) Reference list: Grafton, Q., Adamowicz, W., Dupont, D., Nelson, H., Hill, R. J. and Renzetti, S. (2004) The economics of the environment and natural resources . Oxford: Blackwell.

Chapter within an edited collection: In-text citation: It has been consistently argued that good understanding of referencing can help students to research (Jones and Smith, 2004). Reference list: Jones, E. and Smith, S. (2004) Encouraging good referencing, in Krabovich, X. and Monster, A. (eds.) Get good results. London: Penguin.

ELECTRONIC BOOKS (e-books) e-books in a collection Citation order for reference list or bibliography: Author surname, followed by a comma Author initial, followed by a full stop Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of book (in italics), followed by a full stop Edition (edn.) (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition), followed by a full stop Name of e-book collection (in italics) [Online], followed by a full stop Available at: URL of collection (Accessed: date).

Returnedit, I. (2009) How to make best use of your library book: a guide for everyone. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://netlibrary.com (Accessed: 24 June 2009).
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Key point Remember to remove the hyperlink (right click on the highlighted address, and choose remove hyperlink from the menu) and the underlining from a web address. E-books freely available (eg. Google Books) As above Use the full web address of the book you are citing

Blumenbach, J.F., Lawrence, W. and Coulson, W. (1827) A manual of comparative anatomy. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books? id=J3ooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18&dq=fishing&lr=&as_brr=1 (Accessed: 7 July 2009).

JOURNAL ARTICLES Printed Journals Author (surname, initial.) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of article (in single quotation marks, capitalise only the first word and any proper nouns) Title of the journal (in italics - capitalise the first letter of each word, except linking words - and, of, the, for), followed by a comma Issue information (volume, part number in round brackets, month or season), followed by a comma Page reference, using p., or pp. for more than one page. Full stop.

NB. The journal title should be in italics, not the article title. Example: Zandonella, C. (2001) Is it all just a pipe dream? Nature, 410 (6830), pp. 734-735. Also note that if there is no volume number or part number, the exact full date should be used, e.g. 3 May 2006. Journal articles in online collections (e-journals) Electronic journal articles are usually part of journal collections such as Swetswise, Ebsco, etc. Author (surname, initial.) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of article (in single quotation marks) Title of journal (in italics - capitalise the first letter of each word, except linking words - and, of, the, for) followed by a comma

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Issue information (volume, part number in round brackets, month or season) followed by a comma Page reference, using p., or pp. for more than one page, followed by a full stop Name of collection (in italics) [Online], followed by a full stop Available at: URL of collection (Accessed: date).

Bright, M. (1985) The poetry of art, Journal of the History of Ideas, 46 (2), pp. 259277. JSTOR [Online]. Available at: http://uk.jstor.org/ (Accessed: 16 June 2008). Key point You should state if you found the article online, as the online versions of journal may leave out some sections of the printed versions, such as advertisements and letters. INTERNET You must distinguish what you are referring to on the internet. A vast range of information is available: journal articles, organisation internet sites, personal internet sites, government publications, images, company data, presentations etc. the type of source will dictate how you cite it. For a full range of examples please use: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books. Copies of this book are held in Petroc Barnstaple library, at 808.027

Internet sources. Web pages should be referenced as follows: Author of the information (a person, group or organisation) Year (in round brackets) the page was published / last updated. If no date given, use the URL (no date) and the date you accessed the page. You should think carefully about whether to use undated information! Title of the internet site (in italics), full stop Available at: URL (i.e. whole web address including numbers, slashes etc.) (Accessed: date).

Remember to remove the hyperlink (right click on the highlighted address, and choose remove hyperlink from the menu) and the underlining from a web address. Web page with individual author: Yau, T. (2001) Dragon project. Available at: http://www.geocities.com/dragonproject2000/ (Accessed: 14 June 2008). Web page with no date:

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http://www.newmediarepublic.com/dvideo/compression.html (no date) (Accessed: 14 June 2008). Web pages with organisations as authors: British Red Cross (2008) Open gardens. Available at: http://www.redcross.org/index.asp?id=39992 (Accessed: 17 June 2008). Government publications on web pages: Great Britain, Department of Health (2004) Primary medical services allocations 2004/5. Health Service Circular HSC 2004/003 [Online]. Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Lettersandcirculars/Healthservicecir culars/DH_4071269 (Accessed: 21 June 2008). Key points A reference should take the reader directly to a cited article rather than to the home page. Just because information can be found through a search engine such as Google does not make it reliable, or necessarily suitable for academic work. VISUAL SOURCES Book illustrations, diagrams or tables: Author of book Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of book (in italics) Place of publication: Publisher Page reference of illustration, etc. Illus./fig./table

In text citation: Holbeins painting illustrated the prelates ornate mitre (Strong, 1990, pp.62-3). Reference list: Strong, R. (1990) Lost treasures of Britain. London: Viking, pp.62-3, illus.

Installations: Artist Year (in round brackets) Title of installation (in italics) [Installation] Location Date seen

In text citation: My bed by Tracey Emin (1999) Reference list: Emin, T. (1999) My bed [Installation]. Tate Gallery, London, 31 October.
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Paintings/drawings: Artist Date (if available) Title of the work (in italics) [Medium] Institution or collection that houses the work, followed by the city

OR if seen online: Name of collection (in italics) [Online] Available at: (Accessed: date)

In text citation (painting in a gallery): The triumph of St Augustine was one of the finest works by Coello (1664). Reference list: Coello, C. (1664) The triumph of St. Augustine [Oil on canvas]. Museo del Prado, Madrid

In text citation (painting in an online collection): Dals Madonna (1958) is seated in an ear. Reference list: Dal, S. (1958) Madonna [Oil on canvas] Oxford Art Online [Online]. Available at: http://www.oxfordartonline.com (Accessed: 9 July 2008)

NEWSPAPERS Where the author is given: Author (surname, initial.) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of the article, in single quotation marks, full stop Title of the newspaper (in italics capitalise the first letter of each word, except linking words - and, of, the, for) Edition if required (in round brackets ) (eg. regional newspapers) Full stop Day and month, followed by a full stop Page reference, full stop.

Old, D. (2008) House price gloom, Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn.), 26 June, p.25.

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Where no author is given: Title of newspaper (in italics - capitalise the first letter of each word, except linking words - and, of, the, for) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of the article (in single quotation marks), comma Day and month, comma Page reference.

The Times (2004) Getting physical: exercises for a leaner and fitter government, 30 April, p.25.

Key point If you are citing several articles published in the same year, from the same paper, use a, b, c, etc after the year, e.g. The Times (2008a)...

TV/RADIO PROGRAMMES Title of programme (in italics) Year of transmission (in round brackets) Name of channel, comma Date of transmission (day/month).

Little Britain (2005) BBC 2 Television, 23 June.

Episodes of a television series: Title of the episode (in single quotation marks) Year of transmission (in round brackets) Title of programme (in italics) Series and episode numbers if applicable Name of channel Date of transmission (day/month).

The Big Chill (2003) Horizon, BBC2 Television, 13 November.

To quote something a character has said:

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In-text citation: yeah but no but... (Pollard, 2005) Reference list: Pollard, V. (2005) Little Britain. BBC2 Television, 23 June. VERBAL INTERVIEWS If your essay or research includes interviews with people who are experts in their field, you must enter them in your list of references. Citation order: Name of person interviewed Year of interview (in round brackets) Title of interview (if any) (in single quotation marks), or Private interview Interview with/interviewed by Interviewers name Title of publication or broadcast (in italics) if applicable TV/Radio channel name, if applicable Day and month of interview

If published on the Internet add: [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Television interview: In-text citation: The Prime Minister avoided the question (Blair, 2003) Reference list: Blair, A. (2003) Interviewed by Jeremy Paxman for Newsnight, BBC 2 Television, 2 February. Internet interview: In-text citation: The Democrat appeared confident in the discussion (Obama, 2008) Reference list: Obama, B. (2008) Interviewed by Terry Moran for ABC News, 19 March. [Online]. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Vote2008/Story?id=4480133 (Accessed: 16 June 2008). Private interview: Sky, Pr. A. (2003) Private interview. Interview with N. Bewick, 22 February.

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If possible, attach a transcript of the interview to your assignment, provided that it is reasonably short.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Citation order for Departmental publications: Country Name of Government Department Year of publication (in round brackets) Title (in italics) Place of publication: Publisher* Series (in brackets) if applicable

*If referencing an online version replace Place of Publication: Publisher with [Online] Available at: URL remember to remove the hyperlink and underlining (Accessed: date)

In-text citation: Prison numbers increased last year (Great Britain. Ministry of Justice, 2007). Reference list: Great Britain. Ministry of Justice (2007) Sentencing statistics (annual) [Online]. Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/sentencingannual.html (Accessed: 3 June 2008)

Acts of Parliament (UK Statutes): Citation order: Country. Name of Act: Name of Sovereign. Chapter Number (in italics) Year of publication (in round brackets) Place of Publication: Publisher*

*If referencing an online version replace Place of Publication: Publisher with [Online] Available at: URL remember to remove the hyperlink and underlining (Accessed: date)

In-text citation: The Human Rights Act (Great Britain. 1998) indicated that Reference list:
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Great Britain. Human Rights Act 1998: Elizabeth ll. Chapter 42. (1998). London: The Stationery Office.

Reference List Pears, R. and Shields, S. (2008) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books. University of Plymouth Learning Development (2008) How to reference: University of Plymouth guide to referencing [Online]. Available at: http://intranet.plymouth.ac.uk/learndev/ (Accessed 29 June 2009).

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